unjustifiable standard in Arizona

9 Arizona opinions name it 2 courts 1975–1994 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Arizona courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (6)

Case	Followed	Cited
Radiofone Corp. v. Director, Division of Taxationgreen njtaxct · 1982 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1992–1994 2 sentences 1994“The fact that one taxpayer is subjected to an audit and assessment and that another might have been but was not, cannot establish a denial of equal protection absent a showing that the state’s action was based upon an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion or some other arbitrary classification.” Radiofone Corp. of New Jersey v. Director, 4 N.J.Tax 420, 431 (NJ Tax Ct.1982) (citations omitted). 175 Ariz. at 182 , 854 P.2d at 1168 . 1992“The fact that one taxpayer is subjected to an audit and assessment and that another might have been but was not, cannot establish a denial of equal protection absent a showing that the State’s action was based upon an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion or some other arbitrary classification.” Radiofone Corp. of New Jersey v. Director, 4 N.J.Tax 420, 431 (N.J.Tax Ct.1982) (citations omitted).	2	2
Carlesi v. New Yorkgreen · 1914 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983 2 sentences 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909). 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909).	2	2
Oyler v. Bolesgreen scotus · 1962 · cited in 4 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1975–1988 2 sentences 1983Quoting from Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446, 453 (1962), the Court said that “[t]he Equal Protection Clause prohibits selective enforcement ‘based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ (citation omitted) Respondent does not allege that his prosecution was motivated by improper considerations.” 552 U.S. at 125, n. 9, 99 S.Ct. at 2205, n. 9 , 60 L.Ed.2d at 765, n. 9 . 1983Quoting from Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446, 453 (1962), the Court said that “[t]he Equal Protection Clause prohibits selective enforcement ‘based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ (citation omitted) Respondent does not allege that his prosecution was motivated by improper considerations.” 552 U.S. at 125, n. 9, 99 S.Ct. at 2205, n. 9 , 60 L.Ed.2d at 765, n. 9 .	1	4
United States v. Batcheldergreen scotus · 1979 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983 2 sentences 1983Quoting from Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446, 453 (1962), the Court said that “[t]he Equal Protection Clause prohibits selective enforcement ‘based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ (citation omitted) Respondent does not allege that his prosecution was motivated by improper considerations.” 552 U.S. at 125, n. 9, 99 S.Ct. at 2205, n. 9 , 60 L.Ed.2d at 765, n. 9 . 1983Quoting from Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446, 453 (1962), the Court said that “[t]he Equal Protection Clause prohibits selective enforcement ‘based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ (citation omitted) Respondent does not allege that his prosecution was motivated by improper considerations.” 552 U.S. at 125, n. 9, 99 S.Ct. at 2205, n. 9 , 60 L.Ed.2d at 765, n. 9 .	1	1
State v. Murphygreen ariz · 1976 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981 2 sentences 1981Within the limits set by the legislature’s constitutionally valid definition of chargeable offenses, ‘the conscious exercise of some selectivity in enforcement is not in itself a Federal constitutional violation’ so long as ‘the selection was [not] deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 .” Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364 , 98 S.Ct. 663, 668-69 , 54 L.Ed.2d 604, 611-12 (1978) (footnote omitted); accord State v. Murphy, 113 Ariz. 416 , 555 P.2d 11 1981Within the limits set by the legislature’s constitutionally valid definition of chargeable offenses, ‘the conscious exercise of some selectivity in enforcement is not in itself a Federal constitutional violation’ so long as ‘the selection was [not] deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 .” Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364 , 98 S.Ct. 663, 668-69 , 54 L.Ed.2d 604, 611-12 (1978) (footnote omitted); accord State v. Murphy, 113 Ariz. 416 , 555 P.2d 11	1	1
Bordenkircher v. Hayesgreen scotus · 1978 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981 2 sentences 1981Within the limits set by the legislature’s constitutionally valid definition of chargeable offenses, ‘the conscious exercise of some selectivity in enforcement is not in itself a Federal constitutional violation’ so long as ‘the selection was [not] deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 .” Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364 , 98 S.Ct. 663, 668-69 , 54 L.Ed.2d 604, 611-12 (1978) (footnote omitted); accord State v. Murphy, 113 Ariz. 416 , 555 P.2d 11 1981Within the limits set by the legislature’s constitutionally valid definition of chargeable offenses, ‘the conscious exercise of some selectivity in enforcement is not in itself a Federal constitutional violation’ so long as ‘the selection was [not] deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification.’ Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448, 456 , 82 S.Ct. 501, 506 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 .” Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364 , 98 S.Ct. 663, 668-69 , 54 L.Ed.2d 604, 611-12 (1978) (footnote omitted); accord State v. Murphy, 113 Ariz. 416 , 555 P.2d 11	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Arizona. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (8)

Case	Cited	Years
McDonald v. Commonwealth green mass · 1899 2 sentences 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909). 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909).	2	1983–1983
McDonald v. Massachusetts green cadc · 1901 2 sentences 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909). 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909).	2	1983–1983
Cross v. State green fla · 1928 2 sentences 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909). 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909).	2	1983–1983
State v. Le Pitre green wash · 1909 2 sentences 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909). 1983See also Carlesi v. New York, 233 U.S. 51 , 34 S.Ct. 576 , 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914); McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322 , 53 N.E. 874 , affirmed 180 U.S. 311 , 21 S.Ct. 389 , 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901); Cross v. State, 96 Fla. 768 , 119 So. 380 (1928); State v. LePitre, 54 Wash. 166 , 103 P. 27 (1909).	2	1983–1983
Tucson Mechanical Contracting, Inc. v. Arizona Department of Revenue green arizctapp · 1992 2 sentences 1994“The fact that one taxpayer is subjected to an audit and assessment and that another might have been but was not, cannot establish a denial of equal protection absent a showing that the state’s action was based upon an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion or some other arbitrary classification.” Radiofone Corp. of New Jersey v. Director, 4 N.J.Tax 420, 431 (NJ Tax Ct.1982) (citations omitted). 175 Ariz. at 182 , 854 P.2d at 1168 . 1994“The fact that one taxpayer is subjected to an audit and assessment and that another might have been but was not, cannot establish a denial of equal protection absent a showing that the state’s action was based upon an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion or some other arbitrary classification.” Radiofone Corp. of New Jersey v. Director, 4 N.J.Tax 420, 431 (NJ Tax Ct.1982) (citations omitted). 175 Ariz. at 182 , 854 P.2d at 1168 .	1	1994–1994
State v. Deddens green ariz · 1975 2 sentences 1979State v. Deddens, 112 Ariz. 425 , 542 P.2d 1124 (1975), citing Oyler, supra. The legislative determination set forth in former A.R.S. § 28-692.01 is clearly not based on an arbitrary classification. 1979State v. Deddens, 112 Ariz. 425 , 542 P.2d 1124 (1975), citing Oyler, supra. The legislative determination set forth in former A.R.S. § 28-692.01 is clearly not based on an arbitrary classification.	1	1979–1979
United States v. Philip Berrigan, in No. 72-1938, and Elizabeth McAlister Appeal of Elizabeth McAlister In green ca3 · 1973 2 sentences 1975Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448 , 82 S.Ct. 501 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 (1962); United States v. Berrigan, 482 F.2d 171 (3d Cir.1973); United States v. Bell, 165 U.S. App.D.C. 146, 506 F.2d 207 (1974). 1975Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448 , 82 S.Ct. 501 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 (1962); United States v. Berrigan, 482 F.2d 171 (3d Cir. 1973); United States v. Bell, 165 U.S. App.D.C. 146, 506 F.2d 207 (1974).	1	1975–1975
United States v. Willie Bell, (Two Cases) green cadc · 1974 2 sentences 1975Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448 , 82 S.Ct. 501 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 (1962); United States v. Berrigan, 482 F.2d 171 (3d Cir.1973); United States v. Bell, 165 U.S. App.D.C. 146, 506 F.2d 207 (1974). 1975Oyler v. Boles, 368 U.S. 448 , 82 S.Ct. 501 , 7 L.Ed.2d 446 (1962); United States v. Berrigan, 482 F.2d 171 (3d Cir. 1973); United States v. Bell, 165 U.S. App.D.C. 146, 506 F.2d 207 (1974).	1	1975–1975

Where else courts name it

OH 40 (1976–2026) WA 27 (1973–2024) NC 24 (1975–2022) CA 23 (1967–2024) TX 23 (1997–2023) PA 20 (1970–2026) NE 16 (1898–2020) NJ 15 (1976–2022) MS 12 (1974–2017) MA 12 (1913–2025) CO 12 (1982–2026) GA 12 (1979–2019) MD 11 (1979–2006) WI 11 (1973–2025) MN 10 (1976–2007) CT 10 (1982–2021) AZ 9 (1975–1994) NY 9 (1967–2001) TN 8 (1984–2017) LA 8 (1976–2002) AL 7 (1977–2016) FL 7 (1991–2006) VA 7 (1984–2004) OK 7 (1979–2010) RI 7 (1980–2007) HI 7 (1980–2024) IA 7 (1871–2010) IL 7 (1976–2004) DE 7 (1980–2022) WY 7 (1990–2013) SD 6 (1978–2004) MO 6 (1980–2022) MI 6 (1983–2020) MT 5 (1978–1999) ME 5 (1978–1987) UT 5 (1988–2021) KS 4 (1969–2022) ID 4 (1984–1998) DC 4 (1975–2001) KY 3 (1979–2024) IN 3 (1981–2005) AR 3 (1993–2003) OR 3 (1980–2001) ND 2 (1988–2007) SC 2 (2004–2007) NV 2 (1970–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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