showing claim (New Jersey) · Go Syfert
← New Jersey issues

showing claim in New Jersey

66 New Jersey opinions name it 3 courts 1955–2025 14 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (26)

CaseFollowedCited
Petition of Hall by and Through Hallgreen
nj · 1997 · cited in 34 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1998–2025
2 sentences

2022"The core purpose underlying the statute is 'to require plaintiffs . . . to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious, in order that meritless lawsuits readily could be identified [and dismissed] at an early stage of litigation.'" Ryan v. Renny, 203 N.J. 37, 51 (2010) (quoting In re Petition of Hall, 147 N.J. 379, 391 (1997)).

2020In the case of an action for medical malpractice, the person executing the affidavit shall meet the requirements of a person who provides expert testimony or executes an affidavit as set forth in [N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-41]. [N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-27.] The Affidavit of Merit Statute’s primary purpose “is ‘to require plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious, in order that meritless lawsuits readily [can] be identified at an early stage of litigation.’” Cornblatt, 153 N.J. at 242 (quoting In re Petition of Hall, 147 N.J. 379, 391 (1997)).

934
Alan J. Cornblatt, PA v. Barowgreen
nj · 1998 · cited in 16 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2025
2 sentences

2020In the case of an action for medical malpractice, the person executing the affidavit shall meet the requirements of a person who provides expert testimony or executes an affidavit as set forth in [N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-41]. [N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-27.] The Affidavit of Merit Statute’s primary purpose “is ‘to require plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious, in order that meritless lawsuits readily [can] be identified at an early stage of litigation.’” Cornblatt, 153 N.J. at 242 (quoting In re Petition of Hall, 147 N.J. 379, 391 (1997)).

2020The primary purpose of the statute is to “require plaintiffs . . . to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious.” Hubbard, 168 N.J. at 394 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Cornblatt, 153 N.J. at 242 ).

416
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 5 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1990–2023
2 sentences

2023In sum, the trial judge concluded that defendant failed to satisfy the two- prong test of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), which requires a showing that defense counsel's performance was deficient and that, but for the deficient performance, the result would have been different.

2020Thus, Judge Nelson concluded that defendant failed to satisfy the second prong of the two-prong test of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), which requires a showing that defense counsel's performance was deficient and that, but for the deficient performance, the result would have been different.

45
Shamrock Lacrosse v. Klehr & Ellersgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2010 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2021
2 sentences

2021The AOM statute "require[s] plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious . . . ." Shamrock Lacrosse, Inc. v. Klehr, Harrison, Harvey, Branzburg Ellers, LLP, 416 N.J.

2019Hubbard v. Reed, 168 N.J. 387 , 395 A-3176-17T3 17 (2001), superseded by Affidavit of Merit Statutory Amendment L. 2001, c. 372, § 1, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-26 to -29, as recognized in Meehan, 226 N.J. at 228 . 7 Therefore, the AOM's objective is to "require plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious," Shamrock Lacrosse, Inc. v. Klehr & Ellers, LLP, 416 N.J.

33
Hubbard Ex Rel. Hubbard v. Reedgreen
nj · 2001 · cited in 6 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2002–2025
2 sentences

2020The primary purpose of the statute is to “require plaintiffs . . . to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious.” Hubbard, 168 N.J. at 394 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Cornblatt, 153 N.J. at 242 ).

2019Hubbard v. Reed, 168 N.J. 387 , 395 A-3176-17T3 17 (2001), superseded by Affidavit of Merit Statutory Amendment L. 2001, c. 372, § 1, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-26 to -29, as recognized in Meehan, 226 N.J. at 228 . 7 Therefore, the AOM's objective is to "require plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious," Shamrock Lacrosse, Inc. v. Klehr & Ellers, LLP, 416 N.J.

26
Paragon Contractors, Inc. v. Peachtree Condominium Ass'ngreen
nj · 2010 · cited in 6 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2011–2025
2 sentences

2025Ass'n, 202 N.J. 415 , A-1600-24 6 421 (2010) (quoting In re Petition of Hall, 147 N.J. 379, 391 (1997)). "[W]here a plaintiff fails to provide an [AOM] within the statutorily mandated timeframe, it shall be deemed a failure to state a cause of action unless the plaintiff satisfies an exception to [the AOM] requirement." Cowley v. Virtua Health Sys., 242 N.J. 1 , 23 (2020).

2024"The core purpose underlying the statute is 'to require plaintiffs . . . to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious, in order that meritless lawsuits readily could be identified at an early stage of the litigation.'" Paragon, 202 N.J. at 421 (quoting Alan J.

26
Ryan v. Rennygreen
nj · 2010 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2011–2022
2 sentences

2022"The core purpose underlying the statute is 'to require plaintiffs . . . to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious, in order that meritless lawsuits readily could be identified [and dismissed] at an early stage of litigation.'" Ryan v. Renny, 203 N.J. 37, 51 (2010) (quoting In re Petition of Hall, 147 N.J. 379, 391 (1997)).

2011"The core purpose underlying the [Affidavit of Merit] statute is `to require plaintiffs ... to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious,'" so that lawsuits lacking substance can be dismissed "`at an early stage of litigation.'" Ryan, supra, 203 N.J. at 51, 999 A. 2d 427 (quotation omitted); accord Paragon Contractors, Inc. v. Peachtree Condo.

22
People v. Luttenbergergreen
cal · 1990 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021In People v. Luttenberger, the California Supreme Court “adopt[ed] a preliminary showing requirement . . . that is somewhat less demanding than the” showing Franks requires “for purposes of discovery motions” challenging warrant affidavits “based on statements of an unidentified informant.” 784 P.2d 633, 646 (Cal. 1990).

2021In so doing, the court reviewed both state and federal case law and “adopt[ed] a preliminary showing standard, which a defendant must satisfy to obtain in camera examination and discovery of information regarding police informants.” Id. at 636 .

22
Ferreira v. Rancocas Orthopedic Associatesgreen
nj · 2003 · cited in 5 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2009–2015
2 sentences

2015A "plaintiff's failure to serve the affidavit within 120 days of the filing of the answer is considered tantamount to the failure to state a cause of action, subjecting the complaint to dismissal with prejudice." Ferreira v. Rancocas Orthopedic Assocs., 178 N.J. 144, 150 (2003) (citing N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-29; Palanque v. Lambert-Woolley, 168 N.J. 398, 404 (2001); Alan J.

2011Ass'n, 202 N.J. 415, 421 , 997 A. 2d 982 (2010). "[T]here is no legislative interest in barring meritorious claims brought in good faith[.]" Ferreira, supra, 178 N.J. at 150-51 , 836 A. 2d 779 (quoting Galik v. Clara Maass Med.

15
Stephen Meehan v. Peter Antonellis, Dmd(075265)green
nj · 2016 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2022
2 sentences

2019Hubbard v. Reed, 168 N.J. 387 , 395 A-0175-17T3 10 (2001), superseded by Affidavit of Merit Statutory Amendment L. 2001, c. 372, § 1, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-26 to -29, as recognized in Meehan, 226 N.J. at 228 .6 Therefore, the AOM's objective is to "require plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious," Shamrock Lacrosse, Inc. v. Klehr, Harrison, Harvey, Branzburg Ellers, LLP, 416 N.J.

2019Hubbard v. Reed, 168 N.J. 387 , 395 A-3176-17T3 17 (2001), superseded by Affidavit of Merit Statutory Amendment L. 2001, c. 372, § 1, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-26 to -29, as recognized in Meehan, 226 N.J. at 228 . 7 Therefore, the AOM's objective is to "require plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious," Shamrock Lacrosse, Inc. v. Klehr & Ellers, LLP, 416 N.J.

13
Hubbard v. Reedgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2000 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2020
2 sentences

2020As such, in enacting the statute, the Legislature was not concerned with a plaintiff’s ability to prove the allegation contained in his or her complaint, but rather “with whether there is some objective threshold merit to the allegations.” Hubbard, 168 N.J. at 394 (quoting Hubbard v. Reed, 331 N.J.

2001Given this purpose, the affidavit of merit statute serves a gate-keeping function so that only those cases that meet a threshold of merit proceed through the litigation stream. [ Hubbard, 331 N.J.Super. at 291-92 , 751 A. 2d 1055 .] Judge Braithwaite found the specific means a plaintiff selects to prove his claim irrelevant to the statutory mandate which requires plaintiffs to meet "a threshold of merit" early in litigation.

13
Palanque v. Lambert-Woolleygreen
nj · 2001 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2010–2015
2 sentences

2015A "plaintiff's failure to serve the affidavit within 120 days of the filing of the answer is considered tantamount to the failure to state a cause of action, subjecting the complaint to dismissal with prejudice." Ferreira v. Rancocas Orthopedic Assocs., 178 N.J. 144, 150 (2003) (citing N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-29; Palanque v. Lambert-Woolley, 168 N.J. 398, 404 (2001); Alan J.

2010"The statute's essential goal is to put to rest unmeritorious and frivolous malpractice lawsuits at an early stage of litigation while allowing worthy claims to proceed through discovery and, if warranted, to trial." Knorr v. Smeal, 178 N.J. 169, 176 , 836 A. 2d 794 (2003) (citing Palanque v. Lambert-Woolley, 168 N.J. 398, 404 , 774 A. 2d 501 (2001)).

12
State v. MacOngreen
nj · 1971 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025To meet this demanding threshold, the error must be "sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached." State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 336 (1971).

11
Baker v. National State Bankgreen
nj · 1999 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025"Relief under the A-0940-23 6 plain error rule, R. 2:10-2, at least in civil cases, is discretionary and 'should be sparingly employed.'" Baker v. Nat'l State Bank, 161 N.J. 220, 226 (1999) (quoting Ford v. Reichert, 23 N.J. 429, 435 (1957)).

11
Ford v. Reichertgreen
nj · 1957 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025"Relief under the A-0940-23 6 plain error rule, R. 2:10-2, at least in civil cases, is discretionary and 'should be sparingly employed.'" Baker v. Nat'l State Bank, 161 N.J. 220, 226 (1999) (quoting Ford v. Reichert, 23 N.J. 429, 435 (1957)).

11
Buck v. Henrygreen
nj · 2011 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Ibid. (quoting Cornblatt v. Barow, 153 N.J. 218, 242 (1998)); Buck v. Henry, 207 N.J. 377, 383 (2011).

11
State v. Suttongreen
nj · 1979 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See State v. Sutton, 80 N.J. 110, 119-20 (1979) (holding that in order to make a similar showing in a challenge to the prosecutor's denial of PTI, the defendant could not prevail merely because she could show that the prosecutor approved PTI for others "charged with similar offenses" but needed to prove that she received "less favorable treatment than identically situated individuals.").

11
State v. Fritzgreen
nj · 1987 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 58 (1987) (adopting the Strickland two-part test in New Jersey).

11
State v. Harpergreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1974 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Having invited the court's instruction, defendant may not argue now that the instruction was flawed, absent a showing of an error "so egregious as to 'cut mortally into his substantive rights.'" Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 282 (quoting State v. Harper, 128 N.J.

11
State v. Lee Funderburg (074760)green
nj · 2016 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Thus, we review his argument under a plain error standard, which requires a showing of error "clearly capable of producing an unjust result." State v. Funderburg, 225 N.J. 66, 79 (2016) (quoting R. 2:10-2).

2017The court is required to give an unrequested instruction sua sponte "when there is obvious 3 Notably, as the question was posed in the disjunctive, it is unclear whether the jury even found entry at all. 22 A-2466-13T3 record support for such a charge"; in other words, "[o]nly if the record clearly indicates a lesser-included charge — that is, if the evidence is jumping off the page . . . ." Id. at 81 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

11
Alloway v. Bradlees, Inc.green
nj · 1999 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Alloway, supra, 157 N.J. at 236 , 723 A.2d 960 . *363 In sum, in given circumstances, “the violation of a statutory-duty of care” may be admissible as evidence of negligence.

2016See Alloway, supra, 157 N.J. at 236 , 723 A.2d 960 . *363 In sum, in given circumstances, “the violation of a statutory-duty of care” may be admissible as evidence of negligence.

11
Edwards v. Arizonagreen
scotus · 1981 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981).

2012See Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981).

11
Couri v. Gardnergreen
nj · 2002 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Calton Homes, Inc. v. Township of West Windsorgreen
njtaxct · 1995 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Water Services, Inc. And Farris Chemical Company v. Tesco Chemicals, Inc.green
ca5 · 1969 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
11
City of Passaic v. Passaic County Board of Taxationgreen
nj · 1955 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1970–1970
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
Ideal Mut. Ins. Co. v. Royal Globe Ins. Co. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1986
2 sentences

2001Indeed, while emphasizing the importance of expeditious assertion of a PIP insurer’s rights against a tortfeasor’s carrier under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-9.1, we said, “[ojnce the right to recovery is initially asserted within the period set by the statute, subsequent bills are not barred absent a showing of waiver, prejudice or laches, the equitable principles enunciated in Ideal, supra, 211 N.J.Super. at 340 , 511 A.2d 1205 .” The facts in the present matter are distinguishable from those cases where no agreement for partial reimbursement was reached or arbitration request made by the PIP carrier befo

2001Indeed, while emphasizing the importance of expeditious assertion of a PIP insurer’s rights against a tortfeasor’s carrier under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-9.1, we said, “[ojnce the right to recovery is initially asserted within the period set by the statute, subsequent bills are not barred absent a showing of waiver, prejudice or laches, the equitable principles enunciated in Ideal, supra, 211 N.J.Super. at 340 , 511 A.2d 1205 .” The facts in the present matter are distinguishable from those cases where no agreement for partial reimbursement was reached or arbitration request made by the PIP carrier befo

31994–2001
Franks v. Delaware green
scotus · 1978
2 sentences

2021Ultimately, the Luttenberger court “adopt[ed] a preliminary showing requirement . . . that is somewhat less demanding than the ‘substantial showing of material falsity’ required by Franks, 438 U.S. 154 ,” “for purposes of discovery motions” challenging warrant affidavits “based on statements of an unidentified informant.” Id. at 646.

2021Ultimately, the Luttenberger court “adopt[ed] a preliminary showing requirement . . . that is somewhat less demanding than the ‘substantial showing of material falsity’ required by Franks, 438 U.S. 154 ,” “for purposes of discovery motions” challenging warrant affidavits “based on statements of an unidentified informant.” Id. at 646.

22021–2021
State v. Madison green
nj · 1988
2 sentences

2022If a defendant makes a threshold showing for a hearing, the burden shifts to the State to "offer proof to show that the proffered eyewitness identification is reliable— accounting for system and estimator variables . . . ." Id. at 289 . "[E]stimator variables are factors beyond the control of the criminal justice system," and "can include factors related to the incident, the witness, or the perpetrator." Id. at 261 .

2022If a defendant makes a threshold showing for a hearing, the burden shifts to the State to "offer proof to show that the proffered eyewitness identification is reliable— accounting for system and estimator variables . . . ." Id. at 289 . "[E]stimator variables are factors beyond the control of the criminal justice system," and "can include factors related to the incident, the witness, or the perpetrator." Id. at 261 .

12022–2022
State v. Alvarez green
njsuperctappdiv · 1991
1 sentence

2020"Once a defendant makes this threshold showing, the defendant can obtain a hearing to review the prosecutor's decision if the assignment judge concludes A-1348-19T1 12 that the 'interests of justice' so require." Benjamin, 228 N.J. at 372 -73 (quoting Alvarez, 246 N.J.

12020–2020
State v. Kassey Benjamin(076612) green
nj · 2017
1 sentence

2020"Once a defendant makes this threshold showing, the defendant can obtain a hearing to review the prosecutor's decision if the assignment judge concludes A-1348-19T1 12 that the 'interests of justice' so require." Benjamin, 228 N.J. at 372 -73 (quoting Alvarez, 246 N.J.

12020–2020
State v. Ramseur green
nj · 1987
1 sentence

2019Having invited the court's instruction, defendant may not argue now that the instruction was flawed, absent a showing of an error "so egregious as to 'cut mortally into his substantive rights.'" Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 282 (quoting State v. Harper, 128 N.J.

12019–2019
Fink v. Thompson green
nj · 2001
1 sentence

2019Our case law "has acknowledged repeatedly that the primary purpose of [the AOM statute] is 'to require plaintiffs in malpractice cases to make a threshold showing that their claim is meritorious, in order that meritless lawsuits readily could be identified at an early stage of litigation.'" Fink, 167 N.J. at 559 (quoting In re Petition of Hall, 147 N.J. 379, 391 (1997)).

12019–2019
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2012Although demonstrating that an individual has validly waived his or her right to counsel long required a showing that the waiver was knowing, voluntary and intelligent, id. at 475 , 86 S.Ct. at 1628 , 16 L.Ed.2d at 724 , it was not until 1981 that the United States Supreme Court first consid ered what standard should apply to test the voluntariness of a waiver of the right to counsel once it had been invoked.

2012Although demonstrating that an individual has validly waived his or her right to counsel long required a showing that the waiver was knowing, voluntary and intelligent, id. at 475 , 86 S.Ct. at 1628 , 16 L.Ed.2d at 724 , it was not until 1981 that the United States Supreme Court first consid ered what standard should apply to test the voluntariness of a waiver of the right to counsel once it had been invoked.

12012–2012
Knorr v. Smeal green
nj · 2003
12010–2010
Watts v. Camaligan green
njsuperctappdiv · 2001
12002–2002
Burns v. Belafsky green
nj · 2001
12001–2001
Galik v. CLARA MAASS MED. CENTER green
nj · 2001
12001–2001
State v. Williams neutral
nj · 1998
12001–2001
Lesniak v. Budzash green
nj · 1993
12000–2000
Young v. Schering Corp. green
nj · 1995
12000–2000
STATE, DEPT. OF LAW v. Gonzalez green
nj · 1995
12000–2000
Jacobitti v. Jacobitti green
nj · 1994
12000–2000
Roig v. Kelsey green
nj · 1994
12000–2000
Murnick v. Asbury Park green
njsuperctappdiv · 1982
11997–1997
Murnick v. City of Asbury Park green
nj · 1984
11997–1997
Peralta v. Heights Medical Center, Inc. green
scotus · 1988
11993–1993
Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Borough of Closter green
njsuperctappdiv · 1983
11983–1983
UNITED S. & L. ASS'N v. Scruggs green
njsuperctappdiv · 1981
11982–1982
Complaints of the Taxing Districts v. Middlesex County Equalization Table neutral
njtaxct · 1947
11970–1970
Whittle v. Associated Indemnity Corp. green
nj · 1943
11955–1955
Dikowski v. Metropolitan Life Insurance green
nj · 1942
11955–1955
McNamee v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. green
nj · 1948
11955–1955

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2A:53A-27 (18) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2A:53A-26 (13) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2A:53A-29 (12) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2A:53A-41 (7) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-3 (4) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2A:53A-37 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:35-10 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-4 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-5 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:43-7.2 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:44-1 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 275 (1900–2026) CA 159 (1912–2026) OH 117 (1946–2026) TX 107 (1927–2026) NJ 66 (1955–2025) MI 63 (1960–2025) NY 62 (1935–2023) FL 52 (1949–2025) WA 34 (1968–2021) LA 30 (1956–2023) VT 27 (1987–2020) CT 27 (1984–2026) MO 25 (1896–2020) IA 24 (1917–2025) IN 23 (1910–2026) MA 22 (1935–2023) GA 20 (1905–2026) UT 20 (1993–2025) MN 19 (1931–2015) MS 18 (1992–2016) NE 18 (1894–2023) NM 18 (1978–2025) ID 17 (1921–2023) MD 16 (1958–2024) ND 16 (1964–2016) AZ 15 (1951–2022) KY 14 (1922–2025) DC 14 (1989–2025) KS 14 (1905–2024) PA 14 (1904–2026) NC 14 (1974–2025) OK 13 (1909–2023) CO 12 (1976–2025) RI 12 (1963–2025) WI 12 (1929–2025) AL 12 (1952–2012) WV 9 (1982–2022) AR 8 (1991–2020) HI 7 (1971–2018) OR 7 (1981–2022) MT 7 (1936–2020) NV 6 (1984–2015) ME 6 (1956–2025) SD 5 (1989–2024) TN 5 (2000–2019) SC 5 (1957–2017) AK 4 (1989–2021) WY 4 (1942–2019) VI 4 (2013–2015) DE 3 (1978–2016) VA 3 (2005–2026) NH 2 (1950–1967)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check