showing clause (Florida) · Go Syfert
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showing clause in Florida

52 Florida opinions name it 2 courts 1949–2025 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Florida courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (33)

CaseFollowedCited
Management Computer v. Perry Const.green
fladistctapp · 1999 · cited in 5 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2013
2 sentences

2013Computer Controls, Inc. v. Charles Perry Constr., Inc., 743 So.2d 627, 631 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999).

2004"As a general principle, a trial court must honor a mandatory forum selection clause in a contract in the absence of a showing that the clause is unreasonable or unjust." Aqua Sun, 797 So.2d at 24-25 (citation omitted); Management Computer Controls, 743 So.2d at 631 (citing Manrique ; Haws & Garrett Gen.

45
Michaluk v. Credorax (USA), Inc.green
fladistctapp · 2015 · cited in 4 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2016–2025
2 sentences

2025“If the forum selection clause states or clearly indicates that any litigation must or shall be initiated in specified forum, then the clause is mandatory and must be honored by the trial court in the absence of a showing that the clause is unreasonable or unjust.” Michaluk v. Credorax (USA), Inc., 164 So. 3d 719, 722-23 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (cleaned up) (quoting Travel Exp.

2025A mandatory forum selection clause is identified by “exclusive” language and “must be honored by the trial court in the absence of a showing that the clause is unreasonable or unjust.” Michaluk v. Credorax (USA), Inc., 164 So. 3d 719, 722-23 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015).

44
Manrique v. Fabbrigreen
fla · 1986 · cited in 4 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1999–2006
2 sentences

2006Manrique v. Fabbri, 493 So.2d 437, 440 (Fla.1986); Mgmt.

2001See Manrique v. Fabbri, 493 So.2d 437, 439 (Fla.1986) citing M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1 , 92 S.Ct. 1907 , 32 L.Ed.2d 513 (1972); Management Computer Controls, Inc. v. Charles Perry Constr., Inc., 743 So.2d 627, 631 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999); see also Carlson-Southeast Corp. v. Geolithic, Inc., 530 So.2d 1069 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988) ("It is well settled that parties to a contract may agree as to venue and that such agreement will be enforced.") quoting Insurance Co. of North America v. Jetstar Dev., Inc., 515 So.2d 272, 273 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987).

34
Aqua Sun Management Inc. v. Divi Time Limitedgreen
fladistctapp · 2001 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2016
2 sentences

2016See Aqua Sun Mgmt., Inc. v. Divi Time Ltd., 797 So.2d 24, 24-25 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001) (“As a general principle, a trial court must honor a mandatory forum selection clause in a contract in the absence of a showing that the clause is unreasonable' or unjust.”); see also McDonald v. Amacore Grp., Inc., No. A-1293-10T2, 2012 WL 2327727 , at *4-5 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.

2009“As a general principle, a trial court must honor a mandatory forum selection clause in a contract in the absence of a showing that the clause is unreasonable or unjust.” Aqua Sun Mgmt., Inc. v. Divi Time Ltd., 797 So.2d 24, 24-25 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001) (citing Mgmt.

33
Travel Express Investment Inc. v. AT & T Corp.green
fladistctapp · 2009 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2015–2023
2 sentences

2023“As a general principle, a trial court must honor a mandatory forum selection clause in a contract in the absence of a showing that the clause is unreasonable or unjust.” 4 Id. (emphasis added) 3 See Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 51 (2012). 4 To clear this high legal hurdle, the party seeking avoidance must demonstrate much more than “mere inconvenience or additional expense”; rather he must establish that “trial in the contractual forum will be so gravely difficult and inconvenient that 5 The plain language of the forum selection clause sub j

2015AT & T Corp., 14 So.3d at 1226 (internal quotations omitted) (holding forum selection clause was mandatory where it provided: “The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in New York City, USA.” (emphasis added.)) See also World Vacation Travel, S.A. de C.V. v. Brooker, 799 So.2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (holding forum selection mandatory where it provided: “[Bjoth parties agree and accept to be subjected to the jurisdiction and competence of the Administrative Authorities and Courts of the city of Cancun, Municipality of Benito Juarez, in the State of Quintana R

23
The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co.red
scotus · 1972 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2015
2 sentences

2015AT & T Corp., 14 So.3d at 1226 (internal quotations omitted) (holding forum selection clause was mandatory where it provided: “The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in New York City, USA.” (emphasis added.)) See also World Vacation Travel, S.A. de C.V. v. Brooker, 799 So.2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (holding forum selection mandatory where it provided: “[Bjoth parties agree and accept to be subjected to the jurisdiction and competence of the Administrative Authorities and Courts of the city of Cancun, Municipality of Benito Juarez, in the State of Quintana R

2015AT & T Corp., 14 So.3d at 1226 (internal quotations omitted) (holding forum selection clause was mandatory where it provided: “The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in New York City, USA.” (emphasis added.)) See also World Vacation Travel, S.A. de C.V. v. Brooker, 799 So.2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (holding forum selection mandatory where it provided: “[Bjoth parties agree and accept to be subjected to the jurisdiction and competence of the Administrative Authorities and Courts of the city of Cancun, Municipality of Benito Juarez, in the State of Quintana R

23
Autozone Stores v. Northeast Plaza Venturegreen
fladistctapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025
2 sentences

2025Plaza Venture, LLC., 934 So. 2d 670, 673 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006).

2015Plaza Venture, LLC, 934 So.2d 670, 673 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (“Florida law has long recognized that injunctive relief is available to remedy the violation of a restrictive covenant without a showing that the violation has caused an irreparable injury — that is, an injury for which there is no adequate remedy at law.”); Jack Eckerd Corp. v. 17070.

22
World Vacation Travel v. Brookergreen
fladistctapp · 2001 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015AT & T Corp., 14 So.3d at 1226 (internal quotations omitted) (holding forum selection clause was mandatory where it provided: “The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in New York City, USA.” (emphasis added.)) See also World Vacation Travel, S.A. de C.V. v. Brooker, 799 So.2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (holding forum selection mandatory where it provided: “[Bjoth parties agree and accept to be subjected to the jurisdiction and competence of the Administrative Authorities and Courts of the city of Cancun, Municipality of Benito Juarez, in the State of Quintana R

2015AT&T Corp., 14 So. 3d at 1226 (internal quotations omitted) (holding forum selection clause was mandatory where it provided: “The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in New York City, USA.” (emphasis added.)) See also World Vacation Travel, S.A. de C.V. v. Brooker, 799 So. 2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (holding forum selection mandatory where it provided: “[B]oth parties agree and accept to be 6 subjected to the jurisdiction and competence of the Administrative Authorities and Courts of the city of Cancun, Municipality of Benito Juarez, in the State of Quintana

22
TRAVEL COUNTRY RV CENTER, INC. v. Baxtergreen
fladistctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Moreover, “[w]hen a contract includes a mandatory venue clause, a trial court is bound to honor it unless there is ‘a showing that the clause is unjust or unreasonable.’” Id. (quoting Travel Country RV Ctr., Inc. v. Baxter, 932 So. 2d 547, 548 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006)).

11
Sheena Latson v. State of Floridagreen
fladistctapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See Latson v. State, 193 So. 3d 1070, 1072 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016) (Winokur, J., concurring) (observing that “if the defendant does not properly preserve a claimed error, the only statutorily-authorized basis for appellate relief is a showing that the error is fundamental”).

11
Harrell v. Stategreen
fla · 2005 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016As the Supreme Court has put it, “the sole exception to the contemporaneous objection requirement is fundamental error.” Harrell v. State, 894 So.2d 935, 941 (Fla. 2005).

2016As the Supreme Court has put it, “the sole exception to the 4 contemporaneous objection requirement is fundamental error.” Harrell v. State, 894 So. 2d 935, 941 (Fla. 2005).

11
Farina v. Stategreen
fla · 1996 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Id.; see also Farina v. State, 680 So.2d 392, 898 (Fla.1996).

11
Jackson v. Stategreen
fla · 2008 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Cromartie v. State, 70 So.3d 559, 563-64 (Fla.2011) (quoting Jackson v. State, 983 So.2d 562, 575 (Fla.2008)).

11
Cromartie v. Stategreen
fla · 2011 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Cromartie v. State, 70 So.3d 559, 563-64 (Fla.2011) (quoting Jackson v. State, 983 So.2d 562, 575 (Fla.2008)).

11
Jon Michael Hunter v. F.P. Samples, Wardengreen
ca11 · 1994 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Additionally, we note that “IADA violations are uncognizable in habeas proceedings, absent a showing that the violation prejudiced the rights of the accused by ‘affect[ing] or impugning] the integrity of the fact finding process’ at trial.” Hunter v. Samples, 15 F.3d 1011, 1012 (11th Cir.1994) (quoting Seymore v. Alabama, 846 F.2d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1018 , 109 S.Ct. 816 , 102 L.Ed.2d 806 (1989)).

11
Milton Wayne Seymore v. State of Alabama, Leoneal Davis, Warden, and the Attorney General of the State of Alabamagreen
ca11 · 1988 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Additionally, we note that “IADA violations are uncognizable in habeas proceedings, absent a showing that the violation prejudiced the rights of the accused by ‘affect[ing] or impugning] the integrity of the fact finding process’ at trial.” Hunter v. Samples, 15 F.3d 1011, 1012 (11th Cir.1994) (quoting Seymore v. Alabama, 846 F.2d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1018 , 109 S.Ct. 816 , 102 L.Ed.2d 806 (1989)).

11
State v. Blankenshipgreen
fladistctapp · 1982 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Walker has also failed to demonstrate any error in the trial court’s handling of his speedy trial argument. “[T]he determination of whether a person has been deprived of his constitutional right to a speedy trial depends in large part upon the consideration of four elements: (1) length of delay, (2) reason for delay, (3) whether the defendant asserted his right to be tried speedily, and (4) prejudice to the defendant caused by the delay.” State v. Blankenship, 422 So.2d 1059, 1060 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982) (citing Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 , 92 S.Ct. 2182 , 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972)).

11
Texas Auto Mart v. Thrifty Rent-A-Cargreen
fladistctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009Computer Controls, Inc. v. Charles Perry Constr., Inc., 743 So.2d 627, 631 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999)); see also Texas Auto Mart, 979 So.2d at 362 (“If a venue selection clause unambiguously mandates that litigation be subject to an agreed upon venue, then it is reversible error for the trial court to ignore the clause.”).

11
Walbridge Aldinger Co. v. ROBERTS PLUMB. CONTR. INC.green
fladistctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008Walbridge Aldinger Co. v. Roberts Plumbing Contractors, Inc., 800 So.2d 285, 287 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001).

11
Stephl v. Mooregreen
fla · 1927 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006In Stephl v. Moore, 94 Fla. 313 , 114 So. 455, 455 (1927), the court rejected the claim that the failure to allege "that a violation of the covenants in [a] deed amounts to an irreparable injury" precluded the granting of injunctive relief.

2006In Stephl v. Moore, 94 Fla. 313 , 114 So. 455, 455 (1927), the court rejected the claim that the failure to allege "that a violation of the covenants in [a] deed amounts to an irreparable injury" precluded the granting of injunctive relief.

11
Black v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Greenstreet Management, Inc. v. Barkergreen
fladistctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Berman & Feldman v. Winn Dixie, Inc.green
fladistctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Ins. Co. of North Am. v. Jetstar Dev., Inc.green
fladistctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Strothman v. Henderson Mental Health Ctr., Inc.green
fladistctapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Carlson-Southeast Corp. v. Geolithic, Inc.green
fladistctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Hewett v. Stategreen
fla · 1993 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
Harrell v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 1981 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11
Clark v. Lachenmeiergreen
fladistctapp · 1970 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11
Brady v. Marylandgreen
scotus · 1963 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
United States v. Westmorelandgreen
insd · 1967 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
11
United States v. Currygreen
ilnd · 1967 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Florida. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (42)

CaseCitedYears
Hartford Acc. & Indem. v. USCP CO. green
fladistctapp · 1987
2 sentences

1988Co., 515 So.2d 998 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), are matters which remain for the trial court's determination.

1988Co., 515 So.2d 998 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), are matters which remain for the trial court's determination.

21988–1988
Airocar, Inc. v. Goldman green
fladistctapp · 1985
2 sentences

1988Whether all or a portion of the matter sought to be discovered is protected by work product immunity, see Airocar, Inc. v. Goldman, 474 So.2d 269 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985), or by the attorney-client privilege, and, if protected by work product immunity but not the attorney-client privilege, whether the appropriate showing under rule 1.280(b)(2), Florida Rules of Civil Procedure, can be made, see Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company v. U.S.C.P.

1988There this court stated: We hold that an insurer which is not in a fiduciary relationship to its insured and against which a cause of action is brought under section 624.155 is entitled to protection against production of its legal department file (and its claim file by whatever name) on the basis of both work product immunity and attorney-client privilege to the same extent as any other litigant. *789 Whether all or a portion of the matter sought to be discovered is protected by work product immunity, see Airocar, Inc. v. Goldman, 474 So.2d 269 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985), or by the attorney-client p

21988–1988
LEGGETT GROUP, INC. v. Davis green
fladistctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2016Cipollone addresses causes of action of failure to warn, breach of express warranty, fraudulent misrepresentation, and conspiracy to misrepresent or'conceal material facts, and a plurality of the Court “found that state laws which required a showing that warnings on cigarettes should have been, more clearly stated, were preempted, and the state law claims based on the manufacturer’s practices of testing or research unrelated to advertising were not preempted.” Davis, 973 So.2d at 471 .

2016Accordingly, not all tobacco claims are. preempted, “only certain ones.” Id. at 472 .

12016–2016
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

2010Walker has also failed to demonstrate any error in the trial court’s handling of his speedy trial argument. “[T]he determination of whether a person has been deprived of his constitutional right to a speedy trial depends in large part upon the consideration of four elements: (1) length of delay, (2) reason for delay, (3) whether the defendant asserted his right to be tried speedily, and (4) prejudice to the defendant caused by the delay.” State v. Blankenship, 422 So.2d 1059, 1060 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982) (citing Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 , 92 S.Ct. 2182 , 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972)).

2010Walker has also failed to demonstrate any error in the trial court’s handling of his speedy trial argument. “[T]he determination of whether a person has been deprived of his constitutional right to a speedy trial depends in large part upon the consideration of four elements: (1) length of delay, (2) reason for delay, (3) whether the defendant asserted his right to be tried speedily, and (4) prejudice to the defendant caused by the delay.” State v. Blankenship, 422 So.2d 1059, 1060 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982) (citing Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 , 92 S.Ct. 2182 , 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972)).

12010–2010
Massinga v. L. J. green
scotus · 1989
1 sentence

2010Additionally, we note that “IADA violations are uncognizable in habeas proceedings, absent a showing that the violation prejudiced the rights of the accused by ‘affect[ing] or impugning] the integrity of the fact finding process’ at trial.” Hunter v. Samples, 15 F.3d 1011, 1012 (11th Cir.1994) (quoting Seymore v. Alabama, 846 F.2d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1018 , 109 S.Ct. 816 , 102 L.Ed.2d 806 (1989)).

12010–2010
Branch v. United States green
scotus · 1989
1 sentence

2010Additionally, we note that “IADA violations are uncognizable in habeas proceedings, absent a showing that the violation prejudiced the rights of the accused by ‘affect[ing] or impugning] the integrity of the fact finding process’ at trial.” Hunter v. Samples, 15 F.3d 1011, 1012 (11th Cir.1994) (quoting Seymore v. Alabama, 846 F.2d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1018 , 109 S.Ct. 816 , 102 L.Ed.2d 806 (1989)).

12010–2010
United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc. v. Harkins Amusement Enterprises, Inc. green
scotus · 1989
1 sentence

2010Additionally, we note that “IADA violations are uncognizable in habeas proceedings, absent a showing that the violation prejudiced the rights of the accused by ‘affect[ing] or impugning] the integrity of the fact finding process’ at trial.” Hunter v. Samples, 15 F.3d 1011, 1012 (11th Cir.1994) (quoting Seymore v. Alabama, 846 F.2d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1018 , 109 S.Ct. 816 , 102 L.Ed.2d 806 (1989)).

12010–2010
Spain v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. green
ca11 · 2000
2 sentences

2007The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Spain v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 363 F.3d 1183 (11th Cir.2004), explained the Cipollone test stating that "under Cipollone whether a state law claim is preempted is dependent on the exact nature *472 of that particular claim." Spain, 363 F.3d at 1193 .

2007The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Spain v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 363 F.3d 1183 (11th Cir.2004), explained the Cipollone test stating that "under Cipollone whether a state law claim is preempted is dependent on the exact nature *472 of that particular claim." Spain, 363 F.3d at 1193 .

12007–2007
Lewis v. State green
fladistctapp · 1967
1 sentence

2007The Fourth District held that "[t]he insured was not in good health and in the absence of a showing of waiver or estoppel on the part of the company, the policy never became effective," 202 So.2d at 100 , and reversed the trial court, directing judgment in favor of the insurer.

12007–2007
Wilson v. State green
fla · 2003
1 sentence

2005Wilson, 845 So.2d at 156 .

12005–2005
Roberts v. State green
fladistctapp · 1997
12004–2004
SHOPPES LP v. Conn green
fladistctapp · 2002
12004–2004
Ortiz v. State green
fladistctapp · 1996
12004–2004
Haws & Garrett v. Panhandle Custom Decorators green
fladistctapp · 1986
12004–2004
Operadora Seryna, SA v. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya-Mexico, SA green
fladistctapp · 2000
12004–2004
UNITED FACULTY OF FLA., ETC. v. Branson green
fladistctapp · 1977
11989–1989
West v. Caterpillar Tractor Company, Inc. green
fla · 1976
11986–1986
FIRST FED. S. & L. ASS'N v. Lockwood green
fladistctapp · 1980
11984–1984
Woodcrest Apartments, Ltd. v. IPA REALTY, ETC. neutral
fladistctapp · 1981
11984–1984
CONSOL. CAP. PROPERTIES v. Nat. Bank green
fladistctapp · 1982
11984–1984
United States v. Agurs green
scotus · 1976
11983–1983
Gates v. Utsey green
fladistctapp · 1965
11982–1982
Potts v. State green
fladistctapp · 1971
11980–1980
Parker v. State neutral
fladistctapp · 1974
11980–1980
Diaz v. Rodriguez green
fladistctapp · 1980
11980–1980
Jackson v. State neutral
fladistctapp · 1978
11980–1980
State v. Coney green
fla · 1974
11975–1975
Richardson v. Fountain green
fladistctapp · 1963
11971–1971
Latimer v. Cranor green
ca9 · 1954
11968–1968
Richard Stanley v. United States green
ca9 · 1957
11968–1968
Amos Black v. United States green
ca9 · 1959
11968–1968
Brookins v. State green
fladistctapp · 1965
11968–1968
Charles Washington v. United States green
ca9 · 1962
11968–1968
Black v. United States green
scotus · 1960
11968–1968
Kletter v. Herter green
scotus · 1960
11968–1968
Griffin v. United States neutral
scotus · 1962
11968–1968
Fauls v. State green
fladistctapp · 1964
11968–1968
Dancy v. State green
fladistctapp · 1965
11968–1968
Salters v. State neutral
fla · 1943
11967–1967
Gulf Life Insurance Company v. Green green
fla · 1955
11967–1967

Where else courts name it

IL 275 (1900–2026) CA 159 (1912–2026) OH 117 (1946–2026) TX 107 (1927–2026) NJ 66 (1955–2025) MI 63 (1960–2025) NY 62 (1935–2023) FL 52 (1949–2025) WA 34 (1968–2021) LA 30 (1956–2023) VT 27 (1987–2020) CT 27 (1984–2026) MO 25 (1896–2020) IA 24 (1917–2025) IN 23 (1910–2026) MA 22 (1935–2023) GA 20 (1905–2026) UT 20 (1993–2025) MN 19 (1931–2015) MS 18 (1992–2016) NE 18 (1894–2023) NM 18 (1978–2025) ID 17 (1921–2023) MD 16 (1958–2024) ND 16 (1964–2016) AZ 15 (1951–2022) KY 14 (1922–2025) DC 14 (1989–2025) KS 14 (1905–2024) PA 14 (1904–2026) NC 14 (1974–2025) OK 13 (1909–2023) CO 12 (1976–2025) RI 12 (1963–2025) WI 12 (1929–2025) AL 12 (1952–2012) WV 9 (1982–2022) AR 8 (1991–2020) HI 7 (1971–2018) OR 7 (1981–2022) MT 7 (1936–2020) NV 6 (1984–2015) ME 6 (1956–2025) SD 5 (1989–2024) TN 5 (2000–2019) SC 5 (1957–2017) AK 4 (1989–2021) WY 4 (1942–2019) VI 4 (2013–2015) DE 3 (1978–2016) VA 3 (2005–2026) NH 2 (1950–1967)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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