possession defense (Iowa) · Go Syfert
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possession defense in Iowa

7 Iowa opinions name it 2 courts 1907–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Iowa courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (9)

CaseFollowedCited
Rosenberg v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1959 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1971–1978
2 sentences

1978Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 370-371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304, 1307 (holding failure to require production of letter was “empty of consequence” — “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.”).

1978Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 370-371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304, 1307 (holding failure to require production of letter was “empty of consequence” — “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.”).

12
Killian v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1962 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1971–1978
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

12
State v. Cashengreen
iowa · 2003 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Cashen, 666 N.W.2d at 572 (noting proximity, although not dispositive, is “pertinent” to the possession analysis).

11
State v. Maxwellgreen
iowa · 2008 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d 185, 193 (Iowa 2008); see, e.g., State v. Carter, 696 N.W.2d 31, 39 (Iowa 2005) (“Contrary to the State’s contention, we find that Carter did not have actual possession of the controlled substance because it was not found on his person.”); State v. Kemp, 688 N.W.2d 785, 789 (Iowa 2004) (“Actual possession occurs when the controlled substance is found on the defendant’s person.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)); Bash, 670 N.W.2d at 138 (same).

11
State v. Bashgreen
iowa · 2003 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d 185, 193 (Iowa 2008); see, e.g., State v. Carter, 696 N.W.2d 31, 39 (Iowa 2005) (“Contrary to the State’s contention, we find that Carter did not have actual possession of the controlled substance because it was not found on his person.”); State v. Kemp, 688 N.W.2d 785, 789 (Iowa 2004) (“Actual possession occurs when the controlled substance is found on the defendant’s person.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)); Bash, 670 N.W.2d at 138 (same).

11
State of Iowa v. William Arthur Dewittgreen
iowa · 2012 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014In State v. Dewitt, 811 N.W.2d 460, 474-75 (Iowa 2012), our supreme court stated: Vehicles, however, alter the exclusive possession rule because of its modern role as a shared accommodation.

11
State v. Cartergreen
iowa · 2005 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d 185, 193 (Iowa 2008); see, e.g., State v. Carter, 696 N.W.2d 31, 39 (Iowa 2005) (“Contrary to the State’s contention, we find that Carter did not have actual possession of the controlled substance because it was not found on his person.”); State v. Kemp, 688 N.W.2d 785, 789 (Iowa 2004) (“Actual possession occurs when the controlled substance is found on the defendant’s person.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)); Bash, 670 N.W.2d at 138 (same).

11
State v. Kempgreen
iowa · 2004 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d 185, 193 (Iowa 2008); see, e.g., State v. Carter, 696 N.W.2d 31, 39 (Iowa 2005) (“Contrary to the State’s contention, we find that Carter did not have actual possession of the controlled substance because it was not found on his person.”); State v. Kemp, 688 N.W.2d 785, 789 (Iowa 2004) (“Actual possession occurs when the controlled substance is found on the defendant’s person.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)); Bash, 670 N.W.2d at 138 (same).

11
Killian v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1962 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
2 sentences

1978See also Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231 , 82 S.Ct. 302 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256 , reh. den. 368 U.S. 979 , 82 S.Ct. 476 , 7 L.Ed.2d 441 .

1978See also Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231 , 82 S.Ct. 302 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256 , reh. den. 368 U.S. 979 , 82 S.Ct. 476 , 7 L.Ed.2d 441 .

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Iowa. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

CaseCitedYears
Lloyd v. United States green
ca5 · 1969
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
Valentine John Karp v. United States green
ca8 · 1960
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
United States v. Eugene James Allegrucci green
ca3 · 1962
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
United States v. Elliott Kahaner, Antonio Corallo and James Vincent Keogh green
ca2 · 1963
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
Floyd Rairdon Hayes v. United States of America, Cecil H. Bennett v. United States of America, Stanley Burke Clevenger v. United States green
ca8 · 1964
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
United States v. Nicholas Sten green
ca2 · 1965
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
James Milton Lewis v. United States green
ca8 · 1965
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
United States v. Charles W. Pope green
ca8 · 1969
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
United States v. Frank Crisona, Anthony Delyra, John Delyra, and Frank Lloyd Parks green
ca2 · 1969
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
United States v. Earl Missler green
ca4 · 1969
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
United States v. Irwin Fruchtman green
ca6 · 1970
2 sentences

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: "Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness' admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter." In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

1971The Court stated in Rosenberg v. United States, 360 U.S. 367, 371 , 79 S.Ct. 1231, 1234 , 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 , 1307: “Since the same information that would have been afforded had the document been given to defendant was already in the possession of the defense by way of the witness’ admissions while testifying, it would deny reason to entertain the belief that defendant could have been prejudiced by not having had opportunity to inspect the letter.” In the same vein, see Killian v. United States, 368 U.S. 231, 243 , 82 S.Ct. 302, 309 , 7 L.Ed.2d 256, 265 ; United States v. Fruchtman, 421 F.2d 1019

11971–1971
Marray v. Quigley green
iowa · 1902
1 sentence

1912Freeman on Cotenancy; sections 221, 235, 373; 1 Cyc. 1072, 1076; Murray v. Quigley, 119 Iowa, 6 ; Crawford v. Meis, 123 Iowa, 6Í0;.McCarthy v. Colton, 134 Iowa, 658 . by. virtue of the will of her husband, and became thereby a tenant in common and remained such during her lifetime; that, as such tenant in common, she could obtain no title adverse to that if any debt existed in her favor, which she had the It is conceded that George Emslie and Annie E.

11912–1912
McCarthy v. Colton neutral
iowa · 1906
1 sentence

1912Freeman on Cotenancy; sections 221, 235, 373; 1 Cyc. 1072, 1076; Murray v. Quigley, 119 Iowa, 6 ; Crawford v. Meis, 123 Iowa, 6Í0;.McCarthy v. Colton, 134 Iowa, 658 . by. virtue of the will of her husband, and became thereby a tenant in common and remained such during her lifetime; that, as such tenant in common, she could obtain no title adverse to that if any debt existed in her favor, which she had the It is conceded that George Emslie and Annie E.

11912–1912
Fairfield v. Barbour neutral
mich · 1883
2 sentences

1907Wheeler v. Laird, supra; Potter v. Smith, 68 Mich. 212 ( 35 N. W. 916 ); Fairfield v. Barbour, 51 Mich. 57 ( 16 N. W. 230 ); Shafer v. Hauser, 111 Mich. 622 ( 70 N. W. 136 , 35 L.

1907Wheeler v. Laird, supra; Potter v. Smith, 68 Mich. 212 ( 35 N. W. 916 ); Fairfield v. Barbour, 51 Mich. 57 ( 16 N. W. 230 ); Shafer v. Hauser, 111 Mich. 622 ( 70 N. W. 136 , 35 L.

11907–1907
Potter v. Smith neutral
mich · 1888
2 sentences

1907Wheeler v. Laird, supra; Potter v. Smith, 68 Mich. 212 ( 35 N. W. 916 ); Fairfield v. Barbour, 51 Mich. 57 ( 16 N. W. 230 ); Shafer v. Hauser, 111 Mich. 622 ( 70 N. W. 136 , 35 L.

1907Wheeler v. Laird, supra; Potter v. Smith, 68 Mich. 212 ( 35 N. W. 916 ); Fairfield v. Barbour, 51 Mich. 57 ( 16 N. W. 230 ); Shafer v. Hauser, 111 Mich. 622 ( 70 N. W. 136 , 35 L.

11907–1907
Schafer v. Hauser green
mich · 1897
2 sentences

1907Wheeler v. Laird, supra; Potter v. Smith, 68 Mich. 212 ( 35 N. W. 916 ); Fairfield v. Barbour, 51 Mich. 57 ( 16 N. W. 230 ); Shafer v. Hauser, 111 Mich. 622 ( 70 N. W. 136 , 35 L.

1907Wheeler v. Laird, supra; Potter v. Smith, 68 Mich. 212 ( 35 N. W. 916 ); Fairfield v. Barbour, 51 Mich. 57 ( 16 N. W. 230 ); Shafer v. Hauser, 111 Mich. 622 ( 70 N. W. 136 , 35 L.

11907–1907

Where else courts name it

NC 69 (1908–2026) PA 36 (1924–2025) IL 27 (1887–2026) TX 24 (1892–2019) NY 22 (1827–2021) MS 21 (1950–2023) AL 21 (1849–2026) OH 19 (2002–2026) TN 19 (1969–2024) MO 14 (1891–2021) CA 11 (1866–2012) AZ 9 (1918–2020) OR 9 (1899–2025) VA 9 (1918–2026) NM 7 (2003–2022) IN 7 (1924–2026) IA 7 (1907–2025) CO 6 (1979–2017) GA 6 (1904–2022) MN 6 (1906–2024) MI 5 (1917–2023) AR 5 (1909–2024) KY 5 (1840–2020) WI 5 (1883–2023) DC 5 (1967–2023) HI 5 (1917–2017) KS 5 (1914–2020) VT 5 (1847–2004) FL 5 (1981–2004) MT 4 (1897–1987) WA 4 (1944–2014) LA 4 (1948–2006) WV 4 (1885–1989) MD 4 (1902–2011) CT 2 (1985–1987) MA 2 (1813–1884) ME 2 (1983–2022) AK 2 (1992–1994) NJ 2 (1962–1983) UT 2 (1959–2024) NE 2 (1912–2021) OK 2 (1921–1988) DE 2 (1931–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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