operation rule (Maryland) · Go Syfert
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operation rule in Maryland

50 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 1873–2023 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (15)

CaseFollowedCited
Owen v. Freemangreen
md · 1977 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1979–1982
2 sentences

1979In Owen v. Freeman, 279 Md. 241 (1977), the Court stated that, “[a]s is clear from the language of Rule 625 a, no judgment is specifically excluded from the operation of the rule, and our cases hold it applies to all final judgments.” Id. at 245 (citations omitted).

1979It said, for example, that the general revisory power “is generally subject only to the restraints imposed by rules of court” and that “no judgment is' specifically excluded from the operation of the rule, and our cases hold it applies to all final judgments.” 279 Md. at 245 .

23
Angelos v. Maryland Casualty Co.green
mdctspecapp · 1977 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2006–2010
2 sentences

2009Co., 38 Md.App. 265, 268 , 380 A.2d 646 (1977) (observing that, because a mortgagee’s “property interest was acquired through a mortgage obtained prior to the commencement of the litigation upon which [a party’s] lis pendens claim rests,” it was “not subject to the operation of the doctrine”). 16 *402 The circuit court’s award of summary judgment in favor of appellees was thus based on an erroneous application of Maryland law with respect to the notice requirement as it affected appellant’s claim to the Property.

2009Co., 38 Md.App. 265, 268 , 380 A.2d 646 (1977) (observing that, because a mortgagee’s “property interest was acquired through a mortgage obtained prior to the commencement of the litigation upon which [a party’s] lis pendens claim rests,” it was “not subject to the operation of the doctrine”). 16 *402 The circuit court’s award of summary judgment in favor of appellees was thus based on an erroneous application of Maryland law with respect to the notice requirement as it affected appellant’s claim to the Property.

13
Lowery v. McCormick Asbestos Co.green
md · 1984 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See Lowery v. McCormick Asbestos Co., 300 Md. 28, 39 (1984) (“The operation of the rule … provides certainty in a way which is somewhat arbitrary. … It is fair to employers only if it is applied consistently so that liability is spread proportionately among employers by operation of the law of averages.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

11
Sands v. Church of the Ascension & Prince of Peacegreen
md · 1943 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See Coe v. Hays, 328 Md. 350, 356 , 614 A.2d 576, 579 (1992), confirming the statement from Sands v. Church, etc., 181 Md. 536, 544 , 30 A.2d 771, 776 (1943) that “[t]he doctrine [of equitable conversion] is not a fixed rule of law, but proceeds upon equitable principles which take into account the result which its applications will accomplish.” There may be circumstances in which a contractual provision limiting or precluding the operation of the doctrine would be inequitable and should be denied, even under basic contract law.

2010See Coe v. Hays, 328 Md. 350, 356 , 614 A.2d 576, 579 (1992), confirming the statement from Sands v. Church, etc., 181 Md. 536, 544 , 30 A.2d 771, 776 (1943) that “[t]he doctrine [of equitable conversion] is not a fixed rule of law, but proceeds upon equitable principles which take into account the result which its applications will accomplish.” There may be circumstances in which a contractual provision limiting or precluding the operation of the doctrine would be inequitable and should be denied, even under basic contract law.

11
Coe v. Haysgreen
md · 1992 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See Coe v. Hays, 328 Md. 350, 356 , 614 A.2d 576, 579 (1992), confirming the statement from Sands v. Church, etc., 181 Md. 536, 544 , 30 A.2d 771, 776 (1943) that “[t]he doctrine [of equitable conversion] is not a fixed rule of law, but proceeds upon equitable principles which take into account the result which its applications will accomplish.” There may be circumstances in which a contractual provision limiting or precluding the operation of the doctrine would be inequitable and should be denied, even under basic contract law.

2010See Coe v. Hays, 328 Md. 350, 356 , 614 A.2d 576, 579 (1992), confirming the statement from Sands v. Church, etc., 181 Md. 536, 544 , 30 A.2d 771, 776 (1943) that “[t]he doctrine [of equitable conversion] is not a fixed rule of law, but proceeds upon equitable principles which take into account the result which its applications will accomplish.” There may be circumstances in which a contractual provision limiting or precluding the operation of the doctrine would be inequitable and should be denied, even under basic contract law.

11
COLOMIRIS v. Woodsgreen
md · 1999 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Cf. Baltrotsky v. Kugler, 395 Md. 468, 480 , 910 A.2d 1089, 1097 (2006), noting the general rule that parties are free to contract as they wish but pointing out that that general rule “is tempered, however, by the caveat that ‘fraud, duress, mistake, or some countervailing public policy’ may serve as occasions to modify or excise certain terms of a contract.’ ” (quoting from Calomiris v. Woods, 353 Md. 425, 445 , 727 A.2d 358, 368 (1999)).

2010Cf. Baltrotsky v. Kugler, 395 Md. 468, 480 , 910 A.2d 1089, 1097 (2006), noting the general rule that parties are free to contract as they wish but pointing out that that general rule “is tempered, however, by the caveat that ‘fraud, duress, mistake, or some countervailing public policy’ may serve as occasions to modify or excise certain terms of a contract.’ ” (quoting from Calomiris v. Woods, 353 Md. 425, 445 , 727 A.2d 358, 368 (1999)).

11
Baltrotsky v. Kuglergreen
md · 2006 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Cf. Baltrotsky v. Kugler, 395 Md. 468, 480 , 910 A.2d 1089, 1097 (2006), noting the general rule that parties are free to contract as they wish but pointing out that that general rule “is tempered, however, by the caveat that ‘fraud, duress, mistake, or some countervailing public policy’ may serve as occasions to modify or excise certain terms of a contract.’ ” (quoting from Calomiris v. Woods, 353 Md. 425, 445 , 727 A.2d 358, 368 (1999)).

2010Cf. Baltrotsky v. Kugler, 395 Md. 468, 480 , 910 A.2d 1089, 1097 (2006), noting the general rule that parties are free to contract as they wish but pointing out that that general rule “is tempered, however, by the caveat that ‘fraud, duress, mistake, or some countervailing public policy’ may serve as occasions to modify or excise certain terms of a contract.’ ” (quoting from Calomiris v. Woods, 353 Md. 425, 445 , 727 A.2d 358, 368 (1999)).

11
Hall v. Jackgreen
md · 1870 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006See also Angelos v. Maryland Casualty Co., 38 Md.App. at 268 , 380 A.2d 646 (“Angelos’s property interest was acquired through a mortgage obtained prior to the commencement of the litigation upon which Maryland Casualty’s lis pendens claim rests, and therefore is not subject to the operation of the doctrine.”); Hall v. Jack, 32 Md. at 263-64 (“In order to be entitled to intervene in the suit or claim title to the property, it ought to appear affirmatively that his title as assignee, or that of McKenzie under whom he claims, was acquired before the pendency of the suit.

11
Locke v. Liquid Air Corporationgreen
ca11 · 1984 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
1 sentence

1989See, e.g., Locke v. Liquid Air Corp., 725 F.2d 1331 (11th Cir.1984) (applying Alabama law); Dombrowski v. Maricopa Co. Mun.

11
Langrall, Muir & Noppinger v. Gladdinggreen
md · 1978 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Maggin v. Stevensgreen
md · 1972 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
Davidson v. Millergreen
md · 1975 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
Owl Club, Inc. v. Gotham Hotels, Ltd.green
md · 1973 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
Trupiano v. United Statesred
scotus · 1948 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11
Harry T. Campbell & Sons v. United Railways & Electric Co.green
md · 1931 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1955–1955
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (47)

CaseCitedYears
Stanford v. District Title Insurance green
md · 1971
2 sentences

1985Stanford, supra. Similarly, the decision to suspend the operation of the rule upon proper application will be set aside on appeal only in “ ‘extreme cases of clear abuse.’ ” Langrall, Muir & Nopinger v. Gladding, 282 Md. 397, 400 , 384 A.2d 737, 739 (1978) (quoting Stanford, 260 Md. at 555 , 273 A.2d at 193 ).

1985Stanford, supra. Similarly, the decision to suspend the operation of the rule upon proper application will be set aside on appeal only in “ ‘extreme cases of clear abuse.’ ” Langrall, Muir & Nopinger v. Gladding, 282 Md. 397, 400 , 384 A.2d 737, 739 (1978) (quoting Stanford, 260 Md. at 555 , 273 A.2d at 193 ).

31974–1985
Bradshaw v. Prince George's County green
md · 1979
2 sentences

2015Although, when the Court of Appeals adopted Rule 2-625, it did not expressly exempt State judgments from the operation of that rule, it did not need to, as “any waiver of immunity must emanate the legislature.” Id. (quoting Bradshaw v. Prince George’s Cnty., 284 Md. 294, 300 , 396 A.2d 255 (1979)).

2015Although, when the Court of Appeals adopted Rule 2-625, it did not expressly exempt State judgments from the operation of that rule, it did not need to, as “any waiver of immunity must emanate the legislature.” Id. (quoting Bradshaw v. Prince George’s Cnty., 284 Md. 294, 300 , 396 A.2d 255 (1979)).

22013–2015
State v. Buckingham neutral
mdctspecapp · 2013
1 sentence

2015This presumption, along with the history of Rule 2-625, assisted us in concluding “Rule 2-625 [did] not extinguish an unrenewed judgment held by the State after twelve years.” Id. at 684, 78 A.3d 909 .

12015–2015
Central Collection Unit v. Atlantic Container Line, Ltd. green
md · 1976
1 sentence

2015Although, when the Court of Appeals adopted Rule 2-625, it did not expressly exempt State judgments from the operation of that rule, it did not need to, as “any waiver of immunity must emanate the legislature.” Id. (quoting Bradshaw v. Prince George’s Cnty., 284 Md. 294, 300 , 396 A.2d 255 (1979)).

12015–2015
Crowe v. Houseworth green
md · 1974
2 sentences

2015In Crowe v. Houseworth, 272 Md. 481 , 325 A.2d 592 (1974), the Court of Appeals held that a circuit court abused its discretion by denying a plaintiffs request to join certain co-plaintiffs as necessary parties after the expiration of the statute of limitations.

2015In Crowe v. Houseworth, 272 Md. 481 , 325 A.2d 592 (1974), the Court of Appeals held that a circuit court abused its discretion by denying a plaintiffs request to join certain co-plaintiffs as necessary parties after the expiration of the statute of limitations.

12015–2015
Lowery v. State green
md · 2013
2 sentences

2013Moreover, the rule of harmonization requires that we “not read statutory language in a vacuum, nor ... confíne strictly our interpretation of a statute’s plain language to the isolated section alone.” Lowery v. State, 430 Md. 477, 496 , 61 A.3d 794 (2013) (quoting Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 275-76 , 987 A.2d 18 (2010)).

2013Moreover, the rule of harmonization requires that we “not read statutory language in a vacuum, nor ... confíne strictly our interpretation of a statute’s plain language to the isolated section alone.” Lowery v. State, 430 Md. 477, 496 , 61 A.3d 794 (2013) (quoting Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 275-76 , 987 A.2d 18 (2010)).

12013–2013
Lockshin v. Semsker green
md · 2010
2 sentences

2013Moreover, the rule of harmonization requires that we “not read statutory language in a vacuum, nor ... confíne strictly our interpretation of a statute’s plain language to the isolated section alone.” Lowery v. State, 430 Md. 477, 496 , 61 A.3d 794 (2013) (quoting Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 275-76 , 987 A.2d 18 (2010)).

2013Moreover, the rule of harmonization requires that we “not read statutory language in a vacuum, nor ... confíne strictly our interpretation of a statute’s plain language to the isolated section alone.” Lowery v. State, 430 Md. 477, 496 , 61 A.3d 794 (2013) (quoting Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 275-76 , 987 A.2d 18 (2010)).

12013–2013
Johnson v. State green
md · 1978
2 sentences

2012Johnson, 283 Md. at 197 , 388 A.2d 926 (“sequestration of witnesses is mandatory and [ ] there is no exception in it for a principal investigator”). 3 As this Court explained: [I]n Maryland no exemption from the operation of the rule on witnesses exists for a witness who is a detective or police officer assisting in the preparation or presentation of the State’s case.

2012Johnson, 283 Md. at 197 , 388 A.2d 926 (“sequestration of witnesses is mandatory and [ ] there is no exception in it for a principal investigator”). 3 As this Court explained: [I]n Maryland no exemption from the operation of the rule on witnesses exists for a witness who is a detective or police officer assisting in the preparation or presentation of the State’s case.

12012–2012
Dill v. Avery green
md · 1986
2 sentences

2010Section 25 of the Restatement, supra, cited in EFCO, supra, and cited with approval by the Court of Appeals in Dill v. Avery, supra, 305 Md. at 210 , 502 A.2d 1051 , is titled “Exemplification of the General Rule Concerning Splitting.” It explains the operation of the rule in section 24 (the transactional test) in situations similar to the present case: The rule of § 24 applies to extinguish a claim by the plaintiff against the defendant even though the plaintiff is prepared in the second action (1) To present evidence or grounds or theories of the ease not presented in the first action, or (2

2010Section 25 of the Restatement, supra, cited in EFCO, supra, and cited with approval by the Court of Appeals in Dill v. Avery, supra, 305 Md. at 210 , 502 A.2d 1051 , is titled “Exemplification of the General Rule Concerning Splitting.” It explains the operation of the rule in section 24 (the transactional test) in situations similar to the present case: The rule of § 24 applies to extinguish a claim by the plaintiff against the defendant even though the plaintiff is prepared in the second action (1) To present evidence or grounds or theories of the ease not presented in the first action, or (2

12010–2010
Efco Corporation v. U.W. Marx, Inc. green
ca2 · 1997
1 sentence

2010Section 25 of the Restatement, supra, cited in EFCO, supra, and cited with approval by the Court of Appeals in Dill v. Avery, supra, 305 Md. at 210 , 502 A.2d 1051 , is titled “Exemplification of the General Rule Concerning Splitting.” It explains the operation of the rule in section 24 (the transactional test) in situations similar to the present case: The rule of § 24 applies to extinguish a claim by the plaintiff against the defendant even though the plaintiff is prepared in the second action (1) To present evidence or grounds or theories of the ease not presented in the first action, or (2

12010–2010
Feigley v. Feigley green
· 1855
1 sentence

2010The Court of Appeals reversed the circuit court, opining: We need not decide the unlikely prospect that the petition for an ex parte injunction to restrain the sale of land preserving an asset for a general creditor was sufficient to comply with the Feigley[ v. Feigley, 7 Md. 537 (1855)] requisite that the proceeding relate directly to the property in question, since Angelos’ property interest was acquired through a mortgage obtained prior to the commencement of the litigation upon which Maryland Casualty’s lis pendens claim rests, and therefore is not subject to the operation of the doctrine.

12010–2010
Enterprise Leasing Co. v. Allstate Insurance green
md · 1996
2 sentences

2006(Citations omitted.) In Enterprise , the issue before the Court was "whether the lessor of a motor vehicle is relieved of financial responsibility for third-party claims resulting from the negligent operation of its rental vehicle by a permittee when the vehicle's operation is in violation of the express terms of the rental agreement." 341 Md. at 543 , 671 A.2d at 510 .

2006(Citations omitted.) In Enterprise , the issue before the Court was "whether the lessor of a motor vehicle is relieved of financial responsibility for third-party claims resulting from the negligent operation of its rental vehicle by a permittee when the vehicle's operation is in violation of the express terms of the rental agreement." 341 Md. at 543 , 671 A.2d at 510 .

12006–2006
Palmer Ford, Inc. v. Wood green
md · 1984
2 sentences

2004So also, a person using the process of the criminal law to enforce payment of a debt is abusing legal process and is liable in damages.” Id. at 513 , 471 A.2d 297 (quoting Harper & James, swpra, at 331).

2004So also, a person using the process of the criminal law to enforce payment of a debt is abusing legal process and is liable in damages.” Id. at 513 , 471 A.2d 297 (quoting Harper & James, swpra, at 331).

12004–2004
Monoker v. State green
md · 1990
2 sentences

2004Two crimes created by legislative enactment may not be punished separately if the legislature intended the offenses to be punished by one sentence.... [I]f we are unsure of the legislative intent in punishing offenses as a single merged crime or as distinct offenses, we in effect, give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and hold that the crimes do merge. 321 Md. at 222 , 582 A.2d at 529 .

2004Two crimes created by legislative enactment may not be punished separately if the legislature intended the offenses to be punished by one sentence.... [I]f we are unsure of the legislative intent in punishing offenses as a single merged crime or as distinct offenses, we in effect, give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and hold that the crimes do merge. 321 Md. at 222 , 582 A.2d at 529 .

12004–2004
Massey v. State green
md · 1990
1 sentence

2003There is no statute, and never has been one, classifying offenses as ‘penitentiary misdemeanors’ for limitations purposes, which is independent of the statutory sentencing provisions associated with particular offenses.” Id. at 618, 579 A.2d at 271 .

12003–2003
Hagans v. State green
md · 1989
2 sentences

1999Id. at 454 , 559 A.2d at 804 .

1999Id. at 454 , 559 A.2d at 804 .

11999–1999
State v. Edwards green
conn · 1990
2 sentences

1994Like the State, which believes that a specific reservation adds nothing to the usual operation of the rule, he relies on State v. Edwards, 214 Conn. 57 , 570 A.2d 193 (1990), and United States v. Eubanks, 591 F.2d 513 (9th Cir.1979).

1994Like the State, which believes that a specific reservation adds nothing to the usual operation of the rule, he relies on State v. Edwards, 214 Conn. 57 , 570 A.2d 193 (1990), and United States v. Eubanks, 591 F.2d 513 (9th Cir.1979).

11994–1994
Bennett v. Westfall green
md · 1946
2 sentences

1994Bennett v. Westfall, 186 Md. 148 , 46 A.2d 358 (1946), established the operation of the doctrine of equitable subrogation in the context of mortgage priority.

1994Bennett v. Westfall, 186 Md. 148 , 46 A.2d 358 (1946), established the operation of the doctrine of equitable subrogation in the context of mortgage priority.

11994–1994
United States v. Fred Eubanks, Eugene Martinez, Leroy Jones, Henry D. Yanez green
ca9 · 1979
1 sentence

1994Like the State, which believes that a specific reservation adds nothing to the usual operation of the rule, he relies on State v. Edwards, 214 Conn. 57 , 570 A.2d 193 (1990), and United States v. Eubanks, 591 F.2d 513 (9th Cir.1979).

11994–1994
Diaz v. United States green
scotus · 1912
2 sentences

1986“The question is one of broad public policy, whether an accused person, placed upon trial for crime and protected by all the safeguards with which the humanity of our present criminal law sedulously surrounds him, can with impunity defy the processes of that law, paralyze the proceedings of courts and juries and turn them into a solemn farce, and ultimately compel society, for its own safety, to restrict the operation of the principle of personal liberty \i.e., pretrial release].” [ 223 U.S. at 457-58 , 32 S.Ct. at 254-55 , 56 L.Ed. at 506 .] Upon the adoption of the Federal Rules of Criminal

1986“The question is one of broad public policy, whether an accused person, placed upon trial for crime and protected by all the safeguards with which the humanity of our present criminal law sedulously surrounds him, can with impunity defy the processes of that law, paralyze the proceedings of courts and juries and turn them into a solemn farce, and ultimately compel society, for its own safety, to restrict the operation of the principle of personal liberty \i.e., pretrial release].” [ 223 U.S. at 457-58 , 32 S.Ct. at 254-55 , 56 L.Ed. at 506 .] Upon the adoption of the Federal Rules of Criminal

11986–1986
Taylor v. United States green
scotus · 1973
2 sentences

1986“The question is one of broad public policy, whether an accused person, placed upon trial for crime and protected by all the safeguards with which the humanity of our present criminal law sedulously surrounds him, can with impunity defy the processes of that law, paralyze the proceedings of courts and juries and turn them into a solemn farce, and ultimately compel society, for its own safety, to restrict the operation of the principle of personal liberty \i.e., pretrial release].” [ 223 U.S. at 457-58 , 32 S.Ct. at 254-55 , 56 L.Ed. at 506 .] Upon the adoption of the Federal Rules of Criminal

1986“The question is one of broad public policy, whether an accused person, placed upon trial for crime and protected by all the safeguards with which the humanity of our present criminal law sedulously surrounds him, can with impunity defy the processes of that law, paralyze the proceedings of courts and juries and turn them into a solemn farce, and ultimately compel society, for its own safety, to restrict the operation of the principle of personal liberty \i.e., pretrial release].” [ 223 U.S. at 457-58 , 32 S.Ct. at 254-55 , 56 L.Ed. at 506 .] Upon the adoption of the Federal Rules of Criminal

11986–1986
Walker v. State green
mdctspecapp · 1982
11983–1983
Jacobson v. Massachusetts green
scotus · 1905
11980–1980
Aetna Indemnity, Co. v. John Waters green
· 1909
11978–1978
Safe-Deposit & Trust Co. v. Wright neutral
ca3 · 1900
11978–1978
Michigan v. Tucker green
scotus · 1974
11976–1976
Weeks v. United States red
· 1914
11972–1972
Hoffman v. Chapman green
md · 1943
11972–1972
Mapp v. Ohio green
scotus · 1961
11972–1972
Lee v. Housing Auth. of Baltimore green
md · 2001
11960–1960
Legum v. State Ex Rel. Moran green
md · 1934
11955–1955
Equitable Trust Co. v. Pratt green
· 1922
11949–1949
MacBryde v. Burnett green
ca4 · 1942
11947–1947
Doble v. United Railways & Electric Co. neutral
md · 1928
11945–1945
Foos v. United Railways & Electric Co. neutral
md · 1920
11945–1945
Colgate & Co. v. United Railways & Electric Co. green
md · 1929
11945–1945
In re Stickney's Will green
md · 1897
11942–1942
Marshall v. Marshall green
md · 1933
11940–1940
Zimmerman v. Bitner green
md · 1894
11929–1929
Bowerman v. Taylor green
md · 1915
11925–1925

Where else courts name it

CA 154 (1857–2025) NY 132 (1823–2024) PA 89 (1834–2020) IL 86 (1864–2023) TX 84 (1860–2024) AL 77 (1846–2018) NC 59 (1855–2025) CT 57 (1874–2022) FL 52 (1924–2021) MD 50 (1873–2023) MO 46 (1879–2003) IA 46 (1864–2018) IN 39 (1833–2020) NJ 37 (1903–2002) WA 37 (1890–2017) NE 37 (1883–2017) MA 31 (1894–2014) CO 29 (1890–2020) OK 26 (1896–2012) NM 24 (1924–2010) KS 23 (1888–2013) OR 23 (1900–2017) OH 22 (1907–2019) GA 21 (1909–2020) VA 21 (1874–2023) KY 20 (1883–1997) MI 19 (1851–2025) AR 18 (1915–2003) WV 16 (1907–2016) MN 16 (1877–2019) AZ 16 (1934–2008) WI 14 (1894–2020) MS 14 (1875–2014) WY 13 (1899–2019) TN 13 (1906–2014) LA 11 (1860–2010) UT 10 (1987–2024) DC 10 (1914–2019) DE 8 (1880–2016) MT 7 (1923–1999) RI 6 (1873–2004) ID 6 (1918–1997) SD 5 (1897–2022) ND 5 (1976–1996) NH 5 (1853–1994) AK 5 (1967–1983) NV 5 (1867–1936) SC 4 (1879–1969) ME 4 (1897–1983) HI 4 (1958–1987)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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