ethical rule (New York) · Go Syfert
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ethical rule in New York

44 New York opinions name it 9 courts 1984–2026 12 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (34)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Berroagreen
ny · 2002 · cited in 4 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2023
2 sentences

2023With respect to defendant's claim of ineffective assistance based on defense counsel's alleged attempt to bribe defendant by giving him money for his prison commissary account, we note that, even assuming, arguendo, that defense counsel violated his ethical obligations when he gave defendant money ( see Rules of Professional Conduct [22 NYCRR 1200.0] rule 1.8 [e]), "not every violation of an ethical rule will constitute ineffective assistance of counsel" ( People v Grimes , 32 NY3d 302, 318 [2018] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v Berroa , 99 NY2d 134, 140 [2002]).

2018As we have made clear, and as the dissent fails to comprehend ( see dissenting op at 321-322), rules of professional conduct " 'cannot be applied as if they were controlling statutory [authority] or decisional law' " and not "every violation of an ethical rule will constitute ineffective assistance of counsel" ( People v Berroa , 99 NY2d 134, 140 [2002], quoting S & S Hotel Ventures Ltd.

44
MATTER OF STATE OF NY v. Kinggreen
ny · 1975 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2026
2 sentences

2026In drawing the difficult distinction between legal errors and actions taken in excess of power, the Court of Appeals has instructed that such excesses of power involve "an unlawful use or abuse of the entire action or proceeding as distinguished from an unlawful procedure or error in the action or proceeding itself related to the proper purpose of the action or proceeding" ( Matter of State of New York v King , 36 NY2d at 64 [prohibition did not lie to challenge an order directing that the defendants would have additional peremptory challenges]; see Matter of Brown v Blumenfeld , 103 AD3d at 5

2012Under these circumstances, it cannot be said that Justice Blumenfeld’s imposition of a sanction in the form of preclusion of the videotaped statement constituted an “unlawful procedure or error in the action or proceeding itself related to the proper purpose of the action or proceeding” (Matter of State of New York v King, 36 NY2d at 64 [emphasis added]).

33
Shapiro v. McNeillgreen
ny · 1998 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2022
2 sentences

2022Lastly, to the extent that the complaint alleges that the Ugochukwu defendants violated certain ethical rules, "an ethical violation will not, in and of itself, create a duty that gives rise to a cause of action that would otherwise not exist at law" ( Shapiro v McNeill , 92 NY2d 91, 97 [1998]; see Suttongate Holdings Ltd. v Laconm Mgt.

2019The trial court itself commented that the transaction was not a bad idea and that the deal "went bad for reasons other than Mr. David." Even if, arguendo, David violated one or more ethical rules, "an ethical violation will not, in and of itself, create a duty that gives rise to a cause of action that would otherwise not exist" ( Shapiro v McNeill , 92 NY2d 91, 97 [1998]; see also Cohen v Kachroo , 115 AD3d 512, 513 [1st Dept 2014]).

33
Pessoni v. Rabkingreen
nyappdiv · 1995 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2003–2026
2 sentences

2026Therefore, Higham's continued representation of the plaintiffs would result in a violation of either the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client's confidences, or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously ( see Sidor v Zuhoski, 261 AD2d 529 [1999]; Shaikh v Waiters, supra at 56-57 ; see also Pessoni v Rabkin, 220 AD2d 732 [1995]).

2003Therefore, Higham’s continued representation of the plaintiffs would result in a violation of either the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client’s confidences, or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously (see Sidor v Zuhoski, 261 AD2d 529 [1999]; Shaikh v Waiters, supra at 56-57 ; see also Pessoni v Rabkin, 220 AD2d 732 [1995]).

22
People v. McDonaldgreen
ny · 1986 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Unlike ineffective assistance of counsel claims, which are analyzed under the Baldi standard, a conflict claim merits reversal if the conflict "bears a substantial relation to the conduct of the defense" ( People v McDonald , 68 NY2d 1, 9 [1986] [internal quotations omitted]).

2021Unlike ineffective assistance of counsel claims, which are analyzed under the Baldi standard, a conflict claim merits reversal if the conflict "bears a substantial relation to the conduct of the defense" ( People v McDonald , 68 NY2d 1, 9 [1986] [internal quotations omitted]).

22
People v. Ricardo B.green
ny · 1989 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Thus, this statute alone does not answer the question of whether Justice Blumenfeld has the power to impose a general sanction on the People, not necessary to the adjudication of the criminal proceeding, for violation of an ethical rule (cf. People v Wrotten, 14 NY3d at 36 [trial court properly invoked Judiciary Law § 2-b in allowing an adult complainant, too ill to appear in court, to testify via real-time, two-way video where it found such testimony necessary to permit the prosecution to proceed]; People v Ricardo B., 73 NY2d 228, 232-233 [1989] [Judiciary Law § 2-b properly invoked to empan

2012Thus, this statute alone does not answer the question of whether Justice Blumenfeld has the power to impose a general sanction on the People, not necessary to the adjudication of the criminal proceeding, for violation of an ethical rule (cf. People v Wrotten, 14 NY3d at 36 [trial court properly invoked Judiciary Law § 2-b in allowing an adult complainant, too ill to appear in court, to testify via real-time, two-way video where it found such testimony necessary to permit the prosecution to proceed]; People v Ricardo B., 73 NY2d 228, 232-233 [1989] [Judiciary Law § 2-b properly invoked to empan

22
People v. Dunngreen
ny · 2005 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012“No appeal lies from a determination made in a criminal proceeding unless specifically provided for by statute” (People v Hernandez, 98 NY2d 8, 10 [2002]; see People v Dunn, 4 NY3d 495, 497 [2005]).

2012“No appeal lies from a determination made in a criminal proceeding unless specifically provided for by statute” (People v Hernandez, 98 NY2d 8, 10 [2002]; see People v Dunn, 4 NY3d 495, 497 [2005]).

22
People v. Wrottengreen
ny · 2009 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Thus, this statute alone does not answer the question of whether Justice Blumenfeld has the power to impose a general sanction on the People, not necessary to the adjudication of the criminal proceeding, for violation of an ethical rule (cf. People v Wrotten, 14 NY3d at 36 [trial court properly invoked Judiciary Law § 2-b in allowing an adult complainant, too ill to appear in court, to testify via real-time, two-way video where it found such testimony necessary to permit the prosecution to proceed]; People v Ricardo B., 73 NY2d 228, 232-233 [1989] [Judiciary Law § 2-b properly invoked to empan

2012Thus, this statute alone does not answer the question of whether Justice Blumenfeld has the power to impose a general sanction on the People, not necessary to the adjudication of the criminal proceeding, for violation of an ethical rule (cf. People v Wrotten, 14 NY3d at 36 [trial court properly invoked Judiciary Law § 2-b in allowing an adult complainant, too ill to appear in court, to testify via real-time, two-way video where it found such testimony necessary to permit the prosecution to proceed]; People v Ricardo B., 73 NY2d 228, 232-233 [1989] [Judiciary Law § 2-b properly invoked to empan

22
People v. Hernandezgreen
ny · 2002 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012“No appeal lies from a determination made in a criminal proceeding unless specifically provided for by statute” (People v Hernandez, 98 NY2d 8, 10 [2002]; see People v Dunn, 4 NY3d 495, 497 [2005]).

2012“No appeal lies from a determination made in a criminal proceeding unless specifically provided for by statute” (People v Hernandez, 98 NY2d 8, 10 [2002]; see People v Dunn, 4 NY3d 495, 497 [2005]).

22
Greene v. Greenegreen
ny · 1979 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2024
2 sentences

2024Addressing the prior ethical rule (Code of Professional Responsibility DR5-101), the Court of Appeals in Greene v. Greene, 47 NY2d 447 (1979) wrote: It is a long-standing precept of the legal profession that an attorney is duty bound to pursue his client's interests diligently and vigorously within the limits of the law (Code of Professional Responsibility, canon 7).

2024Addressing the prior ethical rule (Code of Professional Responsibility DR5-101), the Court of Appeals in Greene v. Greene, 47 NY2d 447 (1979) wrote: It is a long-standing precept of the legal profession that an attorney is duty bound to pursue his client's interests diligently and vigorously within the limits of the law (Code of Professional Responsibility, canon 7).

13
S & S Hotel Ventures Limited Partnership v. 777 S. H. Corp.green
ny · 1987 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2022
2 sentences

2022If the representation proves difficult, HoganWillig's decision will have hurt only its own interests rather than those of a separate client that the ethical rule is designed in part to protect ( see id. at 444 ).

2002Corp., 69 NY2d 437, 443 [1987]), and that not every violation of an ethical rule will constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.

12
People v. Riemangreen
nyappdiv · 1988 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–2006
2 sentences

2006Although the ethical standards of judicial conduct require the avoidance of the appearance of impropriety, an ethical violation does not necessarily warrant reversal and a new trial (see People v Rieman, 144 AD2d 110, 111-112 [1988]).

1990Although an ethical violation involving the appearance of impropriety does not necessarily warrant reversal and a new trial (see, People v Moreno, 70 NY2d 403, 406-407 ; People v Rieman, 144 AD2d 110, 111-112 ), in our view, the right to the "fact and appearance” (People v Shinkle, supra, at 421 ) of a fair jury is so fundamental that the service of the spouse of the Trial Judge as a trial juror requires reversal of defendant’s conviction (see, supra; People v Accolla, supra).

12
Tabbi v. Town of Tonawandayellow
nysupct · 1981 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–2003
2 sentences

2003Corp., 162 AD2d 595, 596-597 [2d Dept 1990]; see also Tabbi v Town of Tonawanda, 111 Misc 2d 641 [Sup Ct 1981].) The defendant’s motion is denied. .

1990Inasmuch as there is no independent constitutional, statutory, or overriding policy basis requiring a departure from the common-law rule in this case, we would discern no error in the admission of the challenged testimony even if an ethical violation were established (see, Tabbi v Town of Tonawanda, 111 Misc 2d 641 ).

12
In re Browngreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026In drawing the difficult distinction between legal errors and actions taken in excess of power, the Court of Appeals has instructed that such excesses of power involve "an unlawful use or abuse of the entire action or proceeding as distinguished from an unlawful procedure or error in the action or proceeding itself related to the proper purpose of the action or proceeding" ( Matter of State of New York v King , 36 NY2d at 64 [prohibition did not lie to challenge an order directing that the defendants would have additional peremptory challenges]; see Matter of Brown v Blumenfeld , 103 AD3d at 5

11
Arkin Kaplan LLP v. Jonesgreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024As defendants note, even accepting as true that an attorney- client relationship existed between defendants and plaintiffs, and that Charap committed an ethical violation, “that, in itself, would not create a private right of action” (Arkin Kaplan LLP v Jones, 42 AD3d 362, 366 [1st Dept 2007]).

11
People v. Grimesgreen
ny · 2018 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023With respect to defendant's claim of ineffective assistance based on defense counsel's alleged attempt to bribe defendant by giving him money for his prison commissary account, we note that, even assuming, arguendo, that defense counsel violated his ethical obligations when he gave defendant money ( see Rules of Professional Conduct [22 NYCRR 1200.0] rule 1.8 [e]), "not every violation of an ethical rule will constitute ineffective assistance of counsel" ( People v Grimes , 32 NY3d 302, 318 [2018] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v Berroa , 99 NY2d 134, 140 [2002]).

11
Arnold v. New York State Division of Human Rightsgreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022N.V. , 173 AD3d 618 , 619 [2019]; Art Capital Group, LLC v Neuhaus , 70 AD3d 605, 607 [2010]).

11
Cohen v. Kachroogreen
nyappdiv · 2014 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019The trial court itself commented that the transaction was not a bad idea and that the deal "went bad for reasons other than Mr. David." Even if, arguendo, David violated one or more ethical rules, "an ethical violation will not, in and of itself, create a duty that gives rise to a cause of action that would otherwise not exist" ( Shapiro v McNeill , 92 NY2d 91, 97 [1998]; see also Cohen v Kachroo , 115 AD3d 512, 513 [1st Dept 2014]).

11
Benjamin v. Koeppelgreen
ny · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017As we have previously stated, “it ill becomes defendants, who are also bound by the Code of Professional Responsibility, to seek to avoid on ‘ethical’ grounds the obligations of an agreement to which they freely assented and from which they reaped the benefits” (Benjamin v Koeppel, 85 NY2d 549, 556 [1995] [citation omitted]).

11
Samuel v. Druckman & Sinel, LLPgreen
ny · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Her failure to inform her clients of Manheimer’s retention, while a serious ethical violation, does not allow her to avoid otherwise enforceable contracts under the circumstances of this case (see Samuel v Druckman & Sinel, LLP, 12 NY3d 205, 210 [2009]).

11
People v. Shogagreen
nyappdiv · 2011 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
People v. Papernogreen
ny · 1981 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017(People v Paperno, 54 NY2d 294, 296 [1981].) Further, the ethical rule barring an attorney from acting as a witness and advocate in the same case does not create a conflict of interest disqualifying all attorneys in a public prosecutor’s office merely because one of them will testify.

11
Guiles v. Simsergreen
nyappdiv · 2006 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Williams v. Roosevelt Hospitalgreen
ny · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Kassis v. Teacher's Insurance & Annuity Ass'ngreen
ny · 1999 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Long Island Pen Corp. v. Warshavskygreen
nyappdiv · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Imor v. Imoryellow
nyappdiv · 1986 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Howell v. New York Post Co.green
ny · 1993 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
People Ex Rel. Karlin v. Culkingreen
ny · 1928 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Stagg v. New York City Health & Hospitals Corp.green
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Meachum v. Outdoor World Corp.green
nysupct · 1996 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Drago v. Buonaguriogreen
ny · 1978 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Gluck v. Amsterdam Printing & Litho Corp.green
nyappdiv · 1980 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Corradino v. Corradinogreen
ny · 1979 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (34)

CaseCitedYears
Sidor v. Zuhoski green
nyappdiv · 1999
2 sentences

2026Therefore, Higham's continued representation of the plaintiffs would result in a violation of either the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client's confidences, or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously ( see Sidor v Zuhoski, 261 AD2d 529 [1999]; Shaikh v Waiters, supra at 56-57 ; see also Pessoni v Rabkin, 220 AD2d 732 [1995]).

2003Therefore, Higham’s continued representation of the plaintiffs would result in a violation of either the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client’s confidences, or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously (see Sidor v Zuhoski, 261 AD2d 529 [1999]; Shaikh v Waiters, supra at 56-57 ; see also Pessoni v Rabkin, 220 AD2d 732 [1995]).

32003–2026
People v. Hobson green
ny · 1976
2 sentences

2012The Court also noted in those cases that the attempt to secure a waiver of a represented defendant’s right to counsel violated the ethical rule barring communication with a person known to be represented by counsel as to the subject of the representation {see People v Skinner, 52 NY2d at 29-30 ; People v Hobson, 39 NY2d at 484 ).

2012The Court also noted in those cases that the attempt to secure a waiver of a represented defendant’s right to counsel violated the ethical rule barring communication with a person known to be represented by counsel as to the subject of the representation {see People v Skinner, 52 NY2d at 29-30 ; People v Hobson, 39 NY2d at 484 ).

31984–2012
People v. Skinner green
ny · 1980
2 sentences

2012The Court also noted in those cases that the attempt to secure a waiver of a represented defendant’s right to counsel violated the ethical rule barring communication with a person known to be represented by counsel as to the subject of the representation {see People v Skinner, 52 NY2d at 29-30 ; People v Hobson, 39 NY2d at 484 ).

2012The Court also noted in those cases that the attempt to secure a waiver of a represented defendant’s right to counsel violated the ethical rule barring communication with a person known to be represented by counsel as to the subject of the representation {see People v Skinner, 52 NY2d at 29-30 ; People v Hobson, 39 NY2d at 484 ).

31984–2012
Shaikh v. LaToya Waiters green
nysupct · 2000
2 sentences

2026Therefore, Higham's continued representation of the plaintiffs would result in a violation of either the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client's confidences, or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously ( see Sidor v Zuhoski, 261 AD2d 529 [1999]; Shaikh v Waiters, supra at 56-57 ; see also Pessoni v Rabkin, 220 AD2d 732 [1995]).

2003Therefore, Higham’s continued representation of the plaintiffs would result in a violation of either the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client’s confidences, or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously (see Sidor v Zuhoski, 261 AD2d 529 [1999]; Shaikh v Waiters, supra at 56-57 ; see also Pessoni v Rabkin, 220 AD2d 732 [1995]).

22003–2026
Pell v. Board of Education green
ny · 1974
2 sentences

2021No. 1 of Towns of Scarsdale & Mamaroneck, Westchester County , 34 NY2d 222 , 233, 240 [1974]), especially in light of the evidence that petitioner, an attorney held to a higher ethical standard, had been warned about the conflict of interest but continued to pursue his wife's case against a subsidiary of another City agency and that petitioner used City letterhead to advance a legal position contrary to the City's interests.

2021No. 1 of Towns of Scarsdale & Mamaroneck, Westchester County , 34 NY2d 222 , 233, 240 [1974]), especially in light of the evidence that petitioner, an attorney held to a higher ethical standard, had been warned about the conflict of interest but continued to pursue his wife's case against a subsidiary of another City agency and that petitioner used City letterhead to advance a legal position contrary to the City's interests.

22021–2021
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2012It is acknowledged, for example, that where Miranda warnings are not given, a statement must be suppressed without making an assessment of the individual circumstances of a particular defendant (see Miranda v Arizona, 384 US at 468-469 ). .

2012It is acknowledged, for example, that where Miranda warnings are not given, a statement must be suppressed without making an assessment of the individual circumstances of a particular defendant (see Miranda v Arizona, 384 US at 468-469 ). .

22012–2012
In re H. Children green
nycfamct · 1994
2 sentences

2009Children ( 160 Misc 2d at 300 ), it was stated that “[a]n attorney who undertakes the joint representation of two parties in a lawsuit [should] not continue as counsel for either one after an actual conflict of interest has arisen.” In Alcantara ( 303 AD2d at 338 ), it was explained that counsel’s “continued representation of the plaintiffs would result in a violation of either the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client’s confidences, or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously.” The Alcantara panel concluded (at 338), therefore, that “(counsel) is disqua

1999Children, 160 Misc 2d 298, 300 ) because continued representation of either or both parties would result in a violation of the ethical rule requiring an attorney to preserve a client’s confidences or the rule requiring an attorney to represent a client zealously (see, Matter of H.

21999–2009
People v. Baldi green
ny · 1981
2 sentences

2002However, when a lawyer is called to testify against the client’s interest the conflict is obvious. » The People contend that decisions from Illinois (People v Beals, 162 Ill 2d 497, 643 NE2d 789 [1994]) and Connecticut (State v Crespo, 246 Conn 665, 718 A2d 925 [1998]) and our decision in People v Baldi ( 54 NY2d 137 ) demonstrate that a testimonial stipulation may constitute a legitimate trial strategy even when the facts stipulated may be prejudicial to the defendant.

1986With regard to County Court’s belief that defense counsel properly should have informed the court of defendant’s intent to commit perjury, we note that "[i]t is always easy with the advantage of hindsight to point out where trial counsel went awry” (People v Baldi, 54 NY2d 137, 146 ).

21986–2002
Niesig v. Team I green
ny · 1990
2 sentences

1999Indeed, the use of the phrase “matter under inquiry” by the Court of Appeals in Niesig should dispel any notion that a lawsuit must be filed before the ethical rule applies (see, Niesig v Team I, 76 NY2d 363, 374 , supra; see also, Meachum v Outdoor World Corp., supra, at 362).

1997Defense counsel relies upon Code of Professional Responsibility DR 7-104 (A) (1) (22 NYCRR 1200.35 [a] [1]) for his argument that claimants’ counsel’s actions constituted an ethical violation; and seeks to distinguish this case on its facts from the situation addressed by the Court of Appeals in Niesig v Team I ( 76 NY2d 363 ).

21997–1999
People v. Freeman green
nyappdiv · 1991
12017–2017
McPhillips v. State of New York neutral
nyappdiv · 2015
12015–2015
Cuyler v. Sullivan green
scotus · 1980
12010–2010
Cardinale v. Golinello green
ny · 1977
12009–2009
Alcantara v. Mendez green
nyappdiv · 2003
12009–2009
Brainard v. Brown green
nyappdiv · 1983
12004–2004
Brown v. Samalin & Bock, P. C. green
nyappdiv · 1989
12004–2004
State v. Crespo green
conn · 1998
12002–2002
People v. Beals green
ill · 1994
12002–2002
Leon v. Martinez green
ny · 1994
11998–1998
In re Harris neutral
nyappdiv · 1993
11994–1994
In re Hahn green
nyappdiv · 1993
11994–1994
In re Bridge neutral
nyappdiv · 1994
11994–1994
People v. Accolla neutral
nyappdiv · 1986
11990–1990
People v. Shinkle green
ny · 1980
11990–1990
People v. Moreno green
ny · 1987
11990–1990
John P. v. Whalen green
ny · 1981
11989–1989
People v. Brown green
nyappdiv · 1979
11986–1986
In re Malone green
nyappdiv · 1984
11986–1986
People v. Bolla green
nysupct · 1982
11986–1986
People v. Savvides green
ny · 1956
11986–1986
Nix v. Whiteside green
scotus · 1986
11986–1986
People v. Rogers green
ny · 1979
11984–1984
People v. Bartolomeo red
ny · 1981
11984–1984
People v. Settles green
ny · 1978
11984–1984

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Judiciary Law § 90 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IA 137 (1983–2026) NJ 59 (1956–2026) OH 50 (1993–2026) FL 47 (1968–2024) CA 47 (1989–2026) NY 44 (1984–2026) WV 39 (1986–2022) CO 32 (1987–2022) AZ 27 (1981–2025) MD 25 (1989–2021) MA 18 (1984–2025) TX 18 (1991–2025) KS 18 (1897–2026) DC 17 (1981–2025) GA 17 (1993–2024) IL 16 (1988–2024) CT 16 (1993–2017) OR 15 (1981–2019) OK 15 (1994–2025) LA 15 (1983–2022) WA 15 (1988–2026) ME 13 (2002–2024) MS 12 (1962–2023) NM 11 (1993–2025) KY 10 (1994–2025) WY 9 (1990–2005) PA 9 (1984–2024) VA 9 (1928–2019) MI 9 (1973–2025) IN 8 (1977–2019) MN 7 (1989–2018) MO 7 (1977–2024) ND 7 (2003–2016) UT 7 (1985–2024) VI 6 (2013–2024) VT 5 (2004–2015) AR 5 (1987–2006) TN 5 (2000–2024) WI 5 (2004–2026) SC 4 (1996–2015) DE 4 (1940–2025) NV 4 (1989–2004) RI 3 (1989–2010) SD 3 (1904–2003) AK 3 (2001–2016) ID 3 (1981–1989) AL 2 (1973–1979)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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