good cause requirement (New York) · Go Syfert
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good cause requirement in New York

41 New York opinions name it 10 courts 1823–2025 12 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Waltongreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2024
2 sentences

2024Even if defendant had filed a grievance against his attorney, which was not established by the record, "any conflict was of defendant's own making, and he was not entitled to circumvent the good cause requirement by creating an artificial conflict" ( People v Walton , 14 AD3d 419, 420 [1st Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 796 [2005]; see also People v Ferrer , 166 AD3d 406 , 407 [1st Dept 2018], lv denied 32 NY3d 1171 [2019]).

2024Even if defendant had filed a grievance against his attorney, which was not established by the record, "any conflict was of defendant's own making, and he was not entitled to circumvent the good cause requirement by creating an artificial conflict" ( People v Walton , 14 AD3d 419, 420 [1st Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 796 [2005]; see also People v Ferrer , 166 AD3d 406 , 407 [1st Dept 2018], lv denied 32 NY3d 1171 [2019]).

33
Mead v. Singlemangreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2020–2024
2 sentences

2024The interest of justice standard is broader than the good cause standard (see Mead v. Singleman, 24 AD3d 1142, 1144 [3d Dept 2005]), as its factors also include the expiration of the statute of limitations, the meritorious nature of the action, the length of delay in service, the promptness of a request by the plaintiff for an extension, and prejudice to the defendant (Bumpus v. New York City Transit Authority, 66 AD3d at 31-32, supra).

2024The interest of justice standard is broader than the good cause standard (see Mead v. Singleman, 24 AD3d 1142, 1144 [3d Dept 2005]), as its factors also include the expiration of the statute of limitations, the meritorious nature of the action, the length of delay in service, the promptness of a request by the plaintiff for an extension, and prejudice to the defendant (Bumpus v. New York City Transit Authority, 66 AD3d at 31-32, supra).

33
Leader v. Maroney, Ponzini & Spencergreen
ny · 2001 · cited in 4 New York opinions naming this issue, 2020–2025
2 sentences

2025Plaintiff relies on Leader v. Maroney, Ponzini & Spencer, 97 NY2d 95 (2001), arguing that the interest of justice standard under CPLR § 306-b is broader and more flexible than the good cause standard, and that factors such as the meritorious nature of the claim, lack of prejudice to the Defendant, and legislative intent weigh in favor of permitting the case to proceed.

2020In deciding whether an extension should be granted in the interest of justice, "the court may consider diligence, or lack thereof, along with any other relevant factor in making its determination, including expiration of the [s]tatute of [l]imitations, the meritorious nature of the cause of action, the length of delay in service, the promptness of a plaintiff's request for the extension of time, and prejudice to defendant" ( Leader v Maroney, Ponzini & Spencer , 97 NY2d 95, 105-106 [2001]; see Mead v Singleman , 24 AD3d 1142, 1144 [2005]).

24
Brill v. City of New Yorkgreen
ny · 2004 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2005–2024
2 sentences

2024Moreover, defendants' mistaken belief that the court would deem the note of issue a nullity was insufficient to satisfy the good cause requirement ( see Brill v City of New York , 2 NY3d 648, 652 [2004]; Ford v City of New York , 54 AD3d 263, 266-267 [1st Dept 2008]).

2005No excuse at all, or a perfunctory excuse, cannot be ‘good cause’ ” (Brill v City of New York, 2 NY3d 648, 652 [2004]).

22
People v. Danielsongreen
ny · 2007 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024The verdict was not against the weight of the evidence ( see People v Danielson , 9 NY3d 342, 348-349 [2007]).

2024The verdict was not against the weight of the evidence ( see People v Danielson , 9 NY3d 342, 348-349 [2007]).

22
Monachelli v. DiNapoligreen
nyappdiv · 2011 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

22
Natoli v. Regangreen
nyappdiv · 1993 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

22
Matter of Martinez v. DiNapoligreen
nyappdiv · 2023 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025As the documentary evidence upon which petitioner relies fails to describe the nature of the accident and the resulting injuries alleged, substantial evidence supports respondent's finding that petitioner cannot avail herself of the good cause exception ( see Matter of Martinez v DiNapoli , 219 AD3d at 993-994; cf. Matter of Cook v DiNapoli , 113 AD3d at 950-951 ; Matter of Wilson v New York State & Local Policemen's & Firemen's Retirement Sys. , 288 AD2d at 603 ).

11
Ford v. City of New Yorkgreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Moreover, defendants' mistaken belief that the court would deem the note of issue a nullity was insufficient to satisfy the good cause requirement ( see Brill v City of New York , 2 NY3d 648, 652 [2004]; Ford v City of New York , 54 AD3d 263, 266-267 [1st Dept 2008]).

11
The People v. Clevland Lovettgreen
ny · 2015 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Furthermore, counsel was not obligated to argue in favor of his client's plea withdrawal motion, which was meritless except to the limited extent the court granted it ( see People v Washington , 25 NY3d 1091, 1095 [2015]).

11
People v. Finklegreen
nyappdiv · 1993 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Spencergreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016The People draw support from various cases (People’s re-argument motion at 5-6), none of which involved a motion to permit a bodily intrusion implicating a defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights (People v Jenkins, 98 NY2d 280, 284 [2002] [ballistics report]; Lewis, 44 AD3d at 423 [writing exemplar]; Finkle, 192 AD2d at 788 [writing exemplar]).

11
People v. Jenkinsgreen
ny · 2002 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Linaresgreen
ny · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
In re the Estate of Silvermangreen
nysurct · 1977 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
People v. Frigentigreen
nysupct · 1977 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (47)

CaseCitedYears
People v. O'Doherty green
ny · 1987
2 sentences

1993Moreover, in view of the marked degree of attenuation between the Secret Service Agent to whom this statement was allegedly made and the Richmond County District Attorney’s office, it is the further opinion of this court that this is precisely the type of situation contemplated by the Court of Appeals in People v O’Doherty ( 70 NY2d 479, 486 ), when it observed that "[t]here may be instances where, given the time, place and context of the defendant’s statement to a police officer and an attenuated connection between that officer and the prosecutor [that] the untimely disclosure of the statemen

1993The Court of Appeals in People v O’Doherty ( 70 NY2d 479 [1987]) has held that the 15-day notice requirement must be strictly complied with in the absence of any established good cause for the delay.

31988–1993
Feng Li v. Peng neutral
nyappdiv · 2021
2 sentences

2025In contrast to the good cause standard, "the interest of justice . . . standard . . . does not require a showing of [reasonable diligence], and [instead] permits the court to consider many factors" ( Feng Li v Peng , 190 AD3d 950, 952 ; see HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Labin , 232 AD3d 861 , 864).

2024In contrast to the good cause standard, "the interest of justice . . . standard . . . does not require a showing of [reasonable diligence], and [instead] permits the court to consider many factors" ( Feng Li v Peng , 190 AD3d 950, 952 ).

22024–2025
People v. Watson green
ny · 2005
2 sentences

2024Even if defendant had filed a grievance against his attorney, which was not established by the record, "any conflict was of defendant's own making, and he was not entitled to circumvent the good cause requirement by creating an artificial conflict" ( People v Walton , 14 AD3d 419, 420 [1st Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 796 [2005]; see also People v Ferrer , 166 AD3d 406 , 407 [1st Dept 2018], lv denied 32 NY3d 1171 [2019]).

2024Even if defendant had filed a grievance against his attorney, which was not established by the record, "any conflict was of defendant's own making, and he was not entitled to circumvent the good cause requirement by creating an artificial conflict" ( People v Walton , 14 AD3d 419, 420 [1st Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 796 [2005]; see also People v Ferrer , 166 AD3d 406 , 407 [1st Dept 2018], lv denied 32 NY3d 1171 [2019]).

22024–2024
Stock v. Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP green
nyappdiv · 2016
2 sentences

2023Because plaintiffs were not the "real client" entitled to invoke the fiduciary exception, the good cause analysis of whether they are entitled to attorney-client communications is not applicable ( see Stock , 142 AD3d at 225-226 ).

2023Because plaintiffs were not the "real client" entitled to invoke the fiduciary exception, the good cause analysis of whether they are entitled to attorney-client communications is not applicable ( see Stock , 142 AD3d at 225-226 ).

22023–2023
State of New York Mtge. Agency v. Braun green
nyappdiv · 2020
2 sentences

2020Agency v Braun , 182 AD3d at 67 ; Furze v Stapen , 161 AD3d 827 , 828).

2020Agency v Braun , 182 AD3d 63 ), the court must engage in " a careful judicial analysis of the factual setting of the case and a balancing of the competing interests presented by the parties'" ( BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P. v Herbst , 180 AD3d 980, 981 , quoting Leader v Maroney, Ponzini & Spencer , 97 NY2d at 105 ).

22020–2020
Koebel v. ew York State Comptroller green
nyappdiv · 2009
2 sentences

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

22014–2014
Massi v. DiNapoli green
nyappdiv · 2011
2 sentences

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

22014–2014
MATTER OF GOMEZ v. New York State Div. of Parole green
ny · 2011
2 sentences

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

2014Despite petitioner’s testimony that he began treating with his physician a few months after the January 10, 2009 incident, he concedes that he did not notify his employer that he had sustained an injury or disability as a result of the incident until a year later, when his physician ultimately determined that he could not work (see Matter of Monachelli v DiNapoli, 84 AD3d 1687, 1688 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 802 [2011]). 1 Further, contrary to petitioner’s argument, we find nothing irrational or unreasonable about respondent’s interpretation of the regulation as providing that the event that t

22014–2014
In re the Estate of Lerner green
nysurct · 1973
2 sentences

2000Weiner’s theory that the codicil resulted from the family’s actions is based upon speculation, which is not enough to satisfy the good cause requirement to challenge a propounded instrument (see, Matter of Hatzistefanou, 77 Misc 2d 594 ; Matter of Molnar, 76 Misc 2d 126 ; Matter of Lerner, 72 Misc 2d 592 ).

1996Some courts have permitted SCPA 1404 examinations by a fiduciary named in a prior will only where other objectants had requested such examinations (see, Matter of Silverman, supra, at 127; Matter of Molnar, 76 Misc 2d 126 ; Matter of Lerner, 72 Misc 2d 592 ), while other courts have refused to allow them where there were neutral parties (e.g., the Attorney-General) who could, but did not, pursue such opportunity (see, Matter of Lachman, 100 Misc 2d 21, 28 ).

21996–2000
In re the Estate of Molnar green
nysurct · 1973
2 sentences

2000Weiner’s theory that the codicil resulted from the family’s actions is based upon speculation, which is not enough to satisfy the good cause requirement to challenge a propounded instrument (see, Matter of Hatzistefanou, 77 Misc 2d 594 ; Matter of Molnar, 76 Misc 2d 126 ; Matter of Lerner, 72 Misc 2d 592 ).

1996Some courts have permitted SCPA 1404 examinations by a fiduciary named in a prior will only where other objectants had requested such examinations (see, Matter of Silverman, supra, at 127; Matter of Molnar, 76 Misc 2d 126 ; Matter of Lerner, 72 Misc 2d 592 ), while other courts have refused to allow them where there were neutral parties (e.g., the Attorney-General) who could, but did not, pursue such opportunity (see, Matter of Lachman, 100 Misc 2d 21, 28 ).

21996–2000
Cook v. DiNapoli green
nyappdiv · 2014
1 sentence

2025As the documentary evidence upon which petitioner relies fails to describe the nature of the accident and the resulting injuries alleged, substantial evidence supports respondent's finding that petitioner cannot avail herself of the good cause exception ( see Matter of Martinez v DiNapoli , 219 AD3d at 993-994; cf. Matter of Cook v DiNapoli , 113 AD3d at 950-951 ; Matter of Wilson v New York State & Local Policemen's & Firemen's Retirement Sys. , 288 AD2d at 603 ).

12025–2025
Wilson v. New York State & Local Policemen's & Firemen's Retirement System green
nyappdiv · 2001
1 sentence

2025As the documentary evidence upon which petitioner relies fails to describe the nature of the accident and the resulting injuries alleged, substantial evidence supports respondent's finding that petitioner cannot avail herself of the good cause exception ( see Matter of Martinez v DiNapoli , 219 AD3d at 993-994; cf. Matter of Cook v DiNapoli , 113 AD3d at 950-951 ; Matter of Wilson v New York State & Local Policemen's & Firemen's Retirement Sys. , 288 AD2d at 603 ).

12025–2025
Doe v. Ascend Charter Schs. green
nyappdiv · 2020
1 sentence

2025Plaintiff further contends that the complaint sufficiently pleads causes of action for negligence, citing Doe v. Ascend Charter Schools, 121 NYS3d 285 (2d Dept 2020), where a motion to dismiss was denied despite general allegations of prior notice of sexual misconduct.

12025–2025
People v. Cruz (Raphael) green
nyappterm · 2022
1 sentence

2022The court adjourned the matter to September 15, 2017, on which date the People were again not ready to proceed because, the prosecutor explained,{**78 Misc 3d at 12} the arresting officer was on vacation.

12022–2022
Emigrant Bank v. Estate of Robinson green
nyappdiv · 2016
1 sentence

2020Here, we agree with the Supreme Court's determination that the plaintiffs were entitled to an extension of time to serve the defendants under either the good cause standard ( see Emigrant Bank v Estate of Robinson , 144 AD3d 1084, 1085 ) or the interest of justice standard ( see State of New York Mtge.

12020–2020
BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P. v. Herbst green
nyappdiv · 2020
1 sentence

2020Agency v Braun , 182 AD3d 63 ), the court must engage in " a careful judicial analysis of the factual setting of the case and a balancing of the competing interests presented by the parties'" ( BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P. v Herbst , 180 AD3d 980, 981 , quoting Leader v Maroney, Ponzini & Spencer , 97 NY2d at 105 ).

12020–2020
People v. Stubblefield green
ny · 2005
1 sentence

2018When defendant made an unfounded ethics complaint against counsel, "any conflict was of defendant's own making, and he was not entitled to circumvent the good cause requirement by creating an artificial conflict" ( People v Walton , 14 AD3d 419, 420 [1st Dept 2015], lv denied 5 NY3d 795 [2005]).

12018–2018
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

2018The Supreme Court's decision in Barker v. Wingo is particularly instructive on the good cause analysis, although there the Court ultimately concluded that Barker's speedy trial right was not violated, primarily because he did not assert that right and indeed "did not want a speedy trial" ( Barker , 407 U.S. at 534 , 92 S.Ct. 2182 ).

2018The Supreme Court's decision in Barker v. Wingo is particularly instructive on the good cause analysis, although there the Court ultimately concluded that Barker's speedy trial right was not violated, primarily because he did not assert that right and indeed "did not want a speedy trial" ( Barker , 407 U.S. at 534 , 92 S.Ct. 2182 ).

12018–2018
People v. Taranovich green
ny · 1975
2 sentences

2018Unlike the federal speedy trial factors, the state Taranovich factors do not separately consider whether the defendant has asserted his or her right to a speedy trial ( compare *313 Taranovich , 37 N.Y.2d at 445 , 373 N.Y.S.2d 79 , 335 N.E.2d 303 , with Barker , 407 U.S. at 528 -530 , 92 S.Ct. 2182 ).

2018Unlike the federal speedy trial factors, the state Taranovich factors do not separately consider whether the defendant has asserted his or her right to a speedy trial ( compare *313 Taranovich , 37 N.Y.2d at 445 , 373 N.Y.S.2d 79 , 335 N.E.2d 303 , with Barker , 407 U.S. at 528 -530 , 92 S.Ct. 2182 ).

12018–2018
1801 Weeks Avenue, Inc. v. Crawford green
nycivct · 1999
12010–2010
In re the Estate of Marks green
nysurct · 1989
12008–2008
In re the Estate of Baldwin neutral
nyappdiv · 2002
12008–2008
Sterling v. Minskoff green
nyappdiv · 1996
12005–2005
People v. Vasquez green
nyappdiv · 2001
12005–2005
Busler v. Corbett green
nyappdiv · 1999
12004–2004
Cuyler v. Sullivan green
scotus · 1980
12003–2003
In re the Estate of Hatzistefanou green
nysurct · 1974
12000–2000
In re the Estate of Lachman green
nysurct · 1979
11996–1996
People v. Whitaker green
nyappdiv · 1984
11993–1993
People v. De Conto neutral
ny · 1992
11993–1993
People v. Walker neutral
nyappdiv · 1990
11993–1993
People v. Riley-James green
nyappdiv · 1990
11993–1993
People v. Conto neutral
nyappdiv · 1991
11993–1993
People v. Ludolph green
nyappdiv · 1978
11988–1988
People v. Couch neutral
nyappdiv · 1980
11988–1988
People v. Bennett green
nyappdiv · 1981
11988–1988
People v. Feliciano neutral
nycrimct · 1988
11988–1988
People v. Brooks neutral
nyappdiv · 1986
11988–1988
Howard v. Wyman green
ny · 1971
11988–1988
In re Linda F. M. green
ny · 1981
11987–1987

Where else courts name it

CA 141 (1937–2026) TX 118 (1945–2026) VA 74 (1941–2026) NJ 66 (1981–2026) AL 55 (1906–2026) PA 55 (1805–2026) IA 48 (1975–2026) MI 46 (1904–2026) NY 41 (1823–2025) ME 38 (1824–2023) CT 37 (1986–2026) MO 37 (1881–2019) FL 32 (1972–2025) MA 31 (1993–2025) NV 28 (1979–2025) KS 26 (1899–2026) IL 24 (1853–2024) WA 24 (1975–2025) MD 23 (1941–2025) ID 20 (1998–2025) UT 19 (1979–2025) CO 18 (1979–2026) DC 15 (1977–2026) LA 14 (2001–2024) MT 13 (1986–2023) OH 13 (1996–2024) NM 12 (1991–2024) IN 12 (1837–2013) AK 12 (1987–2025) OR 12 (1997–2024) AZ 11 (1965–2024) DE 11 (2014–2026) VT 10 (1831–2026) WI 10 (1982–2025) NC 9 (1953–2022) WV 9 (1980–2023) SC 7 (1986–2026) NE 6 (1981–2026) HI 5 (1982–2021) MS 5 (1872–2003) ND 4 (2007–2020) RI 4 (1995–2011) GA 4 (1918–1970) MN 3 (2003–2015) TN 3 (2014–2026) SD 3 (1997–2010) NH 3 (1808–2022) OK 2 (2003–2009) WY 2 (1991–2011) AR 2 (1933–1995) KY 2 (2016–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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