procedural due process claim (Minnesota) · Go Syfert
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procedural due process claim in Minnesota

40 Minnesota opinions name it 2 courts 1986–2025 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Minnesota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
Heddan v. Dirkswagergreen
minn · 1983 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1995–2019
2 sentences

2019Safety , 600 N.W.2d 720 , 723-24 (Minn. 1999) (applying Mathews to evaluate whether a mandatory 30-day waiting period for a limited license under the license revocation statutes satisfied procedural due process); Falgren v. State Bd. of Teaching , 545 N.W.2d 901 , 908-09 (Minn. 1996) (applying Mathews to a procedural due process challenge to the use of offensive collateral estoppel in a teaching license revocation matter); Martin v. Itasca County , 448 N.W.2d 368 , 370 (Minn. 1989) (applying Mathews in evaluating a procedural due process challenge to a leave-of-absence policy); Violette v. Mid

1996Heddan v. Dirkswager, 336 N.W.2d 54, 59 (Minn.1983) (adopting the Mathews analysis).

33
In Re Conservatorship of Fostergreen
minn · 1996 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2007
2 sentences

2007In re Conservatorship of Foster, 547 N.W.2d 81, 85 (Minn.1996).

2006In re Conservatorship of Foster, 547 N.W.2d 81, 85 (Minn.1996).

33
Mathews v. Eldridgegreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 11 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1986–2018
2 sentences

2018In reviewing a procedural-due-process challenge, we first "identify whether the government has deprived the individual of a protected life, liberty, or property interest," and if so, whether the " 'procedures followed ... were constitutionally sufficient.' " Sawh , 823 N.W.2d at 632 (quoting Swarthout v. Cooke , 562 U.S. 216 , 219, 131 S.Ct. 859 , 861, 178 L.Ed.2d 732 (2011) ). "[T]he government must provide an individual with notice and an 'opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.' " Id. (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319 , 333, 96 S.Ct. 893 , 902, 47

2018In reviewing a procedural-due-process challenge, we first "identify whether the government has deprived the individual of a protected life, liberty, or property interest," and if so, whether the " 'procedures followed ... were constitutionally sufficient.' " Sawh , 823 N.W.2d at 632 (quoting Swarthout v. Cooke , 562 U.S. 216 , 219, 131 S.Ct. 859 , 861, 178 L.Ed.2d 732 (2011) ). "[T]he government must provide an individual with notice and an 'opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.' " Id. (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319 , 333, 96 S.Ct. 893 , 902, 47

211
Sawh v. City of Lino Lakesgreen
minn · 2012 · cited in 6 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025
2 sentences

2025See Sawh v. City of Lino Lakes, 823 N.W.2d 627, 632 , 633–35 (Minn. 2012) (applying “the three-factor balancing test from Mathews” in considering a procedural-due-process claim in a certiorari appeal).

2024When we evaluate a procedural-due-process claim, we must first identify “whether the government has deprived the individual of a protected life, liberty, or property interest.” Sawh v. City of Lino Lakes, 823 N.W.2d 627, 632 (Minn. 2012).

26
MacHacek v. Vossgreen
minn · 1985 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1986–2019
2 sentences

2019Safety , 600 N.W.2d 720 , 723-24 (Minn. 1999) (applying Mathews to evaluate whether a mandatory 30-day waiting period for a limited license under the license revocation statutes satisfied procedural due process); Falgren v. State Bd. of Teaching , 545 N.W.2d 901 , 908-09 (Minn. 1996) (applying Mathews to a procedural due process challenge to the use of offensive collateral estoppel in a teaching license revocation matter); Martin v. Itasca County , 448 N.W.2d 368 , 370 (Minn. 1989) (applying Mathews in evaluating a procedural due process challenge to a leave-of-absence policy); Violette v. Mid

1986Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 , 96 S.Ct. 893, 903 , 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976); Machacek v. Voss, 361 N.W.2d 861, 863 (Minn.1985).

23
State v. Nessgreen
minnctapp · 2012 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016When considering a procedural due-process claim, we “first determine whether a protected liberty or property interest is implicated and then determine what process is due by applying a balancing test.” State v. Ness, 819 N.W.2d 219, 225 (Minn. App. 2012), aff’d, 834 N.W.2d 177 (Minn. 2013).

2015When considering a procedural due-process claim, we “first determine whether a protected liberty or property interest is implicated and then determine what process is due by applying a balancing test.” State v. Ness, 819 N.W.2d 219, 225 (Minn. App. 2012), aff’d, 834 N.W.2d 177 (Minn. 2013).

22
Riehm v. Commissioner of Public Safetygreen
minnctapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2008–2016
2 sentences

2016Safety, 745 N.W.2d 869, 877 (Minn. App. 2008) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. May 20, 2008).

2008Safety, 745 N.W.2d 869, 877 (Minn.App.2008) (quoting Davis, 509 N.W.2d at 391 ), review denied (Minn. May 20, 2008).

22
State v. Schwartzgreen
minn · 1989 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016Hoard cites State v. Schwartz, 447 N.W.2d 422, 426 (Minn. 1989), to support his argument that the state’s use of unreliable scientific testing methods implicate a liberty interest that is subject to due-process protections.

2015Katra relies on State v. Schwartz, 447 N.W.2d 422, 426 (Minn. 1989), to support her argument that the state’s use of unreliable scientific testing methods affects a liberty interest that is subject to due-process protections.

22
State v. Mitchellgreen
minn · 1998 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2002–2011
2 sentences

2011State v. Mitchell, 577 N.W.2d 481, 492 (Minn.1998).

2002State v. Mitchell, 577 N.W.2d 481, 492 (Minn.1998).

22
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Rothgreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1988–2001
2 sentences

2001See Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 568-75 , 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2704-08 , 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) (concluding university did not violate nontenured teacher’s protected liberty interest by deciding not to re-employ him without stating its reasons or providing hearing).

2001See Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 568-75 , 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2704-08 , 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) (concluding university did not violate nontenured teacher’s protected liberty interest by deciding not to re-employ him without stating its reasons or providing hearing).

22
Rew ex rel. T.C.B. v. Bergstromgreen
minn · 2014 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2019
2 sentences

2019See, e.g. , Gams , 884 N.W.2d at 619 (naming Mathews as the balancing test used to assess a procedural due process claim); Rew v. Bergstrom , 845 N.W.2d 764 , 785-86 (Minn. 2014) (applying Mathews in a procedural due process challenge); Sawh , 823 N.W.2d 627 , 632 (Minn. 2012) (noting that Mathews sets forth the test for the "constitutional adequacy of specific procedures"); State v. Wiltgen , 737 N.W.2d 561 , 568 (Minn. 2007) ("Since 1982 ... we have consistently employed the three-part test established in Mathews ... to determine whether prehearing revocations violate due process."); Bendorf

2019See, e.g. , Gams , 884 N.W.2d at 619 (naming Mathews as the balancing test used to assess a procedural due process claim); Rew v. Bergstrom , 845 N.W.2d 764 , 785-86 (Minn. 2014) (applying Mathews in a procedural due process challenge); Sawh , 823 N.W.2d 627 , 632 (Minn. 2012) (noting that Mathews sets forth the test for the "constitutional adequacy of specific procedures"); State v. Wiltgen , 737 N.W.2d 561 , 568 (Minn. 2007) ("Since 1982 ... we have consistently employed the three-part test established in Mathews ... to determine whether prehearing revocations violate due process."); Bendorf

12
Goldberg v. Kellygreen
scotus · 1970 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1986–1989
2 sentences

1989See, e.g., Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 261 , 90 S.Ct. 1011, 1016 , 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970) (public assistance); Sniadach v. Family Fin.

1989See, e.g., Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 261 , 90 S.Ct. 1011, 1016 , 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970) (public assistance); Sniadach v. Family Fin.

12
In re Individual 35W Bridge Litigationgreen
minn · 2011 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025We therefore turn to an analysis of the second element—whether Brown’s “interest has been interfered with to an extent that violates the Due Process Clause.” In re Individual 35W Bridge Litig., 806 N.W.2d 820, 829 (Minn. 2011).

11
State v. Hubergreen
minn · 1967 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Denial of a continuance amounts to a procedural due-process violation when “the [party] has been in some manner embarrassed or prejudiced in preparing his defense so as to materially affect the outcome of the trial.” Id. at 238-39 (quoting State v. Huber, 148 N.W.2d 137, 142 (Minn. 1967)).

11
Ferdinand Leo Gams, Jr., Respondent/Cross-Appellant v. Steven Ronald Houghton, Appellant/Cross-Respondent.green
minn · 2016 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See, e.g. , Gams , 884 N.W.2d at 619 (naming Mathews as the balancing test used to assess a procedural due process claim); Rew v. Bergstrom , 845 N.W.2d 764 , 785-86 (Minn. 2014) (applying Mathews in a procedural due process challenge); Sawh , 823 N.W.2d 627 , 632 (Minn. 2012) (noting that Mathews sets forth the test for the "constitutional adequacy of specific procedures"); State v. Wiltgen , 737 N.W.2d 561 , 568 (Minn. 2007) ("Since 1982 ... we have consistently employed the three-part test established in Mathews ... to determine whether prehearing revocations violate due process."); Bendorf

2019See, e.g. , Gams , 884 N.W.2d at 619 (naming Mathews as the balancing test used to assess a procedural due process claim); Rew v. Bergstrom , 845 N.W.2d 764 , 785-86 (Minn. 2014) (applying Mathews in a procedural due process challenge); Sawh , 823 N.W.2d 627 , 632 (Minn. 2012) (noting that Mathews sets forth the test for the "constitutional adequacy of specific procedures"); State v. Wiltgen , 737 N.W.2d 561 , 568 (Minn. 2007) ("Since 1982 ... we have consistently employed the three-part test established in Mathews ... to determine whether prehearing revocations violate due process."); Bendorf

11
State v. Wiltgengreen
minn · 2007 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See, e.g. , Gams , 884 N.W.2d at 619 (naming Mathews as the balancing test used to assess a procedural due process claim); Rew v. Bergstrom , 845 N.W.2d 764 , 785-86 (Minn. 2014) (applying Mathews in a procedural due process challenge); Sawh , 823 N.W.2d 627 , 632 (Minn. 2012) (noting that Mathews sets forth the test for the "constitutional adequacy of specific procedures"); State v. Wiltgen , 737 N.W.2d 561 , 568 (Minn. 2007) ("Since 1982 ... we have consistently employed the three-part test established in Mathews ... to determine whether prehearing revocations violate due process."); Bendorf

2019See, e.g. , Gams , 884 N.W.2d at 619 (naming Mathews as the balancing test used to assess a procedural due process claim); Rew v. Bergstrom , 845 N.W.2d 764 , 785-86 (Minn. 2014) (applying Mathews in a procedural due process challenge); Sawh , 823 N.W.2d 627 , 632 (Minn. 2012) (noting that Mathews sets forth the test for the "constitutional adequacy of specific procedures"); State v. Wiltgen , 737 N.W.2d 561 , 568 (Minn. 2007) ("Since 1982 ... we have consistently employed the three-part test established in Mathews ... to determine whether prehearing revocations violate due process."); Bendorf

11
Carlton v. Stategreen
minn · 2012 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
State v. Grigsbygreen
minn · 2012 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
C.O. v. Doegreen
minn · 2008 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
American Dog Owners Ass'n v. City of Minneapolisgreen
minnctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Minnesota Chamber of Commerce v. Minnesota Pollution Control Agencygreen
minnctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Manufactured Housing Institute v. Pettersengreen
minn · 1984 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
In Matter of WJCgreen
wisctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Wilson v. City of North Little Rockgreen
ca8 · 1986 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Minnesota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (26)

CaseCitedYears
Bendorf v. Commissioner of Public Safety green
minn · 2007
2 sentences

2019Safety , 727 N.W.2d 410 , 415-16 (Minn. 2007) (explicitly noting that Mathews is used to evaluate "the sufficiency of procedural protections"); Hamilton v. Comm'r of Pub.

2016Cf. id. at 415–16 (considering whether failure to comply with 60-day hearing requirement was a procedural due-process violation); Williams v. Comm’r of Pub.

22016–2019
State v. Ness green
minn · 2013
2 sentences

2016When considering a procedural due-process claim, we “first determine whether a protected liberty or property interest is implicated and then determine what process is due by applying a balancing test.” State v. Ness, 819 N.W.2d 219, 225 (Minn. App. 2012), aff’d, 834 N.W.2d 177 (Minn. 2013).

2015When considering a procedural due-process claim, we “first determine whether a protected liberty or property interest is implicated and then determine what process is due by applying a balancing test.” State v. Ness, 819 N.W.2d 219, 225 (Minn. App. 2012), aff’d, 834 N.W.2d 177 (Minn. 2013).

22015–2016
State v. Behl green
minn · 1997
2 sentences

2012Behl, 564 N.W.2d at 566 .

1998Behl, 564 N.W.2d at 566 .

21998–2012
Violette v. Midwest Printing Co.-Webb Publishing green
minn · 1987
1 sentence

2019Safety , 600 N.W.2d 720 , 723-24 (Minn. 1999) (applying Mathews to evaluate whether a mandatory 30-day waiting period for a limited license under the license revocation statutes satisfied procedural due process); Falgren v. State Bd. of Teaching , 545 N.W.2d 901 , 908-09 (Minn. 1996) (applying Mathews to a procedural due process challenge to the use of offensive collateral estoppel in a teaching license revocation matter); Martin v. Itasca County , 448 N.W.2d 368 , 370 (Minn. 1989) (applying Mathews in evaluating a procedural due process challenge to a leave-of-absence policy); Violette v. Mid

12019–2019
State Ex Rel. Taylor v. Schoen green
minn · 1978
1 sentence

2019Taylor v. Schoen , 273 N.W.2d 612 , 617 (Minn. 1978) (applying the Mathews test to determine what process was due in the parole release decision-making process).

12019–2019
Dixon v. Love green
scotus · 1977
2 sentences

2019Montrym , 443 U.S. at 19 , 99 S.Ct. 2612 ; Love , 431 U.S. at 115 , 97 S.Ct. 1723 .

2019Montrym , 443 U.S. at 19 , 99 S.Ct. 2612 ; Love , 431 U.S. at 115 , 97 S.Ct. 1723 .

12019–2019
Martin v. Itasca County green
minn · 1989
1 sentence

2019Safety , 600 N.W.2d 720 , 723-24 (Minn. 1999) (applying Mathews to evaluate whether a mandatory 30-day waiting period for a limited license under the license revocation statutes satisfied procedural due process); Falgren v. State Bd. of Teaching , 545 N.W.2d 901 , 908-09 (Minn. 1996) (applying Mathews to a procedural due process challenge to the use of offensive collateral estoppel in a teaching license revocation matter); Martin v. Itasca County , 448 N.W.2d 368 , 370 (Minn. 1989) (applying Mathews in evaluating a procedural due process challenge to a leave-of-absence policy); Violette v. Mid

12019–2019
Matter of Harhut green
minn · 1986
1 sentence

2019Safety , 600 N.W.2d 720 , 723-24 (Minn. 1999) (applying Mathews to evaluate whether a mandatory 30-day waiting period for a limited license under the license revocation statutes satisfied procedural due process); Falgren v. State Bd. of Teaching , 545 N.W.2d 901 , 908-09 (Minn. 1996) (applying Mathews to a procedural due process challenge to the use of offensive collateral estoppel in a teaching license revocation matter); Martin v. Itasca County , 448 N.W.2d 368 , 370 (Minn. 1989) (applying Mathews in evaluating a procedural due process challenge to a leave-of-absence policy); Violette v. Mid

12019–2019
Teaching License of Falgren v. State, Board of Teaching green
minn · 1996
1 sentence

2019Safety , 600 N.W.2d 720 , 723-24 (Minn. 1999) (applying Mathews to evaluate whether a mandatory 30-day waiting period for a limited license under the license revocation statutes satisfied procedural due process); Falgren v. State Bd. of Teaching , 545 N.W.2d 901 , 908-09 (Minn. 1996) (applying Mathews to a procedural due process challenge to the use of offensive collateral estoppel in a teaching license revocation matter); Martin v. Itasca County , 448 N.W.2d 368 , 370 (Minn. 1989) (applying Mathews in evaluating a procedural due process challenge to a leave-of-absence policy); Violette v. Mid

12019–2019
Hamilton v. Commissioner of Public Safety green
minn · 1999
1 sentence

2019Safety , 600 N.W.2d 720 , 723-24 (Minn. 1999) (applying Mathews to evaluate whether a mandatory 30-day waiting period for a limited license under the license revocation statutes satisfied procedural due process); Falgren v. State Bd. of Teaching , 545 N.W.2d 901 , 908-09 (Minn. 1996) (applying Mathews to a procedural due process challenge to the use of offensive collateral estoppel in a teaching license revocation matter); Martin v. Itasca County , 448 N.W.2d 368 , 370 (Minn. 1989) (applying Mathews in evaluating a procedural due process challenge to a leave-of-absence policy); Violette v. Mid

12019–2019
MacKey v. Montrym green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

2019Montrym , 443 U.S. at 19 , 99 S.Ct. 2612 ; Love , 431 U.S. at 115 , 97 S.Ct. 1723 .

2019Montrym , 443 U.S. at 19 , 99 S.Ct. 2612 ; Love , 431 U.S. at 115 , 97 S.Ct. 1723 .

12019–2019
Swarthout v. Cooke green
scotus · 2011
2 sentences

2018In reviewing a procedural-due-process challenge, we first "identify whether the government has deprived the individual of a protected life, liberty, or property interest," and if so, whether the " 'procedures followed ... were constitutionally sufficient.' " Sawh , 823 N.W.2d at 632 (quoting Swarthout v. Cooke , 562 U.S. 216 , 219, 131 S.Ct. 859 , 861, 178 L.Ed.2d 732 (2011) ). "[T]he government must provide an individual with notice and an 'opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.' " Id. (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319 , 333, 96 S.Ct. 893 , 902, 47

2018In reviewing a procedural-due-process challenge, we first "identify whether the government has deprived the individual of a protected life, liberty, or property interest," and if so, whether the " 'procedures followed ... were constitutionally sufficient.' " Sawh , 823 N.W.2d at 632 (quoting Swarthout v. Cooke , 562 U.S. 216 , 219, 131 S.Ct. 859 , 861, 178 L.Ed.2d 732 (2011) ). "[T]he government must provide an individual with notice and an 'opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.' " Id. (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319 , 333, 96 S.Ct. 893 , 902, 47

12018–2018
Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health green
scotus · 1990
12018–2018
Thiele v. Stich green
minn · 1988
1 sentence

2018Because parties may not raise "the same general issue litigated below but under a different theory," Thiele v. Stich , 425 N.W.2d 580 , 582 (Minn. 1988), we do not address whether the circumstances here violated procedural due process.

12018–2018
Jedidiah Dean Troxel v. State of Minnesota green
minn · 2016
12018–2018
Soohoo v. Johnson green
minn · 2007
12018–2018
Gerald Booker v. The City of Saint Paul green
ca8 · 2014
1 sentence

2018Paul , in which the Eighth Circuit concluded that the plaintiff-appellant forfeited his right to raise a procedural due-process challenge to Minn. Stat. § 169A.63, subd. 9(d), by waiting seven months after his vehicle's seizure to file a demand for judicial determination. 762 F.3d 730 , 735 (8th Cir. 2014).

12018–2018
Williams v. Commissioner of Public Safety green
minnctapp · 2013
12016–2016
Boutin v. LaFleur green
minn · 1999
12014–2014
Lee v. Arrowood green
minn · 1974
12008–2008
Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Inc. green
scotus · 1955
12008–2008
In Re Estate of Bush green
minn · 1974
12008–2008
Davis v. Commissioner of Public Safety green
minnctapp · 1994
12008–2008
Szczech v. Commissioner of Public Safety green
minnctapp · 1984
12007–2007
Brooks v. Commissioner of Public Safety green
minnctapp · 1998
12004–2004
Ingraham v. Wright green
scotus · 1977
11988–1988

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MN § Minn. Stat. § 480A.08 (7) MN § Minn. Stat. § 169A.20 (5) MN § Minn. Stat. § 253B.03 (5) MN § Minn. Stat. § 645.17 (5) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (5) MN § Minn. Stat. § 169A.52 (4) MN § Minn. Stat. § 645.16 (4) MN § Minn. Stat. § 253B.09 (3) MN § Minn. Stat. § 253B.13 (3) MN § Minn. Stat. § 253B.17 (3) MN § Minn. Stat. § 590.01 (3) MN § Minn. Stat. § 645.08 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 104 (1976–2026) TX 74 (1979–2025) CA 66 (1963–2024) WI 55 (1972–2025) PA 52 (1958–2025) WA 51 (1976–2025) OH 46 (1991–2026) MN 40 (1986–2025) CT 38 (1976–2026) NM 38 (1989–2026) NJ 29 (1972–2026) MI 29 (1978–2025) CO 29 (1988–2026) KS 28 (2002–2026) FL 28 (1983–2025) IA 25 (1979–2022) ID 24 (1990–2024) ME 20 (1995–2024) IN 19 (1976–2026) MO 18 (1976–2019) NY 17 (1979–2026) AZ 16 (1981–2019) UT 14 (2004–2026) NH 13 (1987–2025) MA 13 (1992–2022) VA 13 (1971–2025) WV 13 (1978–2018) NC 11 (1984–2024) MS 11 (1997–2021) AL 11 (1989–2025) LA 11 (1972–2018) MD 11 (1999–2013) MT 10 (2000–2016) GA 10 (1995–2023) TN 9 (1998–2023) VT 9 (1999–2025) RI 9 (1994–2015) DE 8 (1989–2025) OK 8 (1982–2022) SC 8 (1997–2025) SD 8 (2001–2018) OR 7 (1999–2014) DC 6 (1982–2007) HI 6 (1982–2015) NV 5 (1995–2021) AR 5 (1999–2025) KY 4 (2012–2026) NE 4 (1989–2020) AK 4 (2013–2023) WY 3 (2006–2020) ND 2 (2019–2025) VI 2 (2015–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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