legitimate claim (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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legitimate claim in Connecticut

39 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1871–2026 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Rothgreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 11 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1991–2001
2 sentences

2001He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it." Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 , 577 (1972).

1994The court did note that "[a]rguably, had a timely request been made this . . . could have constituted an understanding stemming from an independent source sufficient to yield a legitimate claim of entitlement protected by due process." Id., citing Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 , 577 , 92 S.Ct.

111
State v. Ceballosgreen
conn · 2003 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025
2 sentences

2025See, e.g., State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364, 409 , 832 A.2d 14 (2003) (‘‘we reject the notion that, standing alone, a legitimate defense theory can be viewed as inviting improper conduct on the part of the state’s attorney’’), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Douglas C., 345 Conn. 421 , 285 A.3d 1067 (2022); see also State v. Ceballos, supra, 409–10 (defense counsel did not invite prosecutor’s improper comment by describing defendant as good person who emigrated to the United States for better life).

2025See, e.g., State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364, 409 , 832 A.2d 14 (2003) (‘‘we reject the notion that, standing alone, a legitimate defense theory can be viewed as inviting improper conduct on the part of the state’s attorney’’), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Douglas C., 345 Conn. 421 , 285 A.3d 1067 (2022); see also State v. Ceballos, supra, 409–10 (defense counsel did not invite prosecutor’s improper comment by describing defendant as good person who emigrated to the United States for better life).

12
State v. Collinsgreen
conn · 2011 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2018
2 sentences

2018Additionally, ''[our Supreme Court] has recognized that defendants may use evidence regarding the inadequacy of the investigation into the crime with which they are charged as a legitimate defense strategy.'' State v. Wright , 322 Conn. 270 , 282, 140 A.3d 939 (2016), citing State v. Collins , 299 Conn. 567 , 599-600, 10 A.3d 1005 , cert. denied, 565 U.S. 908 , 132 S.Ct. 314 , 181 L.

2018Additionally, ''[our Supreme Court] has recognized that defendants may use evidence regarding the inadequacy of the investigation into the crime with which they are charged as a legitimate defense strategy.'' State v. Wright , 322 Conn. 270 , 282, 140 A.3d 939 (2016), citing State v. Collins , 299 Conn. 567 , 599-600, 10 A.3d 1005 , cert. denied, 565 U.S. 908 , 132 S.Ct. 314 , 181 L.

12
Mitchell v. Thalergreen
scotus · 2011 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2018
2 sentences

2018Additionally, ''[our Supreme Court] has recognized that defendants may use evidence regarding the inadequacy of the investigation into the crime with which they are charged as a legitimate defense strategy.'' State v. Wright , 322 Conn. 270 , 282, 140 A.3d 939 (2016), citing State v. Collins , 299 Conn. 567 , 599-600, 10 A.3d 1005 , cert. denied, 565 U.S. 908 , 132 S.Ct. 314 , 181 L.

2016See State v. Collins, 299 Conn. 567 , 599-600, 10 A.3d 1005 , cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 132 S.Ct. 314 , 181 L.Ed.2d 193 (2011).

12
Barnwell v. Matthewsgreen
· 1925 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2018
2 sentences

2018Additionally, ''[our Supreme Court] has recognized that defendants may use evidence regarding the inadequacy of the investigation into the crime with which they are charged as a legitimate defense strategy.'' State v. Wright , 322 Conn. 270 , 282, 140 A.3d 939 (2016), citing State v. Collins , 299 Conn. 567 , 599-600, 10 A.3d 1005 , cert. denied, 565 U.S. 908 , 132 S.Ct. 314 , 181 L.

2016See State v. Collins, 299 Conn. 567 , 599-600, 10 A.3d 1005 , cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 132 S.Ct. 314 , 181 L.Ed.2d 193 (2011).

12
Huntington v. Whaleygreen
· 1860 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1988–2011
2 sentences

2011Huntington v. Whaley, 29 Conn. 391, 398 (1860).

1988The only legitimate inquiry for the jury was, whether the defendant, and those under whom he claimed, had, for the period of fifteen years, had the actual, open, adverse occupancy and possession of the controverted property, claiming it as their own, and actually excluding all other persons from its possession; and there was no presumption, either of law or of fact, that the property was out of the possession of its real owner, or in the adverse occupancy of the defendant or any other person.” Id., 398 .

12
State v. Douglas C.green
conn · 2022 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See, e.g., State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364, 409 , 832 A.2d 14 (2003) (‘‘we reject the notion that, standing alone, a legitimate defense theory can be viewed as inviting improper conduct on the part of the state’s attorney’’), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Douglas C., 345 Conn. 421 , 285 A.3d 1067 (2022); see also State v. Ceballos, supra, 409–10 (defense counsel did not invite prosecutor’s improper comment by describing defendant as good person who emigrated to the United States for better life).

11
State v. Cobbgreen
conn · 1986 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See State v. Cobb, 199 Conn. 322, 329 , 507 A.2d 457 (1986) ("If defense counsel did not approve of . . . the charge, then he should have alerted the court to his previous remarks and suggested whatever curative language he deemed most appropriate.. . .

2011See State v. Cobb, 199 Conn. 322, 329 , 507 A.2d 457 (1986) ("If defense counsel did not approve of . . . the charge, then he should have alerted the court to his previous remarks and suggested whatever curative language he deemed most appropriate.. . .

11
State v. Perezgreen
conn · 2004 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See State v. Perez, 82 Conn. App. 100, 110 , 842 A.2d 1187 , cert. denied, 269 Conn. 904 , 852 A.2d 734 (2004).

2010See State v. Perez, 82 Conn. App. 100, 110 , 842 A.2d 1187 , cert. denied, 269 Conn. 904 , 852 A.2d 734 (2004).

11
State v. Perezgreen
connappct · 2004 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See State v. Perez, 82 Conn. App. 100, 110 , 842 A.2d 1187 , cert. denied, 269 Conn. 904 , 852 A.2d 734 (2004).

2010See State v. Perez, 82 Conn. App. 100, 110 , 842 A.2d 1187 , cert. denied, 269 Conn. 904 , 852 A.2d 734 (2004).

11
Bishop v. Woodgreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (25)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Wright green
conn · 2005
2 sentences

2026In State v. Wright, 273 Conn. [418, 870 A.2d 1039 (2005)], our Supreme Court held that the invalidity of the protec- tive order does not constitute a legitimate defense to the charged crime.

2009In State v. Wright, supra, 273 Conn. 418 , our Supreme Court held that the invalidity of the protective order does not constitute a legitimate defense to the charged crime.

22009–2026
State v. Wright green
conn · 2016
2 sentences

2020In support of his argument, the defendant cites to language employed by our Supreme Court in which the court stated: ‘‘[D]efendants may use evidence regarding the inadequacy of the investigation into the crime with which they are charged as a legitimate defense strategy . . . [and] [a] defendant may . . . rely upon relevant deficiencies or lapses in the police investigation to raise the specter of reasonable doubt, and the trial court violates his right to a fair trial by precluding the jury from considering evidence to that effect.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State

2020In support of his argument, the defendant cites to language employed by our Supreme Court in which the court stated: ‘‘[D]efendants may use evidence regarding the inadequacy of the investigation into the crime with which they are charged as a legitimate defense strategy . . . [and] [a] defendant may . . . rely upon relevant deficiencies or lapses in the police investigation to raise the specter of reasonable doubt, and the trial court violates his right to a fair trial by precluding the jury from considering evidence to that effect.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State

22018–2020
Harkless v. Rowe green
conn · 1995
2 sentences

2000Property interests are not created by the Constitution, they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law. . . ." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Harkless v. Rowe, 232 Conn. 599 , 618 , 657 A.2d 562 (1995); see Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 , 577 , 92 S.Ct. 2701 , 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972).

2000Property interests are not created by the Constitution, they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law. . . ." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Harkless v. Rowe, 232 Conn. 599 , 618 , 657 A.2d 562 (1995); see Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 , 577 , 92 S.Ct. 2701 , 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972).

21996–2000
Hunt v. Prior green
conn · 1996
2 sentences

2000Rather, a person must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to a benefit or privilege to have a property interest in that benefit. . . ." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hunt v. Prior , 236 Conn. 421 , 436-37 , 673 A.2d 514 (1996).

2000Rather, a person must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to a benefit or privilege to have a property interest in that benefit. . . ." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hunt v. Prior , 236 Conn. 421 , 436-37 , 673 A.2d 514 (1996).

22000–2000
Double I Ltd. Partnership v. Plan & Zoning Commission green
conn · 1991
2 sentences

1998Property interests are not created by the Constitution, they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law." (Internal citations omitted; Internal quotation marks omitted) Double I Limited Partnership v. Plan Zoning Commission , 218 Conn. 65 , 77 , 588 A.2d 624 (1991). "[A] lawfully established nonconforming use is a vested right and is entitled to constitutional protection." O G Industries.

1998Property interests are not created by the Constitution, they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law." (Internal citations omitted; Internal quotation marks omitted) Double I Limited Partnership v. Plan Zoning Commission , 218 Conn. 65 , 77 , 588 A.2d 624 (1991). "[A] lawfully established nonconforming use is a vested right and is entitled to constitutional protection." O G Industries.

21994–1998
State v. Maldonado green
conn · 1984
2 sentences

1994The court finds that Will would have persisted in refusing to name his companion in crime and that the trial court would have had little choice but to instruct the jury to disregard Will's testimony, State v. Maldonado , 193 Conn. 350 , 358 (1984); State v. Altrui , 188 Conn. 161 , 170 (1982).

1994The court finds that Will would have persisted in refusing to name his companion in crime and that the trial court would have had little choice but to instruct the jury to disregard Will's testimony, State v. Maldonado , 193 Conn. 350 , 358 (1984); State v. Altrui , 188 Conn. 161 , 170 (1982).

21994–1994
State v. Altrui green
conn · 1982
2 sentences

1994The court finds that Will would have persisted in refusing to name his companion in crime and that the trial court would have had little choice but to instruct the jury to disregard Will's testimony, State v. Maldonado , 193 Conn. 350 , 358 (1984); State v. Altrui , 188 Conn. 161 , 170 (1982).

1994The court finds that Will would have persisted in refusing to name his companion in crime and that the trial court would have had little choice but to instruct the jury to disregard Will's testimony, State v. Maldonado , 193 Conn. 350 , 358 (1984); State v. Altrui , 188 Conn. 161 , 170 (1982).

21994–1994
Yale Auto Parts, Inc. v. Johnson green
ca2 · 1985
2 sentences

1992"The question of whether an applicant has a legitimate claim of entitlement to a license or certificate should depend on whether, absent the alleged denial of due process, there is either a certainty or a very strong likelihood that the application would have been granted." Yale Auto Parts, Inc. v. Johnson, 758 F.2d 54 , 59 (2d Cir. 1985).

1992A person may have a legitimate claim of entitlement to a benefit even if some discretion remains in the governmental decision-maker; "a theoretical possibility of discretional action does not automatically classify an application for a license or certificate as a `unilateral hope or expectation.'" Dean Tarry Corp. v. Friedlander, 826 F.2d 210 , 212 (2d Cir. 1987), quoting Yale Auto Parts, Inc. v. Johnson, supra, 59 .

21992–1992
State v. Bova green
conn · 1997
2 sentences

2022Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaning- ful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry consti- tutes an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rousseau v. Perricone, 148 Conn. App. 837, 844 , 88 A.3d 559 (2014). ‘‘Every reasonable presumption should be made in favor of the correctness of the court’s ruling in determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Bova, 240 Conn. 210, 219 , 690 A.2d 1370 (1997).

2022Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaning- ful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry consti- tutes an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rousseau v. Perricone, 148 Conn. App. 837, 844 , 88 A.3d 559 (2014). ‘‘Every reasonable presumption should be made in favor of the correctness of the court’s ruling in determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Bova, 240 Conn. 210, 219 , 690 A.2d 1370 (1997).

12022–2022
Rousseau v. Perricone neutral
connappct · 2014
2 sentences

2022Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaning- ful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry consti- tutes an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rousseau v. Perricone, 148 Conn. App. 837, 844 , 88 A.3d 559 (2014). ‘‘Every reasonable presumption should be made in favor of the correctness of the court’s ruling in determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Bova, 240 Conn. 210, 219 , 690 A.2d 1370 (1997).

2022Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaning- ful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry consti- tutes an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rousseau v. Perricone, 148 Conn. App. 837, 844 , 88 A.3d 559 (2014). ‘‘Every reasonable presumption should be made in favor of the correctness of the court’s ruling in determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Bova, 240 Conn. 210, 219 , 690 A.2d 1370 (1997).

12022–2022
Cobble v. Owens green
scotus · 2011
1 sentence

2018Additionally, ''[our Supreme Court] has recognized that defendants may use evidence regarding the inadequacy of the investigation into the crime with which they are charged as a legitimate defense strategy.'' State v. Wright , 322 Conn. 270 , 282, 140 A.3d 939 (2016), citing State v. Collins , 299 Conn. 567 , 599-600, 10 A.3d 1005 , cert. denied, 565 U.S. 908 , 132 S.Ct. 314 , 181 L.

12018–2018
Corriveau v. Corriveau neutral
conn · 2011
2 sentences

2014Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaningful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry constitutes an abuse of discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Corriveau v. Corriveau, 126 Conn. App. 231, 236-37 , 11 A.3d 176 , cert. denied, 300 Conn. 940 , 17 A.3d 476 (2011).

2014Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaningful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry constitutes an abuse of discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Corriveau v. Corriveau, 126 Conn. App. 231, 236-37 , 11 A.3d 176 , cert. denied, 300 Conn. 940 , 17 A.3d 476 (2011).

12014–2014
Corriveau v. Corriveau neutral
connappct · 2011
2 sentences

2014Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaningful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry constitutes an abuse of discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Corriveau v. Corriveau, 126 Conn. App. 231, 236-37 , 11 A.3d 176 , cert. denied, 300 Conn. 940 , 17 A.3d 476 (2011).

2014Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaningful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry constitutes an abuse of discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Corriveau v. Corriveau, 126 Conn. App. 231, 236-37 , 11 A.3d 176 , cert. denied, 300 Conn. 940 , 17 A.3d 476 (2011).

12014–2014
Dubreuil v. Witt green
connappct · 2001
2 sentences

2011Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the *237 discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaningful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry constitutes an abuse of discretion.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Dubreuil v. Witt, 65 Conn. App. 35, 42 , 781 A.2d 503 (2001).

2011Although it is axiomatic that the scope of cross-examination generally rests within the *237 discretion of the trial court, [t]he denial of all meaningful cross-examination into a legitimate inquiry constitutes an abuse of discretion.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Dubreuil v. Witt, 65 Conn. App. 35, 42 , 781 A.2d 503 (2001).

12011–2011
Chatterjee v. Commissioner of Revenue Services green
conn · 2006
2 sentences

2007He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Chatterjee v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 277 Conn. 681, 695 , 894 A.2d 919 (2006).

2007He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Chatterjee v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 277 Conn. 681, 695 , 894 A.2d 919 (2006).

12007–2007
State v. Golding green
conn · 1989
2 sentences

2006The defendant did not preserve his claim at trial and now seeks review pursuant to State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40 , 567 A.2d 823 (1989). 9 We agree with the defendant that the record is adequate for review and that the claim is of constitutional magnitude.

2006The defendant did not preserve his claim at trial and now seeks review pursuant to State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40 , 567 A.2d 823 (1989). 9 We agree with the defendant that the record is adequate for review and that the claim is of constitutional magnitude.

12006–2006
Giaimo v. City of New Haven green
conn · 2001
1 sentence

2006He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

12006–2006
State v. Swain green
conn · 1998
2 sentences

2001The state argues that § 36b-16 requires no specific intent to violate the law, but that it is a “strict liability” offense and that advice of counsel is “not a legitimate defense to the sale of unregistered securities . . . .” At oral argument before this court, the defendant conceded that, if a violation of § 36b-16 is in the nature of strict liability, requiring no specific intent to violate the law, then her claim regarding reliance on the advice of counsel “goes out the window.” “Whether or not a statutory crime requires mens rea or scienter as an element of the offense is largely a questi

2001The state argues that § 36b-16 requires no specific intent to violate the law, but that it is a “strict liability” offense and that advice of counsel is “not a legitimate defense to the sale of unregistered securities . . . .” At oral argument before this court, the defendant conceded that, if a violation of § 36b-16 is in the nature of strict liability, requiring no specific intent to violate the law, then her claim regarding reliance on the advice of counsel “goes out the window.” “Whether or not a statutory crime requires mens rea or scienter as an element of the offense is largely a questi

12001–2001
D'Amico v. Johnson green
connappct · 1999
2 sentences

2001“This rule [that a person must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to possess a protectible interest in a benefit] applies even where the loss suffered is great. [T]o determine whether due process requirements apply in the first place, we must look not to the weight but to the nature of the interest at stake.” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) D’Amico v. Johnson, 53 Conn. App. 855, 862 , 733 A.2d 869 (1999), quoting Karan v. Adams, 807 F. Sup. 900, 908 (D.

2001“This rule [that a person must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to possess a protectible interest in a benefit] applies even where the loss suffered is great. [T]o determine whether due process requirements apply in the first place, we must look not to the weight but to the nature of the interest at stake.” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) D’Amico v. Johnson, 53 Conn. App. 855, 862 , 733 A.2d 869 (1999), quoting Karan v. Adams, 807 F. Sup. 900, 908 (D.

12001–2001
State v. Kreminski green
conn · 1979
1 sentence

2001In State v. Kreminski, supra, 178 Conn. 145 , this court reviewed a conviction under the Connecticut Securities Act, the predecessor to CUSA.

12001–2001
cluster 566007 green
ca3 · 1991
11999–1999
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit green
ca2 · 1988
11996–1996
Dean Tarry Corporation v. Friedlander green
ca2 · 1987
11992–1992
Kelly Kare, Ltd. v. O'rourke green
· 1991
11992–1992
Bryan v. Atwater neutral
conn · 1811
11871–1871

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199 (10) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54a (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 142 (1883–2026) IL 129 (1871–2025) NY 111 (1906–2026) PA 103 (1899–2025) CA 101 (1933–2026) IN 69 (1930–2026) WA 62 (1969–2024) MI 57 (1974–2025) NJ 49 (1923–2026) OH 44 (1977–2024) MO 44 (1880–2024) FL 41 (1931–2026) MS 41 (1977–2024) CT 39 (1871–2026) GA 37 (1976–2025) NM 36 (1954–2026) WV 36 (1928–2021) MA 32 (1977–2020) MD 29 (1864–2021) LA 28 (1926–2023) CO 28 (1952–2025) MN 27 (1979–2024) ID 26 (1975–2024) NC 26 (1905–2026) RI 26 (1978–2015) DC 24 (1974–2021) MT 24 (1980–2019) HI 22 (1985–2025) KS 22 (1895–2022) WI 21 (1976–2021) TN 21 (1938–2026) AL 19 (1871–2016) AZ 19 (1969–2021) UT 18 (1969–2026) OR 18 (1968–2025) KY 18 (1853–2025) IA 17 (1903–2018) OK 16 (1929–2023) WY 14 (1983–2025) NE 13 (1935–2017) ME 12 (1984–2024) DE 11 (1983–2025) SD 10 (1950–2014) NH 10 (1975–2021) VA 10 (1993–2023) SC 8 (1984–2026) VT 7 (1993–2024) ND 6 (1970–2010) NV 5 (1981–2017) AK 4 (1978–2025) AR 3 (1980–2017) VI 3 (2015–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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