medical malpractice claim (Louisiana) · Go Syfert
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medical malpractice claim in Louisiana

208 Louisiana opinions name it 2 courts 1978–2026 17 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Louisiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
Pfiffner v. Correagreen
la · 1994 · cited in 28 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1995–2025
2 sentences

2019At the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, counsel for the defendants stated that the medical malpractice claim did not go before a medical review panel because "my clients were not enrolled in the Patients Compensation Fund." Examples of obvious negligence that could be inferred by a lay person include "obviously careless act[s], such as fracturing a leg during examination, amputating the wrong arm, dropping a knife, scalpel, or acid on a patient, or leaving a sponge in a patient's body[.]" Pfiffner, 643 So.2d at 1233 .

2019At the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, counsel for the defendants stated that the medical malpractice claim did not go before a medical review panel because "my clients were not enrolled in the Patients Compensation Fund." Examples of obvious negligence that could be inferred by a lay person include "obviously careless act[s], such as fracturing a leg during examination, amputating the wrong arm, dropping a knife, scalpel, or acid on a patient, or leaving a sponge in a patient's body[.]" Pfiffner, 643 So.2d at 1233 .

328
LeBreton v. Rabitogreen
la · 1998 · cited in 13 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1999–2020
2 sentences

2020In LeBreton, the supreme court interpreted this language and held that " the filing of a medical malpractice claim with a medical review panel triggered the suspension of prescription specially provided by the [ LMMA], rather than the interruption of the liberative prescriptive period generally provided in the Civil Code." LeBreton, 714 So. 2d at 1230 .

2019App. 4 Cir. 10/6/10), 50 So.3d 861 , 864 (citing LeBreton v. Rabito , 97-2221, p. 9 (La. 7/8/98), 714 So.2d 1226 , 1230 ) (observing that "the filing of a medical malpractice claim with a medical review panel triggers the suspension of prescription specially provided by the MMA, rather than the interruption of the liberative prescriptive period generally provided in the Civil Code").

213
Stracener v. Browngreen
lactapp · 1977 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
22
Richard v. Louisiana Extended Care Centersgreen
la · 2003 · cited in 8 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2003–2023
2 sentences

2005To constitute a medical malpractice claim, the alleged negligent act must be related to the nursing home resident's medical treatment at the nursing home under the requirements of Louisiana law." Id. at 469 .

2005To constitute a medical malpractice claim, the *1231 alleged negligent act must be related to the nursing home resident's medical treatment at the nursing home under the requirements of Louisiana law." Id. at 469 .

18
Williams v. Memorial Medical Centergreen
lactapp · 2004 · cited in 6 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2004–2025
2 sentences

2021The jurisprudence has thus recognized that “an expert witness is generally necessary as a matter of law to prove a medical malpractice claim.” Williams, 2003-1806 at p. 16, 870 So.2d at 1054 ; Williams v. Metro Home Health Care Agency, Inc., 2002-0534, p. 5 (La.

2019The jurisprudence has thus recognized that “an expert witness is generally necessary as a matter of law to prove a medical malpractice claim.” Williams, 2003-1806 at p. 16, 870 So.2d at 1054 ; Williams v. Metro Home Health Care Agency, Inc., 2002-0534, p. 5 (La.

16
Coleman v. Denogreen
la · 2002 · cited in 6 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2002–2005
2 sentences

2005In Coleman v. Deno, 01-1517 (La.01/25/02), 813 So.2d 303 , the supreme court set forth six factors to be considered in determining whether plaintiffs' claims lie in malpractice or the NHRBR.

2004In this matter, the trial court applied the factors set forth in Coleman v. Deno, supra, and determined that this was not a medical malpractice claim.

16
Borel v. Younggreen
la · 2008 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2008–2022
2 sentences

2022Borel, 989 So.2d at 50 .

2008For example, in what is perhaps their strongest argument, the plaintiffs note that the majority's decision is based, at least in part, on the erroneous premise that "the Medical Malpractice Act prohibits the filing of a medical malpractice claim against a qualified health care provider prior to presenting the complaint to a medical review *82 panel." Borel v. Young (on rehearing), 07-0419 (La.7/1/08), p. 15, 989 So.2d 42 , 67.

13
Lugenbuhl v. Dowlinggreen
la · 1997 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2020–2023
2 sentences

2023App. 1 Cir. 8/3/20), 310 So.3d 185 , 190 (citing Lugenbuhl v. Dowling, 96-1575, pp. 16-17 (La. 10/10/97), 701 So.2d 447, 456 ).

2020See Lugenbuhl v. Dowling, 96- 1575 ( La. 10/ 10/ 97), 701 So. 2d 447, 456 .

12
Ferdon Ex Rel. Petrucelli v. Wisconsin Patients Compensation Fundgreen
wis · 2005 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2010–2011
12
McLemore v. WESTWOOD MANOR NURS. AND REHAB.green
lactapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2003–2005
12
Steel v. Aetna Life & Casualtygreen
lactapp · 1974 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
12
Hondroulis v. Schuhmachergreen
la · 1989 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Clyde Snider, Jr., Et Ux v. Louisiana Medical Mutual Insurance Companygreen
la · 2015 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
McGregor v. HOSPICE CARE IN BATON ROUGEgreen
lactapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Louisiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (66)

CaseCitedYears
Williams v. Metro Home Health Care Agency, Inc. green
lactapp · 2002
2 sentences

2014The jurisprudence has thus recognized that "an expert witness is generally necessary as a matter of law to prove a medical malpractice claim.” Williams , 2003-1806 at p. 16, 870 So.2d at 1054 ; Williams v. Metro Home Health Care Agency, Inc., 2002-0534, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/8/02), 817 So.2d 1224, 1228 .

2013The jurisprudence has thus recognized that “an expert witness is generally necessary as a matter of law to prove a medical malpractice claim.” Williams , 2003-1806 at p. 16, 870 So.2d at 1064 ; Williams v. Metro Home Health Care Agency, Inc., 2002-0534, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/8/02), 817 So.2d 1224, 1228 .

132004–2021
Hernandez v. Lafayette Bone & Joint Clinic green
lactapp · 1985
2 sentences

2007The court went on to hold, "Simply stated, the filing of a medical malpractice claim with a medical review panel triggered the suspension of prescription specially provided by the Medical Malpractice Act, rather than the interruption of the liberative prescription period generally provided in the Civil Code." Id.

2007In further explanation, the Court stated: “the filing of a medical malpractice claim with a medical review panel triggered the suspension of prescription specifically provided by the Medical Malpractice Act, rather than the interruption of the liberative prescriptive period generally provided in the Civil Code.” Id. at 1230 .

61998–2007
Crier v. Whitecloud green
la · 1986
2 sentences

2010Crier, 496 So.2d at 310 .

2001Rather, the court has found that the statute equally affects persons undergoing medical treatment and that it is "merely a legislative determination that three years is a reasonable period of time in which to assert a medical malpractice claim." Id. at 311 .

51987–2010
Lieux v. Mitchell green
lactapp · 2006
2 sentences

2010Lieux v. Mitchell, 06-0382, p. 11 (La.App. 1st Cir.12/28/06), 951 So.2d 307, 314 , writ denied, 07-0905 (La.6/15/07), 958 So.2d 1199 .

2010Lieux v. Mitchell, 06-0382, p. 11 (La.App. 1st Cir.12/28/06), 951 So.2d 307, 314 , writ denied, 07-0905 (La.6/15/07), 958 So.2d 1199 .

52010–2010
Williamson v. HOSPITAL SERVICE OF JEFFERSON green
la · 2004
2 sentences

2008La.Rev.Stat. 40:1299.47(A); Williamson , 04-0451 at p. 4, 888 So.2d at 785 .

2008La.R.S. 40:1299.47(A); Williamson , 04-0451 at p. 4, 888 So.2d at 785 .

52005–2008
LaCoste v. Pendleton Methodist Hosp. green
la · 2007
2 sentences

2021LaCoste v. Pendleton Methodist Hosp., L.L.C., 07-0008 (La. 09/05/07), 966 So.2d 519 .

2010In a medical malpractice action brought against a private health care provider, our supreme court, in LaCoste v. Pendleton Methodist Hospital, L.L.C., 07-08, 07-16, pp. 6-7 (La.9/5/07), 966 So.2d 519, 523-24 , opined as follows: | sUnder the LMMA, a medical malpractice claim against a private qualified health care provider is subject to dismissal on an exception of prematurity if such claim has not first been presented to a medical review panel.

42010–2021
Carter v. Haygood green
la · 2005
2 sentences

2012The court of appeal then cited Carter v. Haygood , a case in which this Court applied the continuous representation rule to suspend prescription on a medical malpractice claim. 04-0646, pp. 19-20 (La.1/19/05); 892 So.2d 1261, 1273 .

2012The court of appeal then cited Carter v. Hay-good, a case in which this Court applied the continuous representation rule to suspend prescription on a medical malpractice claim. 04-0646, pp. 19-20 (La.1/19/05); 892 So.2d 1261, 1273 .

42007–2020
Fagan v. LeBlanc green
lactapp · 2006
2 sentences

2019Fagan, 928 So.2d at 575 .

2019Fagan, 928 So.2d at 575 .

42006–2019
Lieux v. Mitchell green
la · 2007
2 sentences

2010Lieux v. Mitchell, 06-0382, p. 11 (La.App. 1st Cir.12/28/06), 951 So.2d 307, 314 , writ denied, 07-0905 (La.6/15/07), 958 So.2d 1199 .

2010Lieux v. Mitchell, 06-0382, p. 11 (La.App. 1st Cir.12/28/06), 951 So.2d 307, 314 , writ denied, 07-0905 (La.6/15/07), 958 So.2d 1199 .

42010–2010
Watson v. Woldenberg Village, Inc. green
lactapp · 2016
2 sentences

2023“Under the LMMA, a medical malpractice claim against a private qualified health care provider is subject to dismissal for prematurity if it has not first been presented to a medical review panel.” Watson, 16-0159, p. 4, 203 So.3d at 320 (citing Burandt, 13-0049, p. 6, 123 So.3d at 240 ).

2023Watson, 16-0159, p. 4, 203 So.3d at 320 .

32021–2023
Ferrara v. Starmed Staffing, LP green
lactapp · 2010
2 sentences

2019App. 4 Cir. 10/6/10), 50 So.3d 861 , 864 (citing LeBreton v. Rabito , 97-2221, p. 9 (La. 7/8/98), 714 So.2d 1226 , 1230 ) (observing that "the filing of a medical malpractice claim with a medical review panel triggers the suspension of prescription specially provided by the MMA, rather than the interruption of the liberative prescriptive period generally provided in the Civil Code").

2019App. 4 Cir. 10/6/10), 50 So.3d 861 , 864 (citing LeBreton v. Rabito , 97-2221, p. 9 (La. 7/8/98), 714 So.2d 1226 , 1230 ) (observing that "the filing of a medical malpractice claim with a medical review panel triggers the suspension of prescription specially provided by the MMA, rather than the interruption of the liberative prescriptive period generally provided in the Civil Code").

32019–2019
In Re Medical Review Panel, Claim of Moses green
la · 2001
2 sentences

2019The Court in Moses noted that "[w]hile some state legislatures have carved out an express discovery rule exception for foreign objects, the Louisiana Legislature has not." 788 So.2d at 1179 .

2019The Court in Moses noted that "[w]hile some state legislatures have carved out an express discovery rule exception for foreign objects, the Louisiana Legislature has not." 788 So.2d at 1179 .

32008–2019
Samaha v. Rau green
la · 2008
2 sentences

2010In Pfiffner, supra, the supreme court explained, “Expert testimony is not required where the physician does an obviously careless act, such as fracturing a leg during examination, amputating the wrong arm, dropping a knife, scalpel, or acid on a patient, or leaving a sponge in a patient’s body, from which a lay person can infer negligence.” Samaha, supra; Vinson v. Salmon, 34,582 (La.App. 2 Cir. 05/09/01), 786 So.2d 913 .

2010In Pfiffner, 643 So.2d at 1233 , the supreme court explained, “Expert testimony is not required where the | ¡¡physician does an obviously careless act, such as fracturing a leg during examination, amputating the wrong arm, dropping a knife, scalpel, or acid on a patient, or leaving a sponge in a patient’s body, from which a lay person can infer negligence.” See also Samaha, supra; Vinson v. Salmon, 34,582 (La.App.2d Cir.05/09/01), 786 So.2d 913 .

32009–2010
Vinson v. Salmon green
lactapp · 2001
2 sentences

2010In Pfiffner, supra, the supreme court explained, “Expert testimony is not required where the physician does an obviously careless act, such as fracturing a leg during examination, amputating the wrong arm, dropping a knife, scalpel, or acid on a patient, or leaving a sponge in a patient’s body, from which a lay person can infer negligence.” Samaha, supra; Vinson v. Salmon, 34,582 (La.App. 2 Cir. 05/09/01), 786 So.2d 913 .

2010In Pfiffner, 643 So.2d at 1233 , the supreme court explained, “Expert testimony is not required where the | ¡¡physician does an obviously careless act, such as fracturing a leg during examination, amputating the wrong arm, dropping a knife, scalpel, or acid on a patient, or leaving a sponge in a patient’s body, from which a lay person can infer negligence.” See also Samaha, supra; Vinson v. Salmon, 34,582 (La.App.2d Cir.05/09/01), 786 So.2d 913 .

32009–2010
Broussard v. Andersson green
lactapp · 2005
2 sentences

2007This Court also stated that "[t]he jurisprudence has recognized that `an expert witness is generally necessary as a matter of law to prove a medical malpractice claim.'" Id., citing Williams v. Metro Home Health Care Agency, Inc., 02-0534, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/8/02), 817 So.2d 1224, 1228 .

2006In Broussard v. Andersson, 05-0006, p. 6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/03/05), 921 So.2d 128, 132 , this Court stated that “[t]o determine whether a physician possesses the requisite degree of knowledge or skill or whether he exercised reasonable care or diligence, the court is guided by expert witnesses who are members of the medical profession.... ” This Court also sated that “[t]he jurisprudence has recognized that ‘an expert witness is generally necessary as a matter of law to prove a medical malpractice claim’.” Id., citing Williams v. Metro Home Health Care Agency, Inc., 02-0534, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Ci

32006–2007
Sewell v. Doctors Hosp. green
la · 1992
2 sentences

2006In fashioning a standard for defining a medical malpractice claim, the supreme court has said: In determining whether certain conduct by a qualified health care provider constitutes "malpractice" as defined under the MMA this court has utilized the following three factors: "[1] whether the particular wrong is `treatment related' or caused by a dereliction of professional skill, [2] whether the wrong requires expert medical evidence to determine whether the appropriate standard of care was breached, and [3] whether the pertinent act or omission involved assessment of the patient's condition." S

2002Standard for defining a medical malpractice claim In determining whether certain conduct by a qualified health care provider constitutes "malpractice" as defined under the MMA this court has utilized the following three factors: "[1] whether the particular wrong is `treatment related' or caused by a dereliction of professional skill, [2] whether the wrong requires expert medical evidence to determine whether the appropriate standard of care was breached, and [3] whether the pertinent act or omission involved assessment of the patient's condition." Sewell v. Doctors Hospital, 600 So.2d 577 , 57

32002–2006
Boutte v. Jefferson Parish Hosp. Serv. green
la · 2000
2 sentences

2003In Boutte , the court reversed an appellate decision that followed Branch and held that "plaintiffs' claim [for damages arising out of the transfusion of defective blood] is in the nature of a medical malpractice claim, regardless of the underlying legal theory (strict liability) used to support the claim." Boutte , 99-2402 at p. 4, 759 So.2d at 48 .

2001In that case we reversed the appellate decision that followed Branch and held that "plaintiffs' claim [for damages arising out of a defective blood transfusion] is in the nature of a medical malpractice claim, regardless of the underlying legal theory (strict liability) used to support the claim." Boutte , 99-2402 at p. 4, 759 So.2d at 48 .

32000–2003
Claim of Aron neutral
lactapp · 1997
2 sentences

1998In rejecting that argument, this court stated as follows: The Supreme Court has examined the application of [the third contra non valentum exception] to a medical malpractice claim but has not "expressly and directly declared that the third category of contra non valentum applied to medical malpractice cases." Fontenot v. ABC Insurance Co., 95-1707, p. 5 (La.6/7/96), 674 So.2d 960, 963 ; Claim of Aron, 96-2665, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/21/97), 695 So.2d 553, 556-557 , citing Rajnowski v. St.

1998The Supreme Court has examined the application of that exception to a medical malpractice claim but has not "expressly and directly declared that the third category of contra non valentem applies to medical malpractice cases." Fontenot v. ABC Insurance Co., 95-1707, p. 5 (La.6/7/96), 674 So.2d 960, 963 ; Claim of Aron, 96-2665, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/21/97), 695 So.2d 553, 556-557 , citing Rajnowski v. St.

31998–1998
Burandt v. Pendleton Memorial Methodist Hospital green
lactapp · 2013
2 sentences

2023“Under the LMMA, a medical malpractice claim against a private qualified health care provider is subject to dismissal for prematurity if it has not first been presented to a medical review panel.” Watson, 16-0159, p. 4, 203 So.3d at 320 (citing Burandt, 13-0049, p. 6, 123 So.3d at 240 ).

2016Id., citing Williamson v. Hospital Serv.

22016–2023
Randazzo v. LA. STATE UNIV. HEALTH SCIENC. green
lactapp · 2004
2 sentences

2019App. 1 Cir. 5/14/04), 879 So.2d 741 , 745, writ denied 04-1503 (La. 2/18/05), 894 So.2d 337 , the medical malpractice claim of a patient who discovered that metal forceps had been left in him was found to be prescribed because he did not discover the forceps and file his suit until nearly nine years following the surgical procedure.

2019App. 1 Cir. 5/14/04), 879 So.2d 741 , 745, writ denied 04-1503 (La. 2/18/05), 894 So.2d 337 , the medical malpractice claim of a patient who discovered that metal forceps had been left in him was found to be prescribed because he did not discover the forceps and file his suit until nearly nine years following the surgical procedure.

22019–2019
In Re Smithson green
lactapp · 2008
2 sentences

2019App. 1 Cir. 6/6/08), 991 So.2d 1075 , 1080. 19 *62 Under both the MMA and the MLSSA, a request for a medical review panel is initiated in the same manner-the claimant files a request for review of the claim by a medical review panel with the DOA.

2019App. 1 Cir. 6/6/08), 991 So.2d 1075 , 1080. 19 *62 Under both the MMA and the MLSSA, a request for a medical review panel is initiated in the same manner-the claimant files a request for review of the claim by a medical review panel with the DOA.

22019–2019
Randazzo v. State green
la · 2005
2 sentences

2019App. 1 Cir. 5/14/04), 879 So.2d 741 , 745, writ denied 04-1503 (La. 2/18/05), 894 So.2d 337 , the medical malpractice claim of a patient who discovered that metal forceps had been left in him was found to be prescribed because he did not discover the forceps and file his suit until nearly nine years following the surgical procedure.

2019App. 1 Cir. 5/14/04), 879 So.2d 741 , 745, writ denied 04-1503 (La. 2/18/05), 894 So.2d 337 , the medical malpractice claim of a patient who discovered that metal forceps had been left in him was found to be prescribed because he did not discover the forceps and file his suit until nearly nine years following the surgical procedure.

22019–2019
Guitreau v. Kucharchuk green
la · 2000
2 sentences

2019In Guitreau v. Kucharchuk , 99-2570, p. 6 (La. 5/16/00), 763 So.2d 575 , 580, the supreme court construed La.Civ.Code art. 3472 within the context of a medical malpractice claim, explaining: [W]hen the ninety-day period of suspension after the decision of the medical review panel is completed, plaintiffs in medical malpractice actions are entitled to the period of time, under [La.R.S.] 9:5628, that remains unused at the time the request for a medical review panel is filed.

2019In Guitreau v. Kucharchuk , 99-2570, p. 6 (La. 5/16/00), 763 So.2d 575 , 580, the supreme court construed La.Civ.Code art. 3472 within the context of a medical malpractice claim, explaining: [W]hen the ninety-day period of suspension after the decision of the medical review panel is completed, plaintiffs in medical malpractice actions are entitled to the period of time, under [La.R.S.] 9:5628, that remains unused at the time the request for a medical review panel is filed.

22019–2019
Campo v. Correa green
la · 2002
22004–2018
Milbert v. Answering Bureau, Inc. green
la · 2013
22016–2018
Braud v. Woodland Village L.L.C. green
lactapp · 2010
22012–2015
Paragon Lofts Condominium Owners Association, Inc. v. Paragon Lofts, LLC, Ekistics, Inc. neutral
la · 2011
22012–2015
Bijou v. Alton Ochsner Medical Found. green
la · 1996
22013–2014
Bush v. National Health Care of Leesville green
la · 2006
22007–2010
Hebert v. Doctors Memorial Hosp. green
la · 1986
21987–2007
In Re Medical Review Panel for Dede neutral
lactapp · 1998
22002–2005
Clelland v. Haas neutral
lactapp · 2000
22003–2004
Williams v. Jackson Parish Hospital green
la · 2001
22002–2003
Gorham v. HCA Health Services of La. neutral
lactapp · 2001
22002–2003
Fontenot v. ABC Ins. Co. green
la · 1996
21998–1998
Rajnowski v. St. Patrick's Hosp. green
la · 1990
21998–1998
Butts v. Cummings green
lactapp · 1986
21996–1996
Ramirez v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co. neutral
la · 1983
21986–1986
Ramirez v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. green
lactapp · 1983
21986–1986
Gorbach v. Tulane University Medical Center green
lactapp · 2012
12026–2026

Statutes the citing opinions construe

LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 9:5628 (63) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 9:2794 (59) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 1 (24) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1231.1 (21) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 3 (16) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:2010.8 (13) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:2010.9 (12) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 37:1261 (8) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:2010.6 (8)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

LA 208 (1978–2026) MI 181 (1982–2026) OH 140 (1983–2026) NY 139 (1980–2026) TX 137 (1984–2024) IL 105 (1978–2026) IN 92 (1983–2025) CA 73 (1971–2026) CT 68 (1988–2024) TN 67 (1986–2024) PA 66 (1979–2025) FL 62 (1979–2025) MD 58 (1978–2025) MS 46 (1994–2026) GA 44 (1984–2025) NJ 41 (1976–2024) AL 34 (1990–2025) WA 32 (1973–2025) VA 32 (1987–2026) NC 30 (1980–2023) WI 29 (1981–2026) OR 28 (1986–2025) MN 26 (1971–2026) NM 26 (1996–2025) DC 24 (1982–2026) AZ 22 (1986–2025) SC 20 (1993–2024) ID 18 (1988–2023) CO 18 (1977–2024) MO 16 (1991–2020) KS 15 (1996–2026) MA 14 (1980–2025) IA 13 (1976–2026) NE 13 (1990–2025) KY 12 (1978–2026) UT 12 (1993–2024) WY 11 (1989–2025) AR 10 (1992–2024) WV 9 (1991–2025) MT 8 (1996–2026) RI 8 (1997–2014) NV 8 (1998–2022) ND 7 (1983–2019) VT 6 (2005–2021) VI 5 (1999–2026) DE 5 (1989–2020) SD 5 (1985–2020) AK 5 (1992–2023) NH 4 (2001–2018) OK 3 (1999–2023) ME 3 (2019–2019) HI 3 (2003–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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