58 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 1978–2025 5 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Ott v. Kaiser-Georgetown Community Health Plan, Inc.green2 sentences2007Upon fulfillment of the condition precedent, malpractice claims may be heard in court.” (citations omitted) (quotations omitted)); Su v. Weaver, 313 Md. 370, 377 , 545 A.2d 692, 695 (1988) (recognizing that: “The [Statute] substantially altered the procedure in which a medical malpractice claim is brought against a health care provider by requiring a malpractice claim to be submitted to a mandatory arbitration proceeding as a condition precedent to maintaining such an action in the circuit court.”); Ott v. Kaiser-Georgetown Community Health Plan, Inc., 309 Md. 641, 645 , 526 A.2d 46, 48-49 (19 2007Upon fulfillment of the condition precedent, malpractice claims may be heard in court.” (citations omitted) (quotations omitted)); Su v. Weaver, 313 Md. 370, 377 , 545 A.2d 692, 695 (1988) (recognizing that: “The [Statute] substantially altered the procedure in which a medical malpractice claim is brought against a health care provider by requiring a malpractice claim to be submitted to a mandatory arbitration proceeding as a condition precedent to maintaining such an action in the circuit court.”); Ott v. Kaiser-Georgetown Community Health Plan, Inc., 309 Md. 641, 645 , 526 A.2d 46, 48-49 (19 | 2 | 2 |
Piselli v. 75th Street Medicalgreen2 sentences2025Article 19 does guarantee access to the courts but a statutory restriction upon access to the courts violates Article 19 only if the restriction is unreasonable[.]” (Cleaned up)); id. at 216 , 808 A.2d at 524 (This Court held that “barring an injured child’s medical malpractice claim before the child is able to bring an action is an unreasonable restriction upon the child’s right to a remedy and access to the courts guaranteed by Article 19[.]”). 2025Article 19 does guarantee access to the courts but a statutory restriction upon access to the courts violates Article 19 only if the restriction is unreasonable[.]” (Cleaned up)); id. at 216 , 808 A.2d at 524 (This Court held that “barring an injured child’s medical malpractice claim before the child is able to bring an action is an unreasonable restriction upon the child’s right to a remedy and access to the courts guaranteed by Article 19[.]”). | 1 | 3 |
Edmonds v. Cytology Services of Maryland, Inc.green2 sentences2020Ms. Thomas relies heavily on our statement in Edmonds that “the General Assembly did not intend to create an ironclad rule that a medical malpractice claim would be barred if filed more than five years after the healthcare provider’s wrongful act.” See 111 Md. 2012Noting the stated purpose of the 1987 rejected amendments to S.B. 225, “to overturn the decision of the Court of Appeals in Hill,” the intermediate appellate court concluded that “[tjhis history provides strong evidence that the General Assembly did not intend to create an ironclad rule that a medical malpractice claim would be barred if filed more than five years after the health care provider’s act.” Edmonds, 111 Md.App. at 256 , 681 A.2d at 557 . | 1 | 3 |
Manzano v. Southern Maryland Hospital, Inc.green2 sentences2013In Manzano, 347 Md. at 27, 29-30 , 698 A.2d 531 , the Court of Appeals reversed the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim, holding that, although the chair of an arbitration panel possessed “the authority to sanction Petitioner for violating the scheduling order[,]” a sanction must be proportionate to the corresponding violation, and as a result, case-ending sanctions are disfavored. 7 The Court stated that “[t]he dismissal of a elaim[ ] is among the gravest of sanctions, and as such, is warranted only in cases of egregious misconduct such as willful or contemptuous behavior, a deliberate a 2013In Manzano, 347 Md. at 27, 29-30 , 698 A.2d 531 , the Court of Appeals reversed the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim, holding that, although the chair of an arbitration panel possessed “the authority to sanction Petitioner for violating the scheduling order[,]” a sanction must be proportionate to the corresponding violation, and as a result, case-ending sanctions are disfavored. 7 The Court stated that “[t]he dismissal of a elaim[ ] is among the gravest of sanctions, and as such, is warranted only in cases of egregious misconduct such as willful or contemptuous behavior, a deliberate a | 1 | 2 |
Odyniec v. Schneidergreen2 sentences2011In Odyniec v. Schneider, 322 Md. 520 , 588 A.2d 786 (1991), a former patient filed a medical malpractice claim before an arbitration panel. 2011In Odyniec v. Schneider, 322 Md. 520 , 588 A.2d 786 (1991), a former patient filed a medical malpractice claim before an arbitration panel. | 1 | 2 |
Tranen v. Azizgreen2 sentences1991Tranen v. Aziz, 304 Md. 605, 612 , 500 A.2d 636 (1985); Reilly v. Newman, 74 Md.App. 281, 289 , 536 A.2d 1230 , modified, 314 Md. 364 , 550 A.2d 959 (1988). 1991Tranen v. Aziz, 304 Md. 605, 612 , 500 A.2d 636 (1985); Reilly v. Newman, 74 Md.App. 281, 289 , 536 A.2d 1230 , modified, 314 Md. 364 , 550 A.2d 959 (1988). | 1 | 2 |
Schwartz v. Lillygreen2 sentences1991It has been interpreted as placing initial jurisdiction of a medical malpractice claim in the Health Claims Arbitration Office, Ralkey v. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., 63 Md.App. 515, 519 , 492 A.2d 1358 (1985); Schwartz v. Lilly, 53 Md.App. 318, 322 , 452 A.2d 1302 (1982); and as creating a condition precedent to the institution of a medical malpractice action in the circuit court. 1991It has been interpreted as placing initial jurisdiction of a medical malpractice claim in the Health Claims Arbitration Office, Ralkey v. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., 63 Md.App. 515, 519 , 492 A.2d 1358 (1985); Schwartz v. Lilly, 53 Md.App. 318, 322 , 452 A.2d 1302 (1982); and as creating a condition precedent to the institution of a medical malpractice action in the circuit court. | 1 | 2 |
Attorney General v. Johnsongreen2 sentences1989The statute is a response to the so-called crisis in the field of medical malpractice claims, see Attorney General v. Johnson, 282 Md. 274 , 385 A.2d 57 , appeal dismissed, 439 U.S. 805 , 99 S.Ct. 60 , 58 L.Ed.2d 97 (1978), and contains no room for any implied exceptions. 1989The statute is a response to the so-called crisis in the field of medical malpractice claims, see Attorney General v. Johnson, 282 Md. 274 , 385 A.2d 57 , appeal dismissed, 439 U.S. 805 , 99 S.Ct. 60 , 58 L.Ed.2d 97 (1978), and contains no room for any implied exceptions. | 1 | 2 |
Dunham v. Univ. of Md. Medical Ctr.green1 sentence2025In Dunham v. University of Maryland Medical Center, the plaintiffs filed a medical malpractice claim against several medical centers alleging medical negligence relating to the development and progression of pressure ulcers. 237 Md. | 1 | 1 |
Underwood-Gary v. Mathewsgreen2 sentences2019Thus, not unlike Underwood-Gary , there was sufficient information before the trial court to compare the injuries that were satisfied by the State Farm settlement with the injuries that Petitioner claimed in the medical malpractice claim against Respondent. 8 Underwood-Gary , 366 Md. at 673 -74 , 785 A.2d at 716 (reviewing portions of the trial record, and concluding that the doctors were entitled to summary judgment under the one satisfaction rule). 2019Thus, not unlike Underwood-Gary , there was sufficient information before the trial court to compare the injuries that were satisfied by the State Farm settlement with the injuries that Petitioner claimed in the medical malpractice claim against Respondent. 8 Underwood-Gary , 366 Md. at 673 -74 , 785 A.2d at 716 (reviewing portions of the trial record, and concluding that the doctors were entitled to summary judgment under the one satisfaction rule). | 1 | 1 |
Morgan v. Cohengreen2 sentences2019See Underwood-Gary , 366 Md. at 672 , 785 A.2d at 715 ; see also Morgan , 309 Md. at 321 , 523 A.2d at 1011 . 2019See Underwood-Gary , 366 Md. at 672 , 785 A.2d at 715 ; see also Morgan , 309 Md. at 321 , 523 A.2d at 1011 . | 1 | 1 |
Jensen v. Archbishop Bergan Mercy Hospitalgreen1 sentence2018Id. at 184-85. | 1 | 1 |
Garvey v. O'DONOGHUEgreen2 sentences2013In Garvey v. O’Donoghue, 530 A.2d 1141, 1142 (D.C.1987), the plaintiffs filed a medical malpractice claim against the defendants-physicians for prescribing an antibiotic, which allegedly caused the injured plaintiff to contract tinnitus. 9 The plaintiffs identified a pharmacologist as their expert witness. 2013Id. at 1146 . | 1 | 1 |
| Lee v. Clinegreen | 1 | 1 |
Offen v. Brennergreen2 sentences2011Before the proceeding, she underwent a physical examination, during which the examining doctor— “who was expected to later present his expert testimony before the arbitration panel” — “told the patient that her previous doctor[, in fact] had performed unnecessary medical procedures on her.” Offen, 402 Md. at 203 , 935 A.2d 719, 726 (citing Odyniec, 322 Md. at 523-24 , 588 A.2d at 787-88 ). 2011Before the proceeding, she underwent a physical examination, during which the examining doctor— “who was expected to later present his expert testimony before the arbitration panel” — “told the patient that her previous doctor[, in fact] had performed unnecessary medical procedures on her.” Offen, 402 Md. at 203 , 935 A.2d 719, 726 (citing Odyniec, 322 Md. at 523-24 , 588 A.2d at 787-88 ). | 1 | 1 |
Robinson v. Bunchgreen2 sentences2011On the other hand, in the Piselli case, 371 Md. at 216 , 808 A.2d at 524 , we held that a statute of repose, running *380 against a minor child during his or her period of minority, and “barring an injured child’s medical malpractice claim before the child is able to bring an action is an unreasonable restriction upon the child’s right to a remedy and access to the courts guaranteed by Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights.” In addition, as this Court pointed out in Robinson v. Bunch, 367 Md. 432, 446-447 , 788 A.2d 636, 645 (2002), “the Legislature may ordinarily substitute a statu 2011On the other hand, in the Piselli case, 371 Md. at 216 , 808 A.2d at 524 , we held that a statute of repose, running *380 against a minor child during his or her period of minority, and “barring an injured child’s medical malpractice claim before the child is able to bring an action is an unreasonable restriction upon the child’s right to a remedy and access to the courts guaranteed by Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights.” In addition, as this Court pointed out in Robinson v. Bunch, 367 Md. 432, 446-447 , 788 A.2d 636, 645 (2002), “the Legislature may ordinarily substitute a statu | 1 | 1 |
| Chia Chuen Su v. Weavergreen | 1 | 1 |
| Mayor and Council of Rockville v. Rylyns Enterprises, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Dingle v. Belingreen | 1 | 1 |
| Hoover v. Williamsongreen | 1 | 1 |
| Barrio v. San Manuel Division Hospital for Magma Copper Co.green | 1 | 1 |
| Pintek v. Superior Courtgreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Gregoriogreen | 1 | 1 |
| Meda v. Browngreen | 1 | 1 |
| Brown v. Medagreen | 1 | 1 |
| Cherry v. Seymour Bros.green | 1 | 1 |
| Paige v. Manuzakgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Shilkret v. Annapolis Emergency Hospital Ass'ngreen | 1 | 1 |
| Group Health Ass'n v. Blumenthalgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Carroll v. Konits
green
2 sentences2015Because our determination of whether the Estate’s certificate of its qualified expert and report of its attesting expert complied with Maryland law is a question of legal sufficiency, we conduct a de novo review, keeping in mind that the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim “is only appropriate if, after assuming the truth of the assertions in the [certificate and report, and all permissible inferences emanating therefrom, the requirements set forth in the [Act] are not satisfied.” Carroll, 400 Md. at 180 n. 11, 929 A.2d 19 . *229 Our review begins with the text of section 3-2A-04(b) of th 2015Because our determination of whether the Estate’s certificate of its qualified expert and report of its attesting expert complied with Maryland law is a question of legal sufficiency, we conduct a de novo review, keeping in mind that the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim “is only appropriate if, after assuming the truth of the assertions in the [certificate and report, and all permissible inferences emanating therefrom, the requirements set forth in the [Act] are not satisfied.” Carroll, 400 Md. at 180 n. 11, 929 A.2d 19 . *229 Our review begins with the text of section 3-2A-04(b) of th | 6 | 2008–2018 |
Fennell v. Southern Maryland Hospital Center, Inc.
green
2 sentences2022Fennell, 320 Md. at 778 . 2022Fennell, 320 Md. at 778 . | 5 | 2007–2022 |
Edward W. McCready Memorial Hospital v. Hauser
green
2 sentences2007Relying on McCready Mem’l Hosp., supra, 330 Md. at 512 , 624 A.2d 1249 , as well as “the clear language of the statute,” Walzer, 395 Md. at 578 , 911 A.2d 427 , the Court ruled: “[W]e hold that the Statute clearly mandates dismissal, without prejudice, of a medical malpractice claim in which a claimant fails to file the required certificate of qualified expert within 90 days of filing the complaint.” Id. 2007Relying on McCready Mem’l Hosp., supra, 330 Md. at 512 , 624 A.2d 1249 , as well as “the clear language of the statute,” Walzer, 395 Md. at 578 , 911 A.2d 427 , the Court ruled: “[W]e hold that the Statute clearly mandates dismissal, without prejudice, of a medical malpractice claim in which a claimant fails to file the required certificate of qualified expert within 90 days of filing the complaint.” Id. | 3 | 2004–2007 |
Walzer v. Osborne
green
2 sentences2015Because our determination of whether the Estate’s certificate of its qualified expert and report of its attesting expert complied with Maryland law is a question of legal sufficiency, we conduct a de novo review, keeping in mind that the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim “is only appropriate if, after assuming the truth of the assertions in the [certificate and report, and all permissible inferences emanating therefrom, the requirements set forth in the [Act] are not satisfied.” Carroll, 400 Md. at 180 n. 11, 929 A.2d 19 . *229 Our review begins with the text of section 3-2A-04(b) of th 2015Because our determination of whether the Estate’s certificate of its qualified expert and report of its attesting expert complied with Maryland law is a question of legal sufficiency, we conduct a de novo review, keeping in mind that the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim “is only appropriate if, after assuming the truth of the assertions in the [certificate and report, and all permissible inferences emanating therefrom, the requirements set forth in the [Act] are not satisfied.” Carroll, 400 Md. at 180 n. 11, 929 A.2d 19 . *229 Our review begins with the text of section 3-2A-04(b) of th | 2 | 2007–2015 |
Hahn v. Claybrook
green
2 sentences1978Co. v. Moss, 130 Md. 198 , 100 A. 86 (1917) (adopting the continuation of. events theory) with Hahn v. Claybrook, 130 Md. 179 , 100 A. 83 (1917) (applying the discovery rule to a medical malpractice claim). 1978Co. v. Moss, 130 Md. 198 , 100 A. 86 (1917) (adopting the continuation of. events theory) with Hahn v. Claybrook, 130 Md. 179 , 100 A. 83 (1917) (applying the discovery rule to a medical malpractice claim). | 2 | 1978–1994 |
Kennelly v. Burgess
green
1 sentence2019The issue decided in Kennelly concerned another portion of the trial court’s 14 instructions on negligence – the propriety of an instruction that “an unsuccessful result following medical treatment is not evidence of negligence.” 337 Md. at 569-70 . | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Barber v. Catholic Health Initiatives, Inc.
green
2 sentences2018See CJP § 5-109(a) (a medical malpractice claim must be filed within the earlier of "(1) [f]ive years of the time the injury was committed; or (2) [t]hree years of the date the injury was discovered."). 12 Barber v. Catholic Health Initiatives, Inc. , 174 Md. 2018App. 314 , 921 A.2d 811 (2007) [" Barber I "], was vacated by the Court of Appeals and remanded to this Court to be reconsidered in light of the decision in Carroll v. Konits , 400 Md. 167 , 929 A.2d 19 (2007). | 1 | 2018–2018 |
Retina Grp. of Wash., P.C. v. Crosetto
green
2 sentences2018Retina Grp. of Wash., P.C. v. Crosetto , 237 Md.App. 150 , 164-65, 183 A.3d 873 (2018). 2018Retina Grp. of Wash., P.C. v. Crosetto , 237 Md.App. 150 , 164-65, 183 A.3d 873 (2018). | 1 | 2018–2018 |
Igwilo v. Property & Casualty Ins. Guaranty Corp.
green
2 sentences2013In Igwilo , the Court of Special Appeals considered whether a medical malpractice claim involving a child born with severe brain damage constituted a single claim or could be three covered claims, one each for the mother, father, and child. 131 Md.App. at 634 , 750 A.2d 646 . 2013In Igwilo , the Court of Special Appeals considered whether a medical malpractice claim involving a child born with severe brain damage constituted a single claim or could be three covered claims, one each for the mother, father, and child. 131 Md.App. at 634 , 750 A.2d 646 . | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Dorsey v. Nold
green
2 sentences2013In Manzano, 347 Md. at 27, 29-30 , 698 A.2d 531 , the Court of Appeals reversed the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim, holding that, although the chair of an arbitration panel possessed “the authority to sanction Petitioner for violating the scheduling order[,]” a sanction must be proportionate to the corresponding violation, and as a result, case-ending sanctions are disfavored. 7 The Court stated that “[t]he dismissal of a elaim[ ] is among the gravest of sanctions, and as such, is warranted only in cases of egregious misconduct such as willful or contemptuous behavior, a deliberate a 2013In Manzano, 347 Md. at 27, 29-30 , 698 A.2d 531 , the Court of Appeals reversed the dismissal of a medical malpractice claim, holding that, although the chair of an arbitration panel possessed “the authority to sanction Petitioner for violating the scheduling order[,]” a sanction must be proportionate to the corresponding violation, and as a result, case-ending sanctions are disfavored. 7 The Court stated that “[t]he dismissal of a elaim[ ] is among the gravest of sanctions, and as such, is warranted only in cases of egregious misconduct such as willful or contemptuous behavior, a deliberate a | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Parker v. Harper
green
1 sentence2013Id. | 1 | 2013–2013 |
| St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance v. House green | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| Ritchie v. Donnelly green | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| Attorney Grievance Commission v. Aldridge green | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Maryland Aggregates Ass'n v. State
green
1 sentence2011See also Lee v. Cline, supra, 384 Md. at 265-266 , 863 A.2d at 309-310 ; Ashton v. Brown, supra, 339 Md. at 104-108 , 660 A.2d at 464-466 ; Maryland Aggregates v. State, 337 Md. 658, 675-682 , 655 A.2d 886, 895-898 , cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1111 , 115 S.Ct. 1965 , 131 L.Ed.2d 856 (1995); Johnson v. Maryland State Police, supra, 331 Md. at 297 n. 8, 628 A.2d at 168 n. 8; Ritchie v. Donnelly, supra, 324 Md. at 374 n. 14, 597 A.2d at 446 n. 14; Branch v. Indemnity Ins. | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| Attorney Grievance Commission v. Henley green | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Ashton v. Brown
green
1 sentence2011See also Lee v. Cline, supra, 384 Md. at 265-266 , 863 A.2d at 309-310 ; Ashton v. Brown, supra, 339 Md. at 104-108 , 660 A.2d at 464-466 ; Maryland Aggregates v. State, 337 Md. 658, 675-682 , 655 A.2d 886, 895-898 , cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1111 , 115 S.Ct. 1965 , 131 L.Ed.2d 856 (1995); Johnson v. Maryland State Police, supra, 331 Md. at 297 n. 8, 628 A.2d at 168 n. 8; Ritchie v. Donnelly, supra, 324 Md. at 374 n. 14, 597 A.2d at 446 n. 14; Branch v. Indemnity Ins. | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Johnson v. Maryland State Police
green
2 sentences2011See also Lee v. Cline, supra, 384 Md. at 265-266 , 863 A.2d at 309-310 ; Ashton v. Brown, supra, 339 Md. at 104-108 , 660 A.2d at 464-466 ; Maryland Aggregates v. State, 337 Md. 658, 675-682 , 655 A.2d 886, 895-898 , cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1111 , 115 S.Ct. 1965 , 131 L.Ed.2d 856 (1995); Johnson v. Maryland State Police, supra, 331 Md. at 297 n. 8, 628 A.2d at 168 n. 8; Ritchie v. Donnelly, supra, 324 Md. at 374 n. 14, 597 A.2d at 446 n. 14; Branch v. Indemnity Ins. 2011See also Lee v. Cline, supra, 384 Md. at 265-266 , 863 A.2d at 309-310 ; Ashton v. Brown, supra, 339 Md. at 104-108 , 660 A.2d at 464-466 ; Maryland Aggregates v. State, 337 Md. 658, 675-682 , 655 A.2d 886, 895-898 , cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1111 , 115 S.Ct. 1965 , 131 L.Ed.2d 856 (1995); Johnson v. Maryland State Police, supra, 331 Md. at 297 n. 8, 628 A.2d at 168 n. 8; Ritchie v. Donnelly, supra, 324 Md. at 374 n. 14, 597 A.2d at 446 n. 14; Branch v. Indemnity Ins. | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| Kearney v. Berger green | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Genstar Stone Products Co. v. Maryland
green
1 sentence2011See also Lee v. Cline, supra, 384 Md. at 265-266 , 863 A.2d at 309-310 ; Ashton v. Brown, supra, 339 Md. at 104-108 , 660 A.2d at 464-466 ; Maryland Aggregates v. State, 337 Md. 658, 675-682 , 655 A.2d 886, 895-898 , cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1111 , 115 S.Ct. 1965 , 131 L.Ed.2d 856 (1995); Johnson v. Maryland State Police, supra, 331 Md. at 297 n. 8, 628 A.2d at 168 n. 8; Ritchie v. Donnelly, supra, 324 Md. at 374 n. 14, 597 A.2d at 446 n. 14; Branch v. Indemnity Ins. | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| O'Connor v. Rehabilitation Support Services, Inc. green | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| Healthcare Staffing Solutions, Inc. v. Wilkinson Ex Rel. Wilkinson green | 1 | 2010–2010 |
| Jones v. Speed green | 1 | 2010–2010 |
| Karlsons v. Guerinot green | 1 | 2009–2009 |
| Rios v. Montgomery County green | 1 | 2005–2005 |
| Crum Ex Rel. Estate of Crum v. Health Alliance-Midwest, Inc. green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Williams v. Williams green | 1 | 2002–2002 |
| Henley v. Prince George's County green | 1 | 2002–2002 |
| First Wholesale Cleaners Inc. v. Donegal Mutual Insurance green | 1 | 2002–2002 |
| Stewart v. United Electric Light & Power Co. green | 1 | 2001–2001 |
| Martinez v. Lopez green | 1 | 2000–2000 |
| Franklin v. Gupta green | 1 | 1999–1999 |
| Lane v. Calvert green | 1 | 1999–1999 |
| Weimer v. Hetrick green | 1 | 1999–1999 |
| Golub v. Spivey green | 1 | 1997–1997 |
| DeRose v. Carswell green | 1 | 1997–1997 |
| Long v. Rothbaum neutral | 1 | 1995–1995 |
| Jewell v. Malamet green | 1 | 1995–1995 |
| Weidig v. Tabler green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Reilly v. Newman green | 1 | 1991–1991 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.