American rule (Washington) · Go Syfert
← Washington issues

American rule in Washington

129 Washington opinions name it 3 courts 1891–2026 15 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

CaseFollowedCited
All Around Underground, Inc. v. Washington State Patrolgreen
wash · 2002 · cited in 6 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2020
2 sentences

2013A. Standard of Review — Contract ¶93 “Under the American rule compensation for attorney fees and costs may be awarded only if authorized by contract, statute, or a recognized ground in equity.” In re Impoundment of Chevrolet Truck, 148 Wn.2d 145, 160 , 60 P.3d 53 (2002).

2013A. Standard of Review — Contract ¶93 “Under the American rule compensation for attorney fees and costs may be awarded only if authorized by contract, statute, or a recognized ground in equity.” In re Impoundment of Chevrolet Truck, 148 Wn.2d 145, 160 , 60 P.3d 53 (2002).

36
In Re Impoundment of Chevrolet Truckgreen
wash · 2002 · cited in 5 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2020
2 sentences

2013A. Standard of Review — Contract ¶93 “Under the American rule compensation for attorney fees and costs may be awarded only if authorized by contract, statute, or a recognized ground in equity.” In re Impoundment of Chevrolet Truck, 148 Wn.2d 145, 160 , 60 P.3d 53 (2002).

2013A. Standard of Review — Contract ¶93 “Under the American rule compensation for attorney fees and costs may be awarded only if authorized by contract, statute, or a recognized ground in equity.” In re Impoundment of Chevrolet Truck, 148 Wn.2d 145, 160 , 60 P.3d 53 (2002).

25
Cecil v. Dominygreen
wash · 1966 · cited in 5 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1994–1997
2 sentences

1994In the alternative, fees were awarded pursuant to Cecil v. Dominy, 69 Wn.2d 289 , 418 P.2d 233 (1966) which carved out an exception to the American rule by treating fees incurred in dissolving a wrongful injunction as an element of damages.

1994In the alternative, fees were awarded pursuant to Cecil v. Dominy, 69 Wn.2d 289 , 418 P.2d 233 (1966) which carved out an exception to the American rule by treating fees incurred in dissolving a wrongful injunction as an element of damages.

25
Chambers v. Nasco, Inc.green
scotus · 1991 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2018–2022
2 sentences

2022See Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46 , 111 S. Ct. 2123 .

2022See Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46 , 111 S. Ct. 2123 .

22
Mustafoski v. Stategreen
alaskactapp · 1994 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
22
Commonwealth v. Darushgreen
pasuperct · 1980 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
22
Carbone v. Tierneygreen
nh · 2004 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22
Foster v. Duggingreen
tenn · 1985 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22
Paul K. Sitton v. Hal H. Clements, Jr.green
ca6 · 1967 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22
State v. Ewinggreen
washctapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
22
Rorvig v. Douglasgreen
wash · 1994 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1994–2025
2 sentences

1996See Rorvig v. Douglas, 123 Wn.2d 854, 861 , 873 P.2d 492 (1994) (recognizing exception to American rule permitting attorney fees to be recovered as damages in slander of title action, while adhering to American rule as general rule). *521 I would find that the Court of Appeals was correct in remanding the case to determine whether there was any actual harm, beyond the incurring of attorney fees.

1996See Rorvig v. Douglas, 123 Wn.2d 854, 861 , 873 P.2d 492 (1994) (recognizing exception to American rule permitting attorney fees to be recovered as damages in slander of title action, while adhering to American rule as general rule). *521 I would find that the Court of Appeals was correct in remanding the case to determine whether there was any actual harm, beyond the incurring of attorney fees.

14
State Ex Rel. MacRi v. City of Bremertongreen
wash · 1941 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1993–1999
2 sentences

1993Until this court's decision in Olympic Steamship, the law in this state on attorney fees was consistent and clear; a recognized basis had to exist before such fees could be awarded. [12] "The most careful and detailed early analysis of the American rule in the State of Washington is found in [ State ex rel. ] Macri v. Bremerton, 8 Wn.2d 93 , 111 P.2d 612 (1941)." Talmadge, The Award of Attorneys' Fees in Civil Litigation in Washington, 16 Gonz.

1993Until this court's decision in Olympic Steamship, the law in this state on attorney fees was consistent and clear; a recognized basis had to exist before such fees could be awarded. [12] "The most careful and detailed early analysis of the American rule in the State of Washington is found in [ State ex rel. ] Macri v. Bremerton, 8 Wn.2d 93 , 111 P.2d 612 (1941)." Talmadge, The Award of Attorneys' Fees in Civil Litigation in Washington, 16 Gonz.

14
Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co.green
scotus · 1967 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1986–2022
2 sentences

2018The primary justification for adopting the American rule is that it encourages aggrieved parties to air their grievances in court. "[S]ince litigation is at best uncertain[,] one should not be penalized for merely defending or prosecuting a lawsuit, and ... the poor might be unjustly discouraged from instituting actions to vindicate their rights if the penalty for losing included the fees of their opponents' counsel." Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co., 386 U.S. 714 , 718, 87 S.Ct. 1404 , 18 L.Ed. 2d 475 (1967). ¶ 106 The American rule therefore bars courts from awarding attorne

2018The primary justification for adopting the American rule is that it encourages aggrieved parties to air their grievances in court. "[S]ince litigation is at best uncertain[,] one should not be penalized for merely defending or prosecuting a lawsuit, and ... the poor might be unjustly discouraged from instituting actions to vindicate their rights if the penalty for losing included the fees of their opponents' counsel." Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co., 386 U.S. 714 , 718, 87 S.Ct. 1404 , 18 L.Ed. 2d 475 (1967). ¶ 106 The American rule therefore bars courts from awarding attorne

13
Blair v. Washington State Universitygreen
wash · 1987 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1997–2001
2 sentences

2001See Blair v. Wash. State Univ., 108 Wash.2d 558, 573-74 , 740 P.2d 1379 (1987) (holding an award of reasonable attorney fees in civil rights actions is not limited to costs enumerated in RCW 4.84.010 ("The great weight of authority allows a prevailing civil rights plaintiff to recover reasonable expenses incurred.") (citing Palmigiano v. Garrahy, 707 F.2d 636 (1st Cir.1983) (reasonable and necessary costs include out-of-pocket expenses for transportation, lodging, parking, food, and telephone expenses))). *917 Washington follows the American rule "that attorney fees are not recoverable by the

2001See Blair v. Wash. State Univ., 108 Wash.2d 558, 573-74 , 740 P.2d 1379 (1987) (holding an award of reasonable attorney fees in civil rights actions is not limited to costs enumerated in RCW 4.84.010 ("The great weight of authority allows a prevailing civil rights plaintiff to recover reasonable expenses incurred.") (citing Palmigiano v. Garrahy, 707 F.2d 636 (1st Cir.1983) (reasonable and necessary costs include out-of-pocket expenses for transportation, lodging, parking, food, and telephone expenses))). *917 Washington follows the American rule "that attorney fees are not recoverable by the

13
Dalton M, LLC v. N. Cascade Tr. Servs., Inc.green
wash · 2023 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2026
2 sentences

2026Servs., Inc., 2 Wn.3d 36, 56 , 534 P.3d 339 (2023).

2026Servs., Inc., 2 Wn.3d 36, 56 , 534 P.3d 339 (2023).

12
Leingang v. Pierce County Medical Bureau, Inc.green
wash · 1997 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2026
2 sentences

2026Bureau, Inc., 131 Wn.2d 133, 143 , 930 P.2d 288 (1997).

2026See Leingang, 131 Wn.2d at 143 .

12
Summit Valley Industries, Inc. v. Local 112, United Brotherhood of Carpentersgreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2012–2022
12
Hayseeds, Inc. v. State Farm Fire & Cas.green
wva · 1986 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
12
Wells v. Aetna Insurancegreen
wash · 1962 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
12
In re the Disciplinary Proceeding Against Kinggreen
wash · 2010 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
United States v. Arthur Cary Pryor, A/K/A Camden M. Pellergreen
ca1 · 1992 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
In Re Disciplinary Proceeding Against Kinggreen
wash · 2010 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Gustave Gerstle, (Cross-Appellants) v. Gamble-Skogmo, Inc., (Cross-Appellee)green
ca2 · 1973 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Societyred
scotus · 1975 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
City of Aurora v. Zwerdlingergreen
· 1977 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Childs v. Comstockred
· 1902 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22

Also cited on this issue (54)

CaseCitedYears
Cosmopolitan Engineering Group, Inc. v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc. green
wash · 2006
2 sentences

2014Eng'g Grp., Inc. v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 292, 296-97 , 149 P.3d 666 (2006) ("The general rule in Washington, commonly referred to as the 'American rule,' is that each party in a civil action will pay its own attorney fees and costs.

2014Eng’g Grp., Inc. v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 292, 296-97 , 149 P.3d 666 (2006) (“The general rule in Washington, commonly referred to as the American rule,’ is that each party in a civil action will pay its own attorney fees and costs.

142007–2017
City of Seattle v. McCready green
wash · 1997
2 sentences

2024Washington adheres to the American rule that “attorney fees are not available as costs or damages 7 No. 86007-1-I/8 absent a contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity.” City of Seattle v. McCready, 131 Wn.2d 266, 275 , 931 P.2d 156 (1997).

2024Washington adheres to the American rule that “attorney fees are not available as costs or damages 7 No. 86007-1-I/8 absent a contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity.” City of Seattle v. McCready, 131 Wn.2d 266, 275 , 931 P.2d 156 (1997).

121999–2024
City of Seattle v. McCready green
wash · 1997
2 sentences

2024Washington adheres to the American rule that “attorney fees are not available as costs or damages 7 No. 86007-1-I/8 absent a contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity.” City of Seattle v. McCready, 131 Wn.2d 266, 275 , 931 P.2d 156 (1997).

2024Washington adheres to the American rule that “attorney fees are not available as costs or damages 7 No. 86007-1-I/8 absent a contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity.” City of Seattle v. McCready, 131 Wn.2d 266, 275 , 931 P.2d 156 (1997).

121999–2024
COSMOPOLITAN ENG. GROUP v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc. green
wash · 2006
2 sentences

2014Eng'g Grp., Inc. v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 292, 296-97 , 149 P.3d 666 (2006) ("The general rule in Washington, commonly referred to as the 'American rule,' is that each party in a civil action will pay its own attorney fees and costs.

2014Eng’g Grp., Inc. v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 292, 296-97 , 149 P.3d 666 (2006) (“The general rule in Washington, commonly referred to as the American rule,’ is that each party in a civil action will pay its own attorney fees and costs.

122007–2017
Wagner v. Foote green
wash · 1996
2 sentences

2009Thus, the trial court's December 14, 2007 cost award is properly before this court for review. ¶ 32 "Washington follows the American rule concerning attorneys' fees and litigation expenses." Wagner v. Foote, 128 Wash.2d 408, 416 , 908 P.2d 884 (1996).

2009Thus, the trial court's December 14, 2007 cost award is properly before this court for review. ¶ 32 "Washington follows the American rule concerning attorneys' fees and litigation expenses." Wagner v. Foote, 128 Wash.2d 408, 416 , 908 P.2d 884 (1996).

111997–2014
Olympic Steamship Co., Inc. v. Centennial Ins. Co. green
wash · 1991
2 sentences

2023First American raises four issues on appeal and contends the superior court erred by: (i) finding it breached the policy, (ii) awarding Montler attorney fees pursuant to Olympic Steamship Co. v. Centennial Insurance Co., 117 Wn.2d 37, 53 , 811 P.2d 673 (1991), (iii) concluding First American failed to demonstrate material misrepresentation by Montler, and (iv) denying First American’s motion for CR 11 sanctions. 2 No. 39497-2-III Montler v. Belfor USA Group, Inc., et al.

2023First American raises four issues on appeal and contends the superior court erred by: (i) finding it breached the policy, (ii) awarding Montler attorney fees pursuant to Olympic Steamship Co. v. Centennial Insurance Co., 117 Wn.2d 37, 53 , 811 P.2d 673 (1991), (iii) concluding First American failed to demonstrate material misrepresentation by Montler, and (iv) denying First American’s motion for CR 11 sanctions. 2 No. 39497-2-III Montler v. Belfor USA Group, Inc., et al.

62007–2023
Rettkowski v. Department of Ecology green
wash · 1996
2 sentences

1999Washington follows the American rule: no “attorney fees as costs absent a contract, statute, or recognized equitable exception.” City of Seattle v. McCready, 131 Wn.2d 266, 274 , 931 P.2d 156 (1997); Rettkowski v. Department of Ecology, 128 Wn.2d 508, 514 , 910 P.2d 462 (1996); State ex rel.

1999Washington follows the American rule: no “attorney fees as costs absent a contract, statute, or recognized equitable exception.” City of Seattle v. McCready, 131 Wn.2d 266, 274 , 931 P.2d 156 (1997); Rettkowski v. Department of Ecology, 128 Wn.2d 508, 514 , 910 P.2d 462 (1996); State ex rel.

61997–2017
Dayton v. Farmers Insurance Group green
wash · 1994
2 sentences

2018Group, 124 Wn.2d 277, 280 , 876 P.2d 896 (1994).

2018Group, 124 Wn.2d 277, 280 , 876 P.2d 896 (1994).

51998–2018
Mahler v. Szucs green
wash · 1998
2 sentences

2010The common fund doctrine is an exception to the American rule on civil fees and applies in cases "where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wash.2d 398, 427 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 (1998). ¶ 11 In Mahler, an insurance company sought reimbursement for PIP payments it had made to the injured after the injured recovered an award against the tortfeasor. 135 Wash.2d at 404-05 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 .

2010The common fund doctrine is an exception to the American rule on civil fees and applies in cases "where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wash.2d 398, 427 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 (1998). ¶ 11 In Mahler, an insurance company sought reimbursement for PIP payments it had made to the injured after the injured recovered an award against the tortfeasor. 135 Wash.2d at 404-05 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 .

52005–2017
Berryman v. Metcalf green
washctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2024See In re Disciplinary Proceeding Against King, 168 Wn.2d 888, 905 , 232 P.3d 1095 (2010) (concluding that the relief sought in the alleged conflicting law suit indicated no meritorious reason for adding the disciplinary hearing officer as a party to that suit and that “[o]ne cannot manufacture an appearance of unfairness by merely filing a lawsuit against the presiding official”); United States v. Pryor, 960 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1992) (“It cannot be that an automatic recusal can be obtained by the simple act of suing the judge.”). 5 No. 83915-2-I/6 “The general rule in Washington, commonly refe

2023“The general rule in Washington, commonly referred to as the ‘American rule,’ is that each party in a civil action will pay its own attorney fees and costs.” Berryman v. Metcalf, 177 Wn.

42021–2024
Mahler v. Szucs green
wash · 1998
2 sentences

2010The common fund doctrine is an exception to the American rule on civil fees and applies in cases "where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wash.2d 398, 427 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 (1998). ¶ 11 In Mahler, an insurance company sought reimbursement for PIP payments it had made to the injured after the injured recovered an award against the tortfeasor. 135 Wash.2d at 404-05 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 .

2010The common fund doctrine is an exception to the American rule on civil fees and applies in cases "where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wash.2d 398, 427 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 (1998). ¶ 11 In Mahler, an insurance company sought reimbursement for PIP payments it had made to the injured after the injured recovered an award against the tortfeasor. 135 Wash.2d at 404-05 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 .

42005–2017
Leingang v. PIERCE CO. MED. BUREAU, INC. green
wash · 1997
2 sentences

2026Bureau, Inc., 131 Wn.2d 133, 143 , 930 P.2d 288 (1997).

2025Id.

32017–2026
Mehlenbacher v. DeMont green
washctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2025App. 240, 244 , 11 P.3d 871 (2000) (explaining under “American rule” fees are not recoverable unless authorized by statute, contract, or recognized ground of equity. 7 Other than pointing out that there was no contractual fee provision between the parties in Li v. Tang, 87 Wn.2d 796, 798 , 557 P.2d 342 (1976), Ghias does not otherwise challenge the arbitrator’s reliance on the principles articulated in that case. - 11 - No. 87661-9-I/12 V.

2025App. 240, 244 , 11 P.3d 871 (2000).

32024–2025
Bowles v. Department of Retirement Systems green
wash · 1993
2 sentences

1998Under the American rule, a court may award fees “only if authorized by ‘contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity.’ ” Bowles v. Department of Retirement Sys., 121 Wn.2d 52, 70 , 847 P.2d 440 (1993) (quoting Painting & Decorating Contractors, Inc. v. Ellensburg Sch.

1998Under the American rule, a court may award fees “only if authorized by ‘contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity.’ ” Bowles v. Department of Retirement Sys., 121 Wn.2d 52, 70 , 847 P.2d 440 (1993) (quoting Painting & Decorating Contractors, Inc. v. Ellensburg Sch.

31994–2018
Spokane Co. v. State Ex Rel. Co. Comrs. green
wash · 1998
2 sentences

2010The common fund doctrine is an exception to the American rule on civil fees and applies in cases "where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wash.2d 398, 427 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 (1998). ¶ 11 In Mahler, an insurance company sought reimbursement for PIP payments it had made to the injured after the injured recovered an award against the tortfeasor. 135 Wash.2d at 404-05 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 .

2010The common fund doctrine is an exception to the American rule on civil fees and applies in cases "where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wash.2d 398, 427 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 (1998). ¶ 11 In Mahler, an insurance company sought reimbursement for PIP payments it had made to the injured after the injured recovered an award against the tortfeasor. 135 Wash.2d at 404-05 , 957 P.2d 632 , 966 P.2d 305 .

32010–2017
Jaramillo v. Morris green
washctapp · 1988
2 sentences

2014This general rule can be modified by contract, statute, or a recognized ground in equity." (citations omitted)); Jaramillo v. Morris, 50 Wn.

2014This general rule can be modified by contract, statute, or a recognized ground in equity.” (citations omitted)); Jaramillo v. Morris, 50 Wn.

32014–2014
Covell v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1995
2 sentences

2005It further noted, "[t]his equitable sharing rule is based on the common fund doctrine, which, as an exception to the American rule on fees in civil cases, applies to cases where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler, 135 Wash.2d at 426-27 , 957 P.2d 632 (citing Covell v. City of Seattle, 127 Wash.2d 874, 891 , 905 P.2d 324 (1995)).

2005It further noted, "[t]his equitable sharing rule is based on the common fund doctrine, which, as an exception to the American rule on fees in civil cases, applies to cases where litigants preserve or create a common fund for the benefit of others as well as themselves." Mahler, 135 Wash.2d at 426-27 , 957 P.2d 632 (citing Covell v. City of Seattle, 127 Wash.2d 874, 891 , 905 P.2d 324 (1995)).

32005–2008
Blue Sky Advocates v. State green
wash · 1986
2 sentences

1997Blue Sky Advocates v. State, 107 Wn.2d 112, 122 , 727 P.2d 644 (1986).

1997Blue Sky Advocates v. State, 107 Wn.2d 112, 122 , 727 P.2d 644 (1986).

31989–1997
Hsu Ying Li v. Tang green
wash · 1976
2 sentences

2025App. 240, 244 , 11 P.3d 871 (2000) (explaining under “American rule” fees are not recoverable unless authorized by statute, contract, or recognized ground of equity. 7 Other than pointing out that there was no contractual fee provision between the parties in Li v. Tang, 87 Wn.2d 796, 798 , 557 P.2d 342 (1976), Ghias does not otherwise challenge the arbitrator’s reliance on the principles articulated in that case. - 11 - No. 87661-9-I/12 V.

2025App. 240, 244 , 11 P.3d 871 (2000) (explaining under “American rule” fees are not recoverable unless authorized by statute, contract, or recognized ground of equity. 7 Other than pointing out that there was no contractual fee provision between the parties in Li v. Tang, 87 Wn.2d 796, 798 , 557 P.2d 342 (1976), Ghias does not otherwise challenge the arbitrator’s reliance on the principles articulated in that case. - 11 - No. 87661-9-I/12 V.

22015–2025
Mehlenbacher v. DeMont green
washctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2025“Washington follows the American rule that attorney fees are recoverable in a suit only when authorized by statute, contract, or equity.” Mehlenbacher v. DeMont, 103 Wn.

2025“Washington follows the American rule that attorney fees are recoverable in a suit only when authorized by statute, contract, or equity.” Mehlenbacher v. DeMont, 103 Wn.

22024–2025
Public Utility District No. 1 v. Kottsick green
wash · 1976
21982–2022
Cornelius v. Department of Ecology green
wash · 2015
22019–2020
Gander v. Yeager green
washctapp · 2012
22013–2019
Sherwood Assisted Living, Inc. v. Finn green
washctapp · 2010
22011–2011
In Re Guardianship of Matthews neutral
washctapp · 2010
22011–2011
Amalgamated Transit Union Local 587 v. State green
wash · 2000
22010–2010
Price v. Kitsap Transit green
wash · 1994
22008–2008
Campagnola v. Mulholland, Minion & Roe green
nyappdiv · 1989
22008–2008
McGlone v. Lacey green
sdd · 1968
22008–2008
Olson v. City of Bellevue green
washctapp · 1998
22008–2008
Horn v. Wooster green
wyo · 2007
22008–2008
F. D. Rich Co. v. United States Ex Rel. Industrial Lumber Co. green
scotus · 1974
22007–2007
Mellor v. Chamberlin green
wash · 1983
22006–2006
Cosmopolitan Engineering Group, Inc. v. Ondeo Degremont, Inc. neutral
washctapp · 2005
22006–2006
State v. Christensen neutral
washctapp · 2000
22004–2005
Soper v. Clibborn neutral
washctapp · 1982
22004–2004
State v. Martinez green
washctapp · 1995
22000–2000
Weiss v. Bruno green
wash · 1974
21997–1997
McGreevy v. Oregon Mutual Insurance green
wash · 1995
21997–1997
Grein v. Cavano green
wash · 1963
21997–1997

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.84.010 (13) USC § 42u.s.c.1988 (11) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 19.86.090 (9) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (9) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.84.330 (8) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 11.96A.150 (6) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.84.030 (6) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 18.27.040 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 34.05.570 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.84.185 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.84.250 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 271 (1858–2026) MI 189 (1863–2026) OH 141 (1869–2026) WA 129 (1891–2026) CT 126 (1895–2026) IL 99 (1851–2026) TN 83 (1887–2026) NY 72 (1885–2026) TX 69 (1888–2026) MO 66 (1877–2019) WY 60 (1916–2026) MD 58 (1906–2025) NJ 58 (1862–2025) AL 54 (1851–2016) NM 49 (1931–2025) MA 49 (1854–2026) VA 48 (1920–2026) CO 45 (1881–2026) DC 44 (1957–2024) PA 42 (1839–2026) WI 40 (1871–2016) IN 40 (1872–2024) FL 37 (1880–2024) AR 32 (1884–2026) AZ 30 (1874–2026) DE 29 (1899–2026) VT 28 (1877–2025) RI 27 (1918–2025) WV 25 (1890–2019) UT 25 (1881–2025) SD 23 (1892–2025) IA 22 (1871–2026) ID 21 (1897–2024) MS 21 (1875–2024) MT 21 (1888–2024) GA 20 (1897–2016) OK 20 (1931–2025) KY 19 (1846–2026) OR 19 (1953–2024) HI 15 (1914–2025) KS 14 (1900–2022) ME 14 (1980–2023) MN 13 (1890–2016) NC 13 (1892–2012) NE 11 (1888–2007) ND 10 (1917–2020) AK 10 (1977–2023) NV 9 (1918–2021) LA 9 (1853–2018) NH 9 (1850–1999) SC 3 (1881–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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