American rule (Minnesota) · Go Syfert
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American rule in Minnesota

13 Minnesota opinions name it 2 courts 1890–2016 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Minnesota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

CaseFollowedCited
Dunn v. National Beverage Corp.green
minn · 2008 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016Minnesota has adopted the American rule “that attorney fees are not recoverable in litigation unless there is a specific contract permitting or a statute authorizing such recovery.” Dunn v. Nat’l Beverage Corp., 745 N.W.2d 549, 554 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted).

2016Minnesota has adopted the American rule “that attorney fees are not recoverable in litigation unless there is a specific contract permitting or a statute authorizing such recovery.” Dunn v. Nat’l Beverage Corp., 745 N.W.2d 549, 554 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted).

22
Becker v. Alloy Hardfacing & Engineering Co.green
minn · 1987 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Becker v. Alloy Hardfacing & Eng’g Co., 401 N.W.2d 655, 661 (Minn. 1987). 19 In Minnesota, the recovery of attorney fees is governed by the American rule, which “is that attorney fees are not recoverable in litigation unless there is a specific contract permitting or a statute authorizing such recovery.” Dunn v. Nat’l Beverage Corp., 745 N.W.2d 549, 554 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted); see Kallok v. Medtronic, Inc., 573 N.W.2d 356, 363 (Minn. 1998) (referring to this rule as “[t]he American rule”).

2015Becker v. Alloy Hardfacing & Eng’g Co., 401 N.W.2d 655, 661 (Minn. 1987). 19 In Minnesota, the recovery of attorney fees is governed by the American rule, which “is that attorney fees are not recoverable in litigation unless there is a specific contract permitting or a statute authorizing such recovery.” Dunn v. Nat’l Beverage Corp., 745 N.W.2d 549, 554 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted); see Kallok v. Medtronic, Inc., 573 N.W.2d 356, 363 (Minn. 1998) (referring to this rule as “[t]he American rule”).

11
Kallok v. Medtronic, Inc.green
minn · 1998 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Becker v. Alloy Hardfacing & Eng’g Co., 401 N.W.2d 655, 661 (Minn. 1987). 19 In Minnesota, the recovery of attorney fees is governed by the American rule, which “is that attorney fees are not recoverable in litigation unless there is a specific contract permitting or a statute authorizing such recovery.” Dunn v. Nat’l Beverage Corp., 745 N.W.2d 549, 554 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted); see Kallok v. Medtronic, Inc., 573 N.W.2d 356, 363 (Minn. 1998) (referring to this rule as “[t]he American rule”).

2015Becker v. Alloy Hardfacing & Eng’g Co., 401 N.W.2d 655, 661 (Minn. 1987). 19 In Minnesota, the recovery of attorney fees is governed by the American rule, which “is that attorney fees are not recoverable in litigation unless there is a specific contract permitting or a statute authorizing such recovery.” Dunn v. Nat’l Beverage Corp., 745 N.W.2d 549, 554 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted); see Kallok v. Medtronic, Inc., 573 N.W.2d 356, 363 (Minn. 1998) (referring to this rule as “[t]he American rule”).

11
Osborne v. Chapmangreen
minn · 1998 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Appellate courts are “exceedingly cautious when awarding attorney fees as damages.” Osborne v. Chapman, 574 N.W.2d 64, 68 (Minn. 1998) (quotation omitted).

2015Appellate courts are “exceedingly cautious when awarding attorney fees as damages.” Osborne v. Chapman, 574 N.W.2d 64, 68 (Minn. 1998) (quotation omitted).

11
Parker v. Rogersongreen
nyappdiv · 1975 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

11
Wilmington Trust Company v. Coultergreen
delch · 1965 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

11
Wolff v. Callagreen
paed · 1968 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

11
Allard v. Pacific National Bankgreen
wash · 1983 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

2001See Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter, 208 A.2d 677, 682 (Del.Ch.1966) (noting attorney-fee award would be appropriate only “in the very unusual situation,” for example where trustee’s behavior has been “of a gross or inexcusable nature”); Parker v. Rogerson, 49 A.D.2d 689, 690 , 370 N.Y.S.2d 753, 755 (N.Y.App.Div.1975) (allowing attorney-fee award in proceeding to establish self-dealing); Allard v. Pacific Nat’l Bank, 99 Wash.2d 394 , 663 P.2d 104, 110, 112 (1983) (requiring trustee to pay attorney fees for “inexcusable conduct” in “egregious breach” of its fiduciary duty; namely, failure to ob

11
Hoang Minh Ly v. Nystromgreen
minn · 2000 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001Ly v. Nystrom, 615 N.W.2d 302, 314 (Minn.2000).

11
Bergquist v. Kreidlergreen
minn · 1924 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

11
Tarnowski v. Resopgreen
minn · 1952 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

11
Prior Lake State Bank v. Grothgreen
minn · 1961 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

11
Barr/Nelson, Inc. v. Tonto's, Inc.green
minn · 1983 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998Barr/Nelson, Inc. v. Tonto’s, Inc., 336 N.W.2d 46, 53 (Minn.1983); Alyeska Pipeline Serv.

11
Langeland v. Farmers State Bank of Trimontgreen
minn · 1982 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

1998Langeland v. Farmers State Bank, 319 N.W.2d 26, 33 (Minn.1982); Prior Lake State Bank v. Groth, 259 Minn. 495, 500 , 108 N.W.2d 619, 622 (1961); Tarnowski v. Resop, 236 Minn. 33, 39-40 , 51 N.W.2d 801, 804 (1952); Bergquist v. Kreidler, 158 Minn. 127, 130 , 196 N.W. 964, 965 (1924).

11
Uselman v. Uselmanred
minn · 1990 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
1 sentence

1992See Uselman v. Uselman, 464 N.W.2d 130, 140 (Minn.1990) (under “American rule” prevailing party is not entitled to attorney fees just because he won).

11
Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybertgreen
md · 1983 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
2 sentences

1986Compare Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybert, 295 Md. 347 , 456 A.2d 20 (1983); Perez v. Pappas, 98 Wash.2d 835 , 659 P.2d 475 (1983); Burk v. Burzynski, 672 P.2d 419 (Wyo.1983). [4] Plaintiffs argue an award of attorney fees is necessary if the class is to be "made whole." If transaction costs of the legal system are to be so recognized, every prevailing litigant could make the same argument, and this, of course, is not the American rule.

1986Compare Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybert, 295 Md. 347 , 456 A.2d 20 (1983); Perez v. Pappas, 98 Wash.2d 835 , 659 P.2d 475 (1983); Burk v. Burzynski, 672 P.2d 419 (Wyo.1983). [4] Plaintiffs argue an award of attorney fees is necessary if the class is to be "made whole." If transaction costs of the legal system are to be so recognized, every prevailing litigant could make the same argument, and this, of course, is not the American rule.

11
Mills v. Electric Auto-Lite Co.green
scotus · 1970 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
2 sentences

1976See, Mills v. Electric Auto-Lite Co. 396 U. S. 375 , 90 S. Ct. 616 , 24 L. ed. 2d 593 (1970); Bosch v. Meeker Co-op.

1976See, Mills v. Electric Auto-Lite Co. 396 U. S. 375 , 90 S. Ct. 616 , 24 L. ed. 2d 593 (1970); Bosch v. Meeker Co-op.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Minnesota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (9)

CaseCitedYears
Bridges v. California green
scotus · 1941
2 sentences

2010Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964) (quotation omitted). ‘“It is a prized American privilege to speak one’s mind, although not always with perfect good taste, on all public institutions.’ ” Id. (quoting Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 270 , 62 S.Ct. 190, 197 , 86 L.Ed. 192 (1941)).

2010Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964) (quotation omitted). ‘“It is a prized American privilege to speak one’s mind, although not always with perfect good taste, on all public institutions.’ ” Id. (quoting Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 270 , 62 S.Ct. 190, 197 , 86 L.Ed. 192 (1941)).

12010–2010
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan green
scotus · 1964
2 sentences

2010Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964) (quotation omitted). ‘“It is a prized American privilege to speak one’s mind, although not always with perfect good taste, on all public institutions.’ ” Id. (quoting Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 270 , 62 S.Ct. 190, 197 , 86 L.Ed. 192 (1941)).

2010Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964) (quotation omitted). ‘“It is a prized American privilege to speak one’s mind, although not always with perfect good taste, on all public institutions.’ ” Id. (quoting Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 270 , 62 S.Ct. 190, 197 , 86 L.Ed. 192 (1941)).

12010–2010
In Re Silicone Implant Insurance Coverage Litigation green
minnctapp · 2002
2 sentences

2003Coverage Lit., 652 N.W.2d 46 (Minn.App.2002). 3M and the petitioner-insurers petitioned for, and we granted, review of the following issues: (1) when policy coverage was triggered; (2) whether allocation is appropriate in this case; (3) if allocation is appropriate, when the allocation period should end; (4) whether the petitioner-insurers are entitled to a reduction of judgment in recognition of 3M’s undertaking with XL and A.C.E.; and (5) whether attorney fees were properly awarded to 3M.

2003Coverage Lit., 652 N.W.2d 46 (Minn.App.2002). 3M and the petitioner-insurers petitioned for, and we granted, review of the following issues: (1) when policy coverage was triggered; (2) whether allocation is appropriate in this case; (3) if allocation is appropriate, when the allocation period should end; (4) whether the petitioner-insurers are entitled to a reduction of judgment in recognition of 3M’s undertaking with XL and A.C.E.; and (5) whether attorney fees were properly awarded to 3M.

12003–2003
John Burk, P.C. v. Burzynski green
wyo · 1983
2 sentences

1986Compare Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybert, 295 Md. 347 , 456 A.2d 20 (1983); Perez v. Pappas, 98 Wash.2d 835 , 659 P.2d 475 (1983); Burk v. Burzynski, 672 P.2d 419 (Wyo.1983). [4] Plaintiffs argue an award of attorney fees is necessary if the class is to be "made whole." If transaction costs of the legal system are to be so recognized, every prevailing litigant could make the same argument, and this, of course, is not the American rule.

1986Compare Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybert, 295 Md. 347 , 456 A.2d 20 (1983); Perez v. Pappas, 98 Wash.2d 835 , 659 P.2d 475 (1983); Burk v. Burzynski, 672 P.2d 419 (Wyo.1983). [4] Plaintiffs argue an award of attorney fees is necessary if the class is to be "made whole." If transaction costs of the legal system are to be so recognized, every prevailing litigant could make the same argument, and this, of course, is not the American rule.

11986–1986
Perez v. Pappas green
wash · 1983
2 sentences

1986Compare Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybert, 295 Md. 347 , 456 A.2d 20 (1983); Perez v. Pappas, 98 Wash.2d 835 , 659 P.2d 475 (1983); Burk v. Burzynski, 672 P.2d 419 (Wyo.1983). [4] Plaintiffs argue an award of attorney fees is necessary if the class is to be "made whole." If transaction costs of the legal system are to be so recognized, every prevailing litigant could make the same argument, and this, of course, is not the American rule.

1986Compare Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybert, 295 Md. 347 , 456 A.2d 20 (1983); Perez v. Pappas, 98 Wash.2d 835 , 659 P.2d 475 (1983); Burk v. Burzynski, 672 P.2d 419 (Wyo.1983). [4] Plaintiffs argue an award of attorney fees is necessary if the class is to be "made whole." If transaction costs of the legal system are to be so recognized, every prevailing litigant could make the same argument, and this, of course, is not the American rule.

11986–1986
Park Construction Co. v. Independent School District No. 32 green
minn · 1941
2 sentences

1963The time does come when laws must keep pace with the changes in our times. *135 In Park Const. Co. v. Independent School Dist. 209 Minn. 182, 187 , 296 N.W. 475, 478 , 135 A.L.R. 59, 63 , we said: "No rights of property involved, nor rule of practice, the American doctrine of stare decisis is guiding policy, not inflexible rule. * * * Neither does it bar coordination of legal philosophy with that of new and commanding facts.

1963The time does come when laws must keep pace with the changes in our times. *135 In Park Const. Co. v. Independent School Dist. 209 Minn. 182, 187 , 296 N.W. 475, 478 , 135 A.L.R. 59, 63 , we said: "No rights of property involved, nor rule of practice, the American doctrine of stare decisis is guiding policy, not inflexible rule. * * * Neither does it bar coordination of legal philosophy with that of new and commanding facts.

11963–1963
Minneapolis Times Co. v. Nimocks neutral
minn · 1893
2 sentences

1908Minneapolis Times Co. v. Nimocks, 53 Minn. 384 , 55 N. W. 546 , recognized the American doctrine that a copy of a document is better evidence than the rec - ollection of witness as to its contents, and the court excluded the evidence of the secretary of a corporation as to the contents of a notice of a call of which he had no copy.

1908Minneapolis Times Co. v. Nimocks, 53 Minn. 384 , 55 N. W. 546 , recognized the American doctrine that a copy of a document is better evidence than the rec - ollection of witness as to its contents, and the court excluded the evidence of the secretary of a corporation as to the contents of a notice of a call of which he had no copy.

11908–1908
Ex Parte Green neutral
· 1904
2 sentences

1908This, also, “may be considered the American doctrine.” Ex parte Green, 46 Tex. Crim. 576 , 81 S. W. 723, 725 , 66 L.

1908This, also, “may be considered the American doctrine.” Ex parte Green, 46 Tex. Crim. 576 , 81 S. W. 723, 725 , 66 L.

11908–1908
Wood v. Dummer green
circtdme · 1824
1 sentence

1890We refer to the case of Wood v. Dummer, 3 Mason, 308, where a banking association distributed three-fourths of its capital among its shareholders without providing for the payment of bill-holders, and the court impressed a trust in their favor upon the capital in the hands of the shareholders.

11890–1890

Where else courts name it

CA 271 (1858–2026) MI 189 (1863–2026) OH 141 (1869–2026) WA 129 (1891–2026) CT 126 (1895–2026) IL 99 (1851–2026) TN 83 (1887–2026) NY 72 (1885–2026) TX 69 (1888–2026) MO 66 (1877–2019) WY 60 (1916–2026) MD 58 (1906–2025) NJ 58 (1862–2025) AL 54 (1851–2016) NM 49 (1931–2025) MA 49 (1854–2026) VA 48 (1920–2026) CO 45 (1881–2026) DC 44 (1957–2024) PA 42 (1839–2026) WI 40 (1871–2016) IN 40 (1872–2024) FL 37 (1880–2024) AR 32 (1884–2026) AZ 30 (1874–2026) DE 29 (1899–2026) VT 28 (1877–2025) RI 27 (1918–2025) WV 25 (1890–2019) UT 25 (1881–2025) SD 23 (1892–2025) IA 22 (1871–2026) ID 21 (1897–2024) MS 21 (1875–2024) MT 21 (1888–2024) GA 20 (1897–2016) OK 20 (1931–2025) KY 19 (1846–2026) OR 19 (1953–2024) HI 15 (1914–2025) KS 14 (1900–2022) ME 14 (1980–2023) MN 13 (1890–2016) NC 13 (1892–2012) NE 11 (1888–2007) ND 10 (1917–2020) AK 10 (1977–2023) NV 9 (1918–2021) LA 9 (1853–2018) NH 9 (1850–1999) SC 3 (1881–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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