release bar (Ohio) · Go Syfert
← Ohio issues

release bar in Ohio

15 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1951–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Bowen v. Kil-Kare, Inc.green
ohio · 1992 · cited in 3 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1995–2013
2 sentences

1995The majority acknowledges that if the appellee acted willfully and/or wantonly, the release would not bar recovery for such misconduct under Bowen v. Kil-Kare, Inc. (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 84 , 585 N.E.2d 384 .

1995The majority acknowledges that if the appellee acted willfully and/or wantonly, the release would not bar recovery for such misconduct under Bowen v. Kil-Kare, Inc. (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 84 , 585 N.E.2d 384 .

13
Trinity Fin. v. D'Apolitogreen
ohioctapp · 2024 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See, e.g., Trinity Financial Servs., LLC v. D'Apolito, 2024-Ohio-825, ¶ 50 (7th Dist.) (raising new arguments in a reply brief would deprive the opponent of the right to respond). {¶89} Returning to the extrinsic evidence cited by the parties here, even if the deed were considered ambiguous, it would not entitle Capstone to summary judgment as 7 Capstone’s initial brief mentioned the doctrine of “estoppel by deed” as prohibiting Appellees from disclaiming the truth of the statements in the deed (which is sometimes analyzed as a concept similar to merger by deed); however, it was under the rele

11
Haller v. Borror Corp.green
ohio · 1990 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Co., 151 Ohio St. 1, 4 , 84 N.E.2d 214 (1949) (“in order to enable the releasor to repudiate the release and to prosecute his original cause of action, he must return or tender the consideration received by him”); Haller, 50 Ohio St.3d at 14 (“A release of liability procured through fraud in the inducement is voidable only, and can be contested only after a return or tender of consideration;” “in order to subject it to attack the releasor must first tender back the consideration paid.”).2 {¶19} Picklesimer concluded, “Inasmuch as the plaintiff’s amended petition contains no allegation that he

11
Picklesimer v. Baltimore & Ohio Rd.green
· 1949 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Co., 151 Ohio St. 1, 4 , 84 N.E.2d 214 (1949) (“in order to enable the releasor to repudiate the release and to prosecute his original cause of action, he must return or tender the consideration received by him”); Haller, 50 Ohio St.3d at 14 (“A release of liability procured through fraud in the inducement is voidable only, and can be contested only after a return or tender of consideration;” “in order to subject it to attack the releasor must first tender back the consideration paid.”).2 {¶19} Picklesimer concluded, “Inasmuch as the plaintiff’s amended petition contains no allegation that he

2014See also Picklesimer, 151 Ohio St. 1 (as the releasor cannot enforce the settlement while at the same time seeking more than the release permitted, the releasor must “tender back the consideration paid before attacking the agreement.”). {¶20} Attacking a release of a claim in order to sue on that claim can be seen as distinguishable from attacking a contract.

11
Harsh v. Lorain County Speedway, Inc.green
ohioctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013Harsh v. Lorain Cty Speedway, 111 Ohio App.3d 113, 118 (8th Dist.1996), citing Bowen v. Kil-Kare, Inc., 63 Ohio St.3d 84, 90 (1992).

11
Conner v. Fishergreen
indctapp · 1964 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

11
Gerbig v. Gerbiggreen
nev · 1940 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

11
People's Bank v. Pioneer Food Industries, Inc.green
ark · 1972 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

11
Brown v. Cranstongreen
calctapp · 1963 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

11
Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannangreen
neb · 1971 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

11
Purchase v. Seelyegreen
· 1918 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1951–1951
2 sentences

1951See Purchase v. Seelye, 231 Mass. 434 , 121 N. E. 413 .

1951See Purchase v. Seelye, 231 Mass. 434 , 121 N. E. 413 .

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (18)

CaseCitedYears
Shifrin v. Forest City Enterprises, Inc. green
ohio · 1992
1 sentence

2025Reading the release in the deed as meaning the grantor or its successors are immune from liability for any of their future conduct toward the property or as meaning that the grantees waived the right to have a court interpret what was transferred by the same deed would be a “manifest absurdity.” See Shifrin, 64 Ohio St.3d at 638 . {¶45} In fact and alternatively, Appellants’ construction of the release would make much, if not all, of the deed essentially meaningless.

12025–2025
Grava v. Parkman Township green
ohio · 1995
2 sentences

2017"A valid, final judgment rendered upon the merits bars *840 all subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action." Grava v. Parkman Twp. , 73 Ohio St.3d 379 , 653 N.E.2d 226 (1995), paragraph one of the syllabus. {¶ 5} The mandamus petition that is the subject of this appeal is but the most recent action Alford has filed alleging that the APA denied him a release-violation hearing within a reasonable time and claiming that he is entitled to release under *36 the same terms and agreement as his original parol

2017"A valid, final judgment rendered upon the merits bars *840 all subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action." Grava v. Parkman Twp. , 73 Ohio St.3d 379 , 653 N.E.2d 226 (1995), paragraph one of the syllabus. {¶ 5} The mandamus petition that is the subject of this appeal is but the most recent action Alford has filed alleging that the APA denied him a release-violation hearing within a reasonable time and claiming that he is entitled to release under *36 the same terms and agreement as his original parol

12017–2017
Glaspell v. Ohio Edison Co. green
ohio · 1987
1 sentence

2013“Additionally, while the execution of a release may bar claims of negligence, it cannot bar claims of willful and wanton conduct.” Id. (citations omitted). {¶29} “Nonetheless, courts routinely apply such releases to bar future tort liability as long as the intent of the parties, with regard to exactly what kind of liability and what persons [or] entities are being released, is stated in clear and unambiguous terms.” Id. at ¶ 51, citing Hague v. Summit Acres Skilled Nursing & Rehab., 7th Dist.

12013–2013
Hague v. Summit Acres Skilled Nursing & Rehab. neutral
ohioctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2013No. 09 NO 364, 2010-Ohio-6404, ¶ 20 .

12013–2013
Harchick v. Baio green
ohioctapp · 1989
1 sentence

2010Harchick, 62 Ohio App.3d at 180 , citing Sloan ; and Prada v. Nationwide Mut.

12010–2010
Vahila v. Hall green
ohio · 1997
1 sentence

2007Vahila v. Hall , 77 Ohio St.3d 421 , 429 , 1997-Ohio-259 , 674 N.E.2d 1164 , citing Dresher v. Burt , 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 1996-Ohio-107 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 16} Appellant, in his first assignment of error, argues that there was a mutual mistake and the parties did not intend for the release to bar any and all future claims.

12007–2007
Dresher v. Burt green
ohio · 1996
1 sentence

2007Vahila v. Hall , 77 Ohio St.3d 421 , 429 , 1997-Ohio-259 , 674 N.E.2d 1164 , citing Dresher v. Burt , 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 1996-Ohio-107 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 16} Appellant, in his first assignment of error, argues that there was a mutual mistake and the parties did not intend for the release to bar any and all future claims.

12007–2007
Vahila v. Hall green
ohio · 1997
2 sentences

2007Vahila v. Hall , 77 Ohio St.3d 421 , 429 , 1997-Ohio-259 , 674 N.E.2d 1164 , citing Dresher v. Burt , 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 1996-Ohio-107 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 16} Appellant, in his first assignment of error, argues that there was a mutual mistake and the parties did not intend for the release to bar any and all future claims.

2007Vahila v. Hall , 77 Ohio St.3d 421 , 429 , 1997-Ohio-259 , 674 N.E.2d 1164 , citing Dresher v. Burt , 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 1996-Ohio-107 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 16} Appellant, in his first assignment of error, argues that there was a mutual mistake and the parties did not intend for the release to bar any and all future claims.

12007–2007
Dresher v. Burt green
ohio · 1996
2 sentences

2007Vahila v. Hall , 77 Ohio St.3d 421 , 429 , 1997-Ohio-259 , 674 N.E.2d 1164 , citing Dresher v. Burt , 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 1996-Ohio-107 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 16} Appellant, in his first assignment of error, argues that there was a mutual mistake and the parties did not intend for the release to bar any and all future claims.

2007Vahila v. Hall , 77 Ohio St.3d 421 , 429 , 1997-Ohio-259 , 674 N.E.2d 1164 , citing Dresher v. Burt , 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 1996-Ohio-107 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 16} Appellant, in his first assignment of error, argues that there was a mutual mistake and the parties did not intend for the release to bar any and all future claims.

12007–2007
Gaier v. Midwestern Group green
ohioctapp · 1991
2 sentences

2001Gaier v. Midwestern Group (1991), 76 Ohio App.3d 334, 338 , 601 N.E.2d 624 .

2001Gaier v. Midwestern Group (1991), 76 Ohio App.3d 334, 338 , 601 N.E.2d 624 .

12001–2001
Greeley v. Miami Valley Maintenance Contractors, Inc. green
ohio · 1990
1 sentence

2000According to appellant, he has stated a viable claim against appellees under Greeley v. Miami Valley Maintenance Contrs., Inc. (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 228 , and its progeny because the alleged disclosures violated Ohio public policy as set forth in R.C. 2151.421 (H), 5153.17, Ohio Adm. Code 5101:2-34-38 , and R.C. 149.43 (A)(2). 1 As noted above, the trial court never addressed this issue in its decision below, having dismissed appellant's claims under the release and waiver provision of the Separation Agreement.

12000–2000
Pinger v. Behavioral Science Center, Inc. neutral
ohioctapp · 1988
2 sentences

1997However, the court in Pinger v. Behavioral Science Ctr., Inc. (1988), 52 Ohio App.3d 17 , 556 N.E.2d 209 , rejected precisely this argument.

1997However, the court in Pinger v. Behavioral Science Ctr., Inc. (1988), 52 Ohio App.3d 17 , 556 N.E.2d 209 , rejected precisely this argument.

11997–1997
Farmers State Bank v. Farmland Foods, Inc. green
neb · 1987
2 sentences

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

11988–1988
Beneficial Finance Co. v. Norton green
njsuperctappdiv · 1962
1 sentence

1988See, generally, People’s Bank v. Pioneer Food Indus., Inc. (1972), 253 Ark. 277, 282 , 486 S.W. 2d 24, 28 (“waiver” is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right); Brown v. Cranston (1963), 214 Cal. App. 2d 660, 668 , 29 Cal. Rptr. 725, 729 (to constitute waiver there must be a voluntary election); Conner v. Fisher (1964), 136 Ind. App. 511, 516 , 202 N.E. 2d 572, 575 (“waiver” is the voluntary yielding up of some existing right); Garden City Production Credit Assn. v. Lannan (1971), 186 Neb. 668, 676 , 186 N.W. 2d 99, 106 (“waiver” is a voluntary abandonment or surrender, by a capable person

11988–1988
Perrin v. United States green
scotus · 1979
1 sentence

1988The United States Supreme Court recently stated that “[a] fundamental canon of statutory construction is that, unless otherwise defined, words will be interpreted as taking their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning.” Perrin v. United States (1979), 444 U.S. 37, 42 . 4 The ordinary, contemporary and common definition of the word “release” is “the relinquishment, concession, or giving up of a right, claim, or privilege * * Black’s Law Dictionary (5 Ed. 1979) 1159. 5 Accordingly, the federal tax code indicates a custodial parent is entitled to an exemption for a child in all cases unless he or

11988–1988
Ricketts v. Pennsylvania R. Co. green
ca2 · 1946
1 sentence

1951Co. v. Tomkins [Tompkins] 304 U.S. 64 , 58 S.Ct. 817 , 82 L.Ed. 1188 , 114 A.L.R. 1487 , we used to employ in cases depending on diversity of citizenship." (Emphasis added.) It was said by Judge Frank, 153 F.2d at page 760 : "The Supreme Court recently, in a case * * * relating to a release by a seaman, Garrett v. Moore-McCormick [McCormack] Co., 317 U.S. 239 , at page 248, note 17, 63 S.Ct. 246 , 87 L.Ed. 239 , has broadly hinted that the courts should treat non-maritime employees, with respect to releases of personal injury claims, just as they treat seamen.

11951–1951
Garrett v. Moore-Mccormack Co., Inc. green
scotus · 1943
2 sentences

1951Co. v. Tomkins [Tompkins] 304 U.S. 64 , 58 S.Ct. 817 , 82 L.Ed. 1188 , 114 A.L.R. 1487 , we used to employ in cases depending on diversity of citizenship." (Emphasis added.) It was said by Judge Frank, 153 F.2d at page 760 : "The Supreme Court recently, in a case * * * relating to a release by a seaman, Garrett v. Moore-McCormick [McCormack] Co., 317 U.S. 239 , at page 248, note 17, 63 S.Ct. 246 , 87 L.Ed. 239 , has broadly hinted that the courts should treat non-maritime employees, with respect to releases of personal injury claims, just as they treat seamen.

1951Co. v. Tomkins [Tompkins] 304 U.S. 64 , 58 S.Ct. 817 , 82 L.Ed. 1188 , 114 A.L.R. 1487 , we used to employ in cases depending on diversity of citizenship." (Emphasis added.) It was said by Judge Frank, 153 F.2d at page 760 : "The Supreme Court recently, in a case * * * relating to a release by a seaman, Garrett v. Moore-McCormick [McCormack] Co., 317 U.S. 239 , at page 248, note 17, 63 S.Ct. 246 , 87 L.Ed. 239 , has broadly hinted that the courts should treat non-maritime employees, with respect to releases of personal injury claims, just as they treat seamen.

11951–1951
Erie Railroad v. Tompkins green
scotus · 1938
2 sentences

1951Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U. S., 64 , 58 S. Ct., 817 , 82 L.

1951Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U. S., 64 , 58 S. Ct., 817 , 82 L.

11951–1951

Where else courts name it

NY 97 (1843–2025) CA 96 (1920–2025) TX 77 (1904–2024) IL 49 (1902–2025) FL 38 (1932–2021) PA 37 (1914–2025) LA 35 (1919–2021) MI 23 (1935–2024) GA 23 (1927–2020) MA 23 (1899–2020) IN 22 (1895–2018) MD 21 (1928–2025) NC 21 (1927–2021) AL 20 (1855–2016) NJ 19 (1931–2026) AZ 18 (1966–2023) WA 18 (1937–2026) WV 17 (1916–2018) MO 16 (1921–2015) OR 16 (1919–2025) OH 15 (1951–2025) DE 15 (1973–2026) WI 14 (1882–2021) VA 14 (1851–2017) MN 13 (1889–2024) IA 12 (1915–2019) KY 10 (1916–2019) CO 9 (1960–1998) NM 8 (1938–2023) AR 7 (1891–2007) SC 7 (1897–2024) TN 6 (1985–2015) VT 6 (1933–2022) KS 6 (1922–2013) SD 5 (1962–2016) AK 5 (1984–2026) MS 5 (1924–2019) WY 5 (1936–2011) DC 5 (1979–2001) UT 5 (1920–2020) CT 5 (1836–2019) NV 4 (1965–2013) NH 4 (1851–2019) RI 4 (1916–2021) MT 3 (1919–2017) OK 3 (1918–1924) HI 3 (1997–2013) ID 3 (1982–1995) ME 3 (1984–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check