manner claim (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

manner claim in Texas

84 Texas opinions name it 6 courts 1923–2026 14 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (46)

CaseFollowedCited
Strackbein v. Prewittgreen
tex · 1984 · cited in 13 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2026
2 sentences

2026Id. at 546; see also Strackbein v. Prewitt, 671 S.W.2d 37, 38 (Tex. 1984) (“Where factual allegations in a movant’s affidavits are not controverted, a conscious indifference question must be determined in the same manner as a claim of meritorious defense.

2022See Milestone Operating, 388 S.W.3d at 310 ; see also Strackbein, 671 S.W.2d at 38–39 (“Where factual allegations in a [new trial] movant’s affidavits are not controverted, a conscious indifference question must be determined in the same manner as a claim of meritorious defense.”).

1013
Ex Parte Chapmangreen
texcrimapp · 1980 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2014
2 sentences

2014Ex parte Walker, 350 S.W.3d 417, 419 (Tex. App.— Eastland 2011, pet. ref’d) (citing Ex parte Chapman, 601 S.W.2d 380 , 382–83 (Tex. Crim.

2012Ex parte Chapman, 601 S.W.2d 380, 383 (Tex. Crim.

35
Shields Ltd. Partnership v. Bradberrygreen
tex · 2017 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2023
2 sentences

2023P’ship v. Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d 471, 480 (Tex. 2017); Moncrief Oil Int’l, Inc. v. OAO Gazprom, 414 S.W.3d 142, 150 (Tex. 2013). “[I]mplied findings may be challenged for legal and factual sufficiency in the same manner as a challenge to express findings of fact or jury findings.” Silverio v. Silverio, 625 S.W.3d 680 , 683 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, no pet.).

2022P’ship v. Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d 471, 480 (Tex. 2017). “[I]mplied findings may be challenged for legal and factual sufficiency in the same manner as a challenge to express findings of fact or jury findings.” Silverio v. Silverio, 625 S.W.3d 680 , 683 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, no pet.).

33
Republic Insurance Co. v. Stokergreen
tex · 1995 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2018
2 sentences

2018We acknowledged this reasoning in Castañeda , noting that the "concurring Justices in Stoker agreed that the manner in which a claim is investigated must be the proximate cause of damages before there could be a recovery." 988 S.W.2d at 198 (citing Stoker , 903 S.W.2d at 345 (Spector, J., concurring) ). 15 We held that, in the absence of a finding that the insurer had breached the policy, the insured could not recover any damages because none of the insurer's alleged statutory violations "was the producing cause of any damage separate and apart from those that would have resulted from a wrongf

2018We acknowledged this reasoning in Castañeda , noting that the "concurring Justices in Stoker agreed that the manner in which a claim is investigated must be the proximate cause of damages before there could be a recovery." 988 S.W.2d at 198 (citing Stoker , 903 S.W.2d at 345 (Spector, J., concurring) ). 15 We held that, in the absence of a finding that the insurer had breached the policy, the insured could not recover any damages because none of the insurer's alleged statutory violations "was the producing cause of any damage separate and apart from those that would have resulted from a wrongf

33
Jaw the Pointe, L.L.C. v. Lexington Insurance Companygreen
tex · 2015 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2018
2 sentences

2018See, e.g., JAW the Pointe, 460 S.W.3d at 602 .

2017See, e.g., JAW the Pointe, 460 S.W.3d at 602 .

22
Sonny Arnold, Inc. v. Sentry Savings Ass'ngreen
tex · 1982 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1984–2015
2 sentences

2015In Sonny Arnold, Inc. v. Sentry Savings Association, 633 S.W.2d 811, 816 (Tex.1982), the court was merely called upon to decide whether an optional acceleration clause, as executed, was valid and enforceable but in that case there was no allegation that there was anything wrongful or improper in the manner in which the clause was enforced.

1984In Sonny Arnold, Inc. v. Sentry Savings Association, 633 S.W.2d 811, 816 (Tex.1982), the court was merely called upon to decide whether an optional acceleration clause, as executed, was valid and enforceable but in that case there was no allegation that there was anything wrongful or improper in the manner in which the clause was enforced.

22
Crestview, Ltd. v. Foremost Insurance Co.green
texapp · 1981 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1984–2015
2 sentences

2015In Crestview, Ltd. v. Foremost Insurance Company, 621 S.W.2d 816, 820, 823 (Tex.Civ.App.-- Austin 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.), the alleged wrongdoer was found not to have enforced the due-on-sale clause in an unreasonable, inequitable, unjust or oppressive manner.

1984In Crestview, Ltd. v. Foremost Insurance Company, 621 S.W.2d 816, 820, 823 (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.), the alleged wrongdoer was found not to have enforced the due-on-sale clause in an unreasonable, inequitable, unjust or oppressive manner.

22
Ivy v. Carrellgreen
tex · 1966 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Div. v. Evans , 889 S.W.2d 266, 270 (Tex. 1994) (whether defendant set up meritorious defense is determined by facts alleged in defendant's motion and affidavits, "regardless of whether those facts are controverted"); Ivy v. Carrell , 407 S.W.2d 212, 214 (Tex. 1966) (if defendant alleges facts that would constitute defense to plaintiff's claims and supports allegation with affidavit or other evidence, "it is improper to try the defensive issues made by the motion or the pleadings" and trial court should not consider any controverting affidavits or testimony offered by plaintiff); see Strackbei

2007Div. v. Evans, 889 S.W.2d 266, 270 (Tex. 1994) (whether defendant set up meritorious defense is determined by facts alleged in defendant’s motion and affidavits, “regardless of whether those facts are controverted”); Ivy v. Carrell, 407 S.W.2d 212, 214 (Tex. 1966) (if defendant alleges facts that would constitute defense to plaintiff’s claims and supports allegation with affidavit or other evidence, “it is improper to try the defensive issues made by the motion or the pleadings” and trial court should not consider any controverting affidavits or testimony offered by plaintiff); see Strackbein

22
Texas Commerce Bank, National Ass'n v. Newgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2007
2 sentences

2007Rule 243; see New, 3 S.W.3d at 516-17 (affidavits are sufficient evidence to support unliquidat-ed damages award).

2000Rule 243; see New, 3 S.W.3d at 516-17 (affidavits are sufficient evidence to support unliquidated damages award).

22
Director, State Employees Workers' Compensation Division v. Evansgreen
tex · 1994 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Div. v. Evans , 889 S.W.2d 266, 269 (Tex. 1994); see also Strackbein , 671 S.W.2d at 38 ("Where factual allegations in a movant's affidavit are not controverted, a conscious indifference question must be determined in the same manner as a claim of meritorious defense.").

2007Div. v. Evans , 889 S.W.2d 266, 270 (Tex. 1994) (whether defendant set up meritorious defense is determined by facts alleged in defendant's motion and affidavits, "regardless of whether those facts are controverted"); Ivy v. Carrell , 407 S.W.2d 212, 214 (Tex. 1966) (if defendant alleges facts that would constitute defense to plaintiff's claims and supports allegation with affidavit or other evidence, "it is improper to try the defensive issues made by the motion or the pleadings" and trial court should not consider any controverting affidavits or testimony offered by plaintiff); see Strackbei

22
Wyle v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992See Wyle v. State, 777 S.W.2d 709, 715 (Tex.Crim.App.1989).

1992See Wyle v. State, 777 S.W.2d 709 . 715 (Tex.Crim.App.1989). 3 .

22
Fortune Production Co. v. Conoco, Inc.green
tex · 2000 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2016
2 sentences

2016Id. at 676 .

2015Co. v. Conoco, Inc., 52 S.W.3d 671, 676 (Tex. 2000) (“We agree with the courts below that there may be circumstances under which a party who was induced to enter a contract by fraud may ratify that contract in such a manner that a claim for damages is foreclosed.”); Thomson Oil Royalty, LLC v. Graham, 351 S.W.3d 162, 166 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2011, no pet.) (“A party that accepts changed terms of a contract is deemed to have made its own decision that *38 those terms are just; if it had thought otherwise, it should have resisted.”).

14
American Transitional Care Centers of Texas, Inc. v. Palaciosgreen
tex · 2001 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2023
2 sentences

2023See Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878–79; Bogar, 257 S.W.3d at 364 . 3 From this, Appellees contend that Fuller held a supervisory position over the LVN and MA who administered the injection.

2010Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878 .

13
Kelly v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1992 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2024
2 sentences

2024According to the motion, the area on Appellant that was tested for GSR was not properly preserved: Prior to the “dabbing” of the defendant’s hands he was 1) handled by multiple officers; 2) the defendant was placed in handcuffs by an officer that had been handling a firearm in the minutes before he was manacled; 3) the defendant was placed in a patrol vehicle with his hands behind his back; 4) at no time were the defendant’s hands “bagged” to preserve any evidence and to avoid transference; 5) the defendant’s clothing was not tested nor preserved in a satisfactory manner; 6) the defendant’s fa

1999Since appellant does not complain of the admission in evidence of the result of the breath test, we need not consider any evidence concerning the function of the Intox-ilyzer, the qualifications of the officer administering the test, or the manner in which the test was performed. 1 According to Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 573 (Tex.Crim.App.1992), we need consider only evidence presented outside the presence of the jury concerning the admissibility of McDougall’s testimony relating to his opinion of appellant’s BAC at the time of the offense.

12
First National Bank of Bryan v. Petersongreen
texapp · 1986 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2015
2 sentences

2015In reaching this conclusion, the Court demonstrated the manner in which waiver could occur by distinguishing the situation in Wilson from those in two courts of appeals opinions, stating that in those cases “the defendant admitted not simply that process was received, but that it was ‘duly served.’ ” Id. (citing First Nat’l Bank v. Peterson, 709 S.W.2d 276, 280 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, writ ref d n.r.e.) and Hurst v. A.R.A.

2002In recognizing that a defective service complaint could be waived, the Wilson court cited two cases to demonstrate the manner in which waiver could occur: First Nat’l Bank v. Peterson, 709 S.W.2d 276 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.) and Hurst v. A.R.A.

12
Joyce Creaven v. Caroline Creavengreen
texapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Children of the Kingdom, 674 S.W.3d at 416 (citing Creaven v. Creaven, 551 S.W.3d 865, 870 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.)).

11
Cadena Comercial USA Corp. D/B/A Oxxo v. Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commissiongreen
tex · 2017 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Free whole” to “discern legislative intent,” ante at 802 (quoting people can tell the difference between laws that justly prohibit Cadena Comercial USA Corp. v. Tex. Alcoholic Beverage harmful conduct based on our shared sense of right and Comm'n, 518 S.W.3d 318, 325 (Tex. 2017)), the Court holds wrong and laws that outlaw otherwise innocuous behavior that the Board may discipline a doctor who commits an illegal in pursuit of the government's innumerable regulatory goals. act connected with the practice of medicine “only if the act The notion that the Texas Legislature considers every minute i

11
in Re Lorin A. Stricklandgreen
texapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024In re Strickland, 358 S.W.3d 818, 820 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, orig. proceeding.).

11
Rickels v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Rickels v. State, 202 S.W.3d 759, 763 (Tex. Crim.

11
Moncrief Oil International, Inc. v. Oao Gazprom, Gazprom Export, LLC, and Gazprom Marketing & Trading, Ltd.green
tex · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023P’ship v. Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d 471, 480 (Tex. 2017); Moncrief Oil Int’l, Inc. v. OAO Gazprom, 414 S.W.3d 142, 150 (Tex. 2013). “[I]mplied findings may be challenged for legal and factual sufficiency in the same manner as a challenge to express findings of fact or jury findings.” Silverio v. Silverio, 625 S.W.3d 680 , 683 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, no pet.).

11
Milestone Operating, Inc. and Dstj, L.L.P. v. Exxonmobil Corporationgreen
tex · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Milestone Operating, 388 S.W.3d at 310 ; see also Strackbein, 671 S.W.2d at 38–39 (“Where factual allegations in a [new trial] movant’s affidavits are not controverted, a conscious indifference question must be determined in the same manner as a claim of meritorious defense.”).

11
Jose Fuentes Co., Inc., D/B/A Gloria's v. Mario Sabino's, Inc.green
texapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017But “[t]his Court has held that the legal sufficiency of a no-evidence motion for summary judgment may be challenged for the first time on appeal in the same manner as a challenge to the legal sufficiency of a traditional motion for summary judgment.” Jose Fuentes Co., v. Alfaro, 418 S.W.3d 280, 287 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (en banc).

11
United States v. Mark Fowlkesgreen
ca9 · 2015 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Although the Court in Schmerber based its determination that the blood draw was performed in a reasonable manner in part on the fact that it was performed by a doctor in a hospital setting, the Court’s overriding concern about the manner in which the test was performed focused on the effect of the intrusion upon the individual, not the reliability of the test results. 384 U.S. at 771-72 , 86 S.Ct. at 1836 ; see Winston, 470 U.S. at 760 , 105 S.Ct. at 1616 ; United States v. Fowlkes, 804 F.3d 954, 962-66 (9th Cir.2015) (op. on reh’g) (discussing Schmerber in the context of a body cavity search

11
State of Texas v. Esparza, Carlosgreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Winston v. Leegreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Although the Court in Schmerber based its determination that the blood draw was performed in a reasonable manner in part on the fact that it was performed by a doctor in a hospital setting, the Court’s overriding concern about the manner in which the test was performed focused on the effect of the intrusion upon the individual, not the reliability of the test results. 384 U.S. at 771-72 , 86 S.Ct. at 1836 ; see Winston, 470 U.S. at 760 , 105 S.Ct. at 1616 ; United States v. Fowlkes, 804 F.3d 954, 962-66 (9th Cir.2015) (op. on reh’g) (discussing Schmerber in the context of a body cavity search

2016Although the Court in Schmerber based its determination that the blood draw was performed in a reasonable manner in part on the fact that it was performed by a doctor in a hospital setting, the Court’s overriding concern about the manner in which the test was performed focused on the effect of the intrusion upon the individual, not the reliability of the test results. 384 U.S. at 771-72 , 86 S.Ct. at 1836 ; see Winston, 470 U.S. at 760 , 105 S.Ct. at 1616 ; United States v. Fowlkes, 804 F.3d 954, 962-66 (9th Cir.2015) (op. on reh’g) (discussing Schmerber in the context of a body cavity search

11
THOMSON OIL ROYALTY, LLC v. Grahamgreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Central Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islasgreen
tex · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Baptist Memorial Hospital System v. Sampsongreen
tex · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
City of San Antonio v. City of Boernegreen
tex · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Callaghan Ranch, Ltd. v. Killamgreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Hobbs v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Espalin v. Children's Medical Center of Dallasgreen
texapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
State v. Garzagreen
texapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
MBank El Paso, N.A. v. Sanchezgreen
tex · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Ames v. Great Southern Bankgreen
tex · 1984 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Tyler Scoresby, M.D. v. Catarino Santillan, Individually and as Next Friend of Samuel Santillan, a Minorgreen
tex · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Ex Parte Walkergreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp. v. Carpentergreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Gym-N-I Playgrounds, Inc. v. Snidergreen
tex · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Walker v. Gutierrezgreen
tex · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (26)

CaseCitedYears
Provident American Insurance Co. v. Castañeda green
tex · 1999
2 sentences

2018The insured in that case sued her insurer alleging statutory violations "arising out of the denial of her claim for benefits under a health insurance policy and the manner in which her claim was handled." 988 S.W.2d at 191 .

2018We acknowledged this reasoning in Castañeda , noting that the "concurring Justices in Stoker agreed that the manner in which a claim is investigated must be the proximate cause of damages before there could be a recovery." 988 S.W.2d at 198 (citing Stoker , 903 S.W.2d at 345 (Spector, J., concurring) ). 15 We held that, in the absence of a finding that the insurer had breached the policy, the insured could not recover any damages because none of the insurer's alleged statutory violations "was the producing cause of any damage separate and apart from those that would have resulted from a wrongf

32017–2018
George Joseph Assets, LLC, and the Ackel Heirs (George Ackel, III, Adam A. Ackel, Alana Ackel Tallo and Alexander Ackel). v. Jerilyn Lea Chenevert, F/K/A Jerilyn Lea Ackel and J Chenevert Properties, LLC green
texapp · 2018
2 sentences

2023“If the record contains the reporter’s record, implied findings may be challenged on appeal for legal and factual sufficiency in the same manner as a challenge to jury findings or express findings of fact.” Id.

2019Id. –3– In this case, the trial court did not issue separate findings of fact and conclusions of law but did include in its judgment express findings as noted in sections (c) through (g) as described above.

22019–2023
State v. Rudd green
texapp · 2008
2 sentences

2015This case provides a unique opportunity for the Court to see the practice four times in one stop. 8 RR 3, 29-31, 39-40 9 RR 3, 39, See Meza Dash Cam, State’s Exhibit 2, at 20:05. 10 RR 3, 74, 125-26 11 RR 3, 131-132 ; Meza Dash cam, state’s Exhibit 2, at 20:20. 12 Id. 13 RR 3, 49 4 ARGUMENT The trial court should have excluded the HGN test from evidence.

2015This case provides a unique opportunity for the Court to see the practice four times in one stop. 8 RR 3, 29-31, 39-40 9 RR 3, 39, See Meza Dash Cam, State’s Exhibit 2, at 20:05. 10 RR 3, 74, 125-26 11 RR 3, 131-132 ; Meza Dash cam, state’s Exhibit 2, at 20:20. 12 Id. 13 RR 3, 49 4 ARGUMENT The trial court should have excluded the HGN test from evidence.

22015–2015
in the Interest of D.W.G.K. and S.F.R.K., Minor Children green
texapp · 2018
1 sentence

2026“Considering (1) the substance of [Mother’s] motion, (2) Mother’s verbal request that “[the Department] be precluded from calling any witnesses,” (3) the Department’s information attempting to establish the lack of unfair surprise or prejudice, (4) the manner in which the hearing was conducted, and (5) the trial court’s ruling,” the appellate court concluded that “Mother’s specific request to strike the witnesses was a motion to exclude the Department’s witnesses rather than a motion in limine.” Id. at 683 . 37 that her counsel approach the bench before discussing certain matters. 18 The motio

12026–2026
Bogar v. Esparza green
texapp · 2008
1 sentence

2023See Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878–79; Bogar, 257 S.W.3d at 364 . 3 From this, Appellees contend that Fuller held a supervisory position over the LVN and MA who administered the injection.

12023–2023
Plouff v. State green
texapp · 2006
1 sentence

2019Gomez v. State, No. 01-17-00245-CR, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 5380 , at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 17, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Winstead, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 10211 , at *12; Plouff, 192 S.W.3d at 219 .

12019–2019
Schmerber v. California green
scotus · 1966
12016–2016
Lange v. State green
texapp · 2001
12015–2015
Cities of Alvin v. Public Utility Commission green
texapp · 2004
12014–2014
Turnage v. JPI Multifamily, Inc. green
texapp · 2001
12009–2009
Walker v. Packer green
tex · 1992
12008–2008
Pacific Indemnity Company v. Acel Delivery Service, Inc. green
ca5 · 1973
12008–2008
Rehor v. Case Western Reserve University green
scotus · 1975
12000–2000
Whitten v. State green
texcrimapp · 1979
11998–1998
Morales v. State green
texcrimapp · 1994
11998–1998
City of Laredo v. Schuble green
texapp · 1997
11998–1998
Marin v. State green
texcrimapp · 1993
11998–1998
Industrial Accident Board v. Guidry green
tex · 1961
11990–1990
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers v. Hechler green
scotus · 1987
11988–1988
Upton v. City of San Angelo neutral
texapp · 1906
11987–1987
Ferrous Products Co. v. Gulf States Trading Co. green
texapp · 1959
11977–1977
Griffin v. Hale neutral
texapp · 1935
11948–1948
Traders & General Ins. Co. v. Herndon neutral
texapp · 1936
11941–1941
Shipley v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1937
11939–1939
Floeck v. State green
· 1895
11933–1933
English v. City of Ft. Worth green
texapp · 1912
11923–1923

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Ins. Code § 541.151 (4) TX § Tex. Ins. Code § 541.060 (3) TX § Tex. Ins. Code § 541.061 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 142 (1859–2026) CA 92 (1911–2025) TX 84 (1923–2026) IL 48 (1886–2026) PA 47 (1869–2025) OH 39 (1962–2025) FL 31 (1922–2024) MI 30 (1934–2023) GA 27 (1889–2026) AL 24 (1906–2025) CT 24 (1859–2020) NC 22 (1905–2024) NJ 19 (1939–2024) MO 19 (1884–2023) MN 17 (1902–2019) WA 15 (1980–2021) IN 15 (1887–2014) WV 12 (1873–2023) TN 12 (1975–2025) LA 12 (1953–2020) RI 12 (1965–2022) OK 11 (1913–2020) MS 10 (1993–2023) AZ 9 (1966–2026) WI 9 (1950–2019) ND 9 (1945–2022) CO 8 (1981–2026) OR 8 (1961–2023) IA 7 (1895–2019) KS 7 (1918–2014) MD 7 (1968–2024) AR 5 (1983–2019) UT 5 (1996–2019) MA 4 (1974–2015) VA 4 (1963–2016) DC 4 (1979–1990) MT 3 (1928–2023) ID 3 (1910–1989) KY 3 (2014–2021) HI 3 (1978–2022) SD 3 (1928–2013) VT 3 (1933–1991) NE 2 (1896–1939) DE 2 (1972–1987) NV 2 (1965–2013) PR 2 (1954–1986)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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