implied waiver (Washington) · Go Syfert
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implied waiver in Washington

79 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1929–2025 7 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (22)

CaseFollowedCited
Pappas v. Hollowaygreen
wash · 1990 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2018
2 sentences

2017See Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp., 112 Wn.2d 636, 646 , 771 P.2d 711 , 780 P.2d 260 (1989) (constitutional right to a jury determination of damages); see also Palmer v. Jensen, 132 Wn.2d 193, 197 , 937 P.2d 597 (1997) (“Determination of the amount of damages is within the province of the jury.”). *481 Waiver ¶48 Stevens contends that under Pappas v. Holloway, 114 Wn.2d 198 , 787 P.2d 30 (1990), the doctrine of implied waiver applies only in legal malpractice cases.

2017See Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp., 112 Wn.2d 636, 646 , 771 P.2d 711 , 780 P.2d 260 (1989) (constitutional right to a jury determination of damages); see also Palmer v. Jensen, 132 Wn.2d 193, 197 , 937 P.2d 597 (1997) (“Determination of the amount of damages is within the province of the jury.”). *481 Waiver ¶48 Stevens contends that under Pappas v. Holloway, 114 Wn.2d 198 , 787 P.2d 30 (1990), the doctrine of implied waiver applies only in legal malpractice cases.

34
Hearn v. Rhaygreen
waed · 1975 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1990–2017
2 sentences

2016We dis *824 agree and instead conclude that the application of the implied waiver doctrine is not so limited. ¶22 First, importantly, Hearn v. Rhay, the case on which Pappas and Dana based their application of the implied waiver test, is not a legal malpractice case. 68 F.R.D. 574 (E.D.

2013In determining how far the implied waiver extends, our Supreme Court both (1) analyzed out-of-state cases and (2) applied the so-called Hearn test, and held that by filing her counterclaim for legal malpractice, Holloway impliedly waived the attorney-client privilege with respect to all attorneys who represented her in the same underlying lawsuit. 114 Wn.2d at 206 , 208 (citing Hearn v. Rhay, 68 F.R.D. 574 (E.D.

24
Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattlegreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT's narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. [3] And we need not do so here. ¶ 17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wash.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wash.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶ 18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT’s narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. 3 And we need not do so here. ¶17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wn.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wn.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

22
State v. Whitegreen
washctapp · 1979 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See State v. White, 23 Wn.

2003See State v. White, 23 Wash.App. 438, 441 , 597 P.2d 420 , aff'd, 94 Wash.2d 498 , 617 P.2d 998 (1980).

22
Buell v. City of Bremertongreen
wash · 1972 · cited in 11 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1988–2025
2 sentences

2020“Laches is an implied waiver arising from knowledge of existing conditions and acquiescence in them.” Buell v. Bremerton, 80 Wn.2d 518, 522 , 495 P.2d 1358, 1361 (1972).

2020“Laches is an implied waiver arising from knowledge of existing conditions and acquiescence in them.” Buell v. Bremerton, 80 Wn.2d 518, 522 , 495 P.2d 1358, 1361 (1972).

111
State v. Thomsongreen
wash · 1994 · cited in 6 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2020
2 sentences

2020“Our rules of criminal procedure similarly permit the court to continue with trial despite a defendant’s voluntary absence, provided that the defendant was present 4 No. 36059-8-III State v. Nicol when the trial commenced.” Id. at 624-25 (citing CrR 3.4(b)); see also Thomson, 123 Wn.2d at 880-81 (Noting CrR 3.4’s consistency “with its federal counterpart,” Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 43.) A three-part test governs a trial court’s determination of whether a defendant waived the right to be present.

2020CrR 3.4(b) also allows the court to continue in a defendant’s absence: “The defendant’s voluntary absence after the trial has commenced in his or her presence shall not prevent continuing the trial to and including the return of the verdict.” 10 No. 36378-3-III State v. Loe In State v. Thomson, our high court developed a three-pronged analysis that a trial court must conduct in order to find the defendant waived his or her right to be present at trial. 123 Wn.2d 877, 881 , 872 P.2d 1097 (1994).

16
State v. Terrovonagreen
wash · 1986 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2024
2 sentences

2016We have found an implied waiver where the record reveals that a defendant “understood his rights and volunteered information” and where the “defendant’s answers were freely and voluntarily made without duress, promise or threat and with a full understanding of his constitutional rights.” State v. Terrovona, 105 Wn.2d 632, 646-47 , 716 P.2d 295 (1986). 6 No. 46885-9-II 2.

2016We have found an implied waiver where the record reveals that a defendant “understood his rights and volunteered information” and where the “defendant’s answers were freely and voluntarily made without duress, promise or threat and with a full understanding of his constitutional rights.” State v. Terrovona, 105 Wn.2d 632, 646-47 , 716 P.2d 295 (1986). 6 No. 46885-9-II 2.

13
Berghuis v. Thompkinsgreen
scotus · 2010 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025If the State “shows that a Miranda warning was given and that it was understood by the accused, an accused’s uncoerced statement establishes an implied waiver of the right to remain silent.” Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 384 , 130 S. Ct. 2250 , 176 L.

2025See Berghuis, 560 U.S. at 384 (stating that “[w]here the prosecution shows that a Miranda warning was given and that it was understood by the accused, an accused’s uncoerced statement establishes an implied waiver of the right to remain silent”); see also State v. Athan, 160 Wn.2d 354, 380 , 158 P.3d 27 (2007) (where there is no evidence that the interrogating detectives coerced the accused into answering their questions and the accused later invokes his Miranda rights, this suggests that the accused was “aware that [they] had not previously invoked them,” thus “support[ing] a finding that [th

12
Tyner v. Department of Social & Health Servicesgreen
wash · 2000 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009Tyner, 141 Wn.2d at 80 (“Thus, by recognizing the deep importance of the parent/child relationship, the Legislature intends a remedy for both the parent and the child if that interest is invaded.”).

2009Tyner, 141 Wash.2d at 80 , 1 P.3d 1148 ("Thus, by recognizing the deep importance of the parent/child relationship, the Legislature intends a remedy for both the parent and the child if that interest is invaded.").

12
State v. Whitegreen
wash · 1980 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1983–2003
2 sentences

2003See State v. White, 23 Wash.App. 438, 441 , 597 P.2d 420 , aff'd, 94 Wash.2d 498 , 617 P.2d 998 (1980).

2003See State v. White, 23 Wash.App. 438, 441 , 597 P.2d 420 , aff'd, 94 Wash.2d 498 , 617 P.2d 998 (1980).

12
State v. Athangreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
State v. Athangreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
McUne v. Fuquagreen
wash · 1953 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp.green
wash · 1989 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Palmer v. Jensengreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Palmer v. Jensengreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Odegaard v. Everett School District No. 2green
washctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
The Home Indemnity Company, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant v. Lane Powell Moss and Miller, Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appelleesgreen
ca9 · 1995 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Metropolitan Life Insurance v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.green
conn · 1999 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
King County v. City of Algonagreen
wash · 1984 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Murray v. Stategreen
wash · 1963 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
State v. Ageegreen
wash · 1977 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (58)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Thurlby green
wash · 2015
2 sentences

2025“If a trial has begun in the defendant’s presence, a subsequent voluntary absence of the defendant operates as an implied waiver of the right to be present.” Id.

2020“If a trial has begun in the defendant’s presence, a subsequent voluntary absence of the defendant operates as an implied waiver of the right to be present.” Id.

42017–2025
Architectural Woods, Inc. v. State green
wash · 1979
2 sentences

2011Second, the DOT argues that the Court of Appeals’ decision improperly incorporates relocation assistance awards into the just compensation constitutionally required in condemnation actions. ¶15 The DOT argues that Architectural Woods, 92 Wn.2d 521 , prevents finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity.

2011Because the State was acting in a private capacity, we reasoned that the statute impliedly held the State to “the same responsibilities and liabilities as [a] private party, including liability for interest.” Architectural Woods, 92 Wn.2d at 526-27 . ¶16 While the DOT is correct that the holding of Architectural Woods was premised on the specific facts of that case — i.e., a contract — nothing in our analysis in Architectural Woods can be construed as exclusively limiting a finding of an implied waiver of sovereign immunity to contractual situations.

42008–2011
Felida Neighborhood Ass'n v. Clark County green
washctapp · 1996
2 sentences

2000"The equitable doctrine of laches is the implied waiver arising from knowledge of existing conditions and acquiescence in them." Felida Neighborhood Assoc. v. Clark County, 81 Wash.App. 155, 162 , 913 P.2d 823 (1996) (citing Buell v. City of Bremerton, 80 Wash.2d 518, 522 , 495 P.2d 1358 (1972)).

2000"The equitable doctrine of laches is the implied waiver arising from knowledge of existing conditions and acquiescence in them." Felida Neighborhood Assoc. v. Clark County, 81 Wash.App. 155, 162 , 913 P.2d 823 (1996) (citing Buell v. City of Bremerton, 80 Wash.2d 518, 522 , 495 P.2d 1358 (1972)).

32000–2017
Reynolds v. Travelers Insurance Co. neutral
wash · 1934
2 sentences

1968Co., 176 Wash. 36 , 28 P.2d 310 (1910): “An implied waiver may arise where one party has pursued such a course of conduct as to evidence an intention to waive a right, or where his conduct is inconsistent with any other intention than to waive it.

1968Co., 176 Wash. 36 , 28 P.2d 310 (1910): “An implied waiver may arise where one party has pursued such a course of conduct as to evidence an intention to waive a right, or where his conduct is inconsistent with any other intention than to waive it.

31948–1968
Smoke v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1997
2 sentences

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT's narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. [3] And we need not do so here. ¶ 17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wash.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wash.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶ 18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT’s narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. 3 And we need not do so here. ¶17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wn.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wn.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

22011–2011
Smoke v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1997
2 sentences

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT's narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. [3] And we need not do so here. ¶ 17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wash.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wash.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶ 18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT’s narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. 3 And we need not do so here. ¶17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wn.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wn.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

22011–2011
Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1997
2 sentences

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT's narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. [3] And we need not do so here. ¶ 17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wash.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wash.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶ 18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

2011Subsequent cases applying Architectural Woods have not embraced the DOT’s narrow construction of the Architectural Woods holding. 3 And we need not do so here. ¶17 Conversely, Union Elevator argues that our decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 131 Wn.2d 640 , 935 P.2d 555 (1997), and Smoke v. City of Seattle, 132 Wn.2d 214 , 937 P.2d 186 (1997), compel finding an implied waiver of sovereign immunity under the Relocation Act. ¶18 In Sintra, we determined that municipalities were not immune from paying prejudgment interest in the context of temporary regulatory takings.

22011–2011
Shum v. Department of Labor & Industries green
washctapp · 1991
2 sentences

2011Shum, 63 Wash.App. at 409-11 , 819 P.2d 399 .

2011Shum, 63 Wn.

22011–2011
State v. Jarzbek green
conn · 1987
2 sentences

2007Id. ¶ 66 Similarly, in People v. Maher, 89 N.Y.2d 456 , 654 N.Y.S.2d 1004 , 677 N.E.2d 728 (1997), the defendant was convicted of intentional murder, felony murder, and criminal contempt.

2007Id. ¶66 Similarly, in People v. Maher, 89 N.Y.2d 456 , 677 N.E.2d 728 , 654 N.Y.S.2d 1004 (1997), the defendant was convicted of intentional murder, felony murder, and criminal contempt.

22007–2007
State v. McDonald green
wash · 1999
2 sentences

2007State v. McDonald, 138 Wash.2d 680, 694 , 981 P.2d 443 (1999).

2007State v. McDonald, 138 Wn.2d 680, 694 , 981 P.2d 443 (1999).

22007–2007
State v. McDonald green
wash · 1999
2 sentences

2007State v. McDonald, 138 Wash.2d 680, 694 , 981 P.2d 443 (1999).

2007State v. McDonald, 138 Wn.2d 680, 694 , 981 P.2d 443 (1999).

22007–2007
People v. MAHER (KENNETH) green
ny · 1997
2 sentences

2007Id. ¶66 Similarly, in People v. Maher, 89 N.Y.2d 456 , 677 N.E.2d 728 , 654 N.Y.S.2d 1004 (1997), the defendant was convicted of intentional murder, felony murder, and criminal contempt.

2007Id. ¶66 Similarly, in People v. Maher, 89 N.Y.2d 456 , 677 N.E.2d 728 , 654 N.Y.S.2d 1004 (1997), the defendant was convicted of intentional murder, felony murder, and criminal contempt.

22007–2007
State v. Miller green
washctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2004Miller, 90 Wn.

2004Miller, 90 Wash.App. at 723 , 954 P.2d 925 .

22004–2004
Matter of Personal Restraint of Cashaw green
wash · 1994
2 sentences

2002The plain language of both cases clearly states that in reviewing a petition challenging a parole decision, the court examines "` only the requirements of RAP 16.4.'" Shepard, 127 Wash.2d at 191 , 898 P.2d 828 (quoting Cashaw, 123 Wash.2d at 149 , 866 P.2d 8 ).

2002The plain language of both cases clearly states that in reviewing a petition challenging a parole decision, the court examines “ ‘only the requirements of RAP 16.4.’ ” Shepard, 127 Wn.2d at 191 (quoting Cashaw, 123 Wn.2d at 149 ).

22002–2002
In Re the Personal Restraint of Shepard green
wash · 1995
2 sentences

2002The plain language of both cases clearly states that in reviewing a petition challenging a parole decision, the court examines "` only the requirements of RAP 16.4.'" Shepard, 127 Wash.2d at 191 , 898 P.2d 828 (quoting Cashaw, 123 Wash.2d at 149 , 866 P.2d 8 ).

2002The plain language of both cases clearly states that in reviewing a petition challenging a parole decision, the court examines “ ‘only the requirements of RAP 16.4.’ ” Shepard, 127 Wn.2d at 191 (quoting Cashaw, 123 Wn.2d at 149 ).

22002–2002
Steele v. Lundgren green
washctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2001Steele v. Lundgren, 85 Wash.App. 845, 852 , 935 P.2d 671 (1997).

2001Steele v. Lundgren, 85 Wn.

22001–2001
Crosby v. Spokane County green
wash · 1999
2 sentences

1999Crosby v. County of Spokane, 137 Wn.2d 296 , 971 P.2d 32 (1999) is neither factually nor legally similar to this case.

1999Crosby v. County of Spokane, 137 Wash.2d 296 , 971 P.2d 32 (1999) is neither factually nor legally similar to this case.

21999–1999
Crosby v. County of Spokane green
wash · 1999
2 sentences

1999Crosby v. County of Spokane, 137 Wn.2d 296 , 971 P.2d 32 (1999) is neither factually nor legally similar to this case.

1999Crosby v. County of Spokane, 137 Wash.2d 296 , 971 P.2d 32 (1999) is neither factually nor legally similar to this case.

21999–1999
Edison Oyster Co. v. Pioneer Oyster Co. green
wash · 1945
2 sentences

1972Pierce v. King County, 62 Wn.2d 324 , 382 P.2d 628 (1963); Edison Oyster Co. v. Pioneer Oyster Co., 22 Wn.2d 616 , 157 P.2d 302 (1945).

1957In Edison Oyster Co. v. Pioneer Oyster Co., 22 Wn. (2d) 616, 157 P. (2d) 302 , the court said: “Laches . . . specifically, ... is [the] inexcusable delay in asserting a right; an implied waiver arising from knowledge of existing conditions and an acquiescence in them; such neglect to assert a right as, taken in conjunction with lapse of time more or less great, and other circumstances covering prejudice to an adverse party, operates as a bar in a court of equity; such delay in enforcing one’s rights as works disadvantage to another.” Coming now to the facts in the present case, it seems to us

21957–1972
In Re Marriage of Shoemaker green
wash · 1995
12025–2025
Marriage Of: Donna L. Tupper (nka Hagar) v. Michael L. Tupper green
washctapp · 2020
1 sentence

2025App. 2d 796, 810 , 478 P.3d 1132 (2020); In re Marriage of Shoemaker, 128 Wn.2d 116, 120-21 , 904 P.2d 1150 (1995). 6 No. 87208-7-I/7 “Laches is an implied waiver arising from knowledge of existing conditions and acquiescence in them.” Lopp v. Peninsula Sch.

12025–2025
In re the Marriage of Shoemaker green
wash · 1995
12025–2025
State v. Rupe green
wash · 1984
12024–2024
Central Washington Bank v. Mendelson-Zeller, Inc. green
wash · 1989
12021–2021
Wagner v. Wagner green
wash · 1980
12021–2021
Carson v. Fine green
wash · 1994
12020–2020
Arnold v. Melani green
wash · 1968
12020–2020
Randa v. Bear green
wash · 1957
12020–2020
State v. Thomas green
wash · 2004
12019–2019
Jones v. Best green
wash · 1998
12017–2017
Lisa Steel v. Olympia Early Learning Center green
washctapp · 2016
12017–2017
State v. Atherton neutral
washctapp · 2001
12017–2017
Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley green
wash · 1992
12016–2016
Newman v. King County green
wash · 1997
12016–2016
State v. Gross green
washctapp · 1979
12016–2016
Chomat v. Northern Ins. Co. of New York green
fladistctapp · 2006
12016–2016
Dana v. Piper green
washctapp · 2013
12016–2016
M'culloch v. State of Maryland green
· 1819
12014–2014
Hegwine v. Longview Fibre Co. green
wash · 2007
12014–2014
Massachusetts v. United States green
scotus · 1978
12014–2014

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (9) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 5.60.060 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 34.05.574 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 71.05.010 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 71.05.150 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 71.05.230 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 71.05.290 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.92.010 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 71.05.240 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 71.05.310 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.04.110 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 323 (1857–2026) TX 164 (1877–2026) IL 101 (1888–2026) IN 89 (1882–2026) CO 80 (1981–2026) WA 79 (1929–2025) CT 74 (1928–2022) FL 74 (1907–2025) PA 61 (1896–2025) LA 61 (1916–2020) NY 59 (1841–2025) OH 58 (1890–2026) TN 52 (1896–2022) MO 42 (1885–2024) MD 41 (1941–2024) MI 41 (1923–2026) GA 40 (1898–2025) AZ 35 (1920–2023) NJ 32 (1862–2026) NC 30 (1822–2025) AL 30 (1849–2024) AK 28 (1973–2022) KS 26 (1884–2024) VA 23 (1925–2024) IA 21 (1942–2026) OR 19 (1887–2026) MA 19 (1905–2023) MN 19 (1902–2016) NV 19 (1978–2022) AR 16 (1892–2014) OK 16 (1913–2023) VT 15 (1940–2024) NM 15 (1953–2020) SD 15 (1957–2026) KY 15 (1931–2020) ID 14 (1961–2020) SC 14 (1932–2020) MT 13 (1929–2025) ME 13 (1915–2023) NH 12 (1983–2015) NE 12 (1940–2018) DE 11 (1957–2025) RI 11 (1896–2024) UT 10 (1935–2025) MS 10 (1923–2022) WY 10 (1933–2025) DC 8 (1967–2006) ND 8 (1910–2006) WI 7 (1987–2023) HI 5 (1977–2018) WV 4 (1937–2026) VI 3 (2008–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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