availability waiver in Virginia

2024“In the ‘context of a broad array of constitutional and statutory provisions,’ courts have ‘articulated a general rule that presumes the availability of waiver, . . . and we have recognized that “the most basic rights of criminal defendants”’ can be waived.” Id. (quoting New York v. Hill, 528 U.S. 110, 114 (2000)).

2024“These rights may be as venerated as the right to a jury, the right to counsel, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to exclusion of evidence seized in an unconstitutional manner.” Id. (quoting Muhammad, 269 Va. at 507 ).

2022Finally, “there is a ‘public safety’ exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before a suspect’s answers may be admitted into evidence, and . . . the availability of that exception does not depend upon the [subjective] motivation of the individual officers involved.” New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, 655-56 (1984).

2000The Supreme Court held that “there is a ‘public safety' exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before a suspect’s answers may be admitted into evidence, and ... the availability of that exception does not depend upon the motivation of the individual officers involved.” Id. at 655-66, 104 S.Ct. at 2631 .

2021Thus, absent the availability of an exception, “fail[ure] to meet these statutory requirements” for a pre-trial motion results in a “waive[r of the constitutional challenge] on appeal.” Schmitt v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 127, 145-46 (2001); see Morrison v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 273, 279 (2002) (declining to address the defendant’s claim that the statutes under which he was charged were unconstitutionally vague in part because he did not file a motion to dismiss prior to trial as required by Code § 19.2-266.2).

2021Thus, absent the availability of an exception, “fail[ure] to meet these statutory requirements” for a pre-trial motion results in a “waive[r of the constitutional challenge] on appeal.” Schmitt v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 127, 145-46 (2001); see Morrison v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 273, 279 (2002) (declining to address the defendant’s claim that the statutes under which he was charged were unconstitutionally vague in part because he did not file a motion to dismiss prior to trial as required by Code § 19.2-266.2).

2015Other jurisdictions have similarly applied this principle to legally recognized defenses beyond "accident.” See e.g., People v. Nunez, 841 P.2d 261, 264 (Colo.1992) (holding an instruction embodying a defendant’s theory of the case must be given if the record contains any evidence to support the theory); State v. Fuller, 199 Conn. 273 , 506 A.2d 556, 559 (1986) (holding ”[i]f the defendant asserts a recognized legal defense and the evidence indicates the availability of that defense, such a charge is obligatory and the defendant is entitled, as a matter of law, to a theory of defense instructi

2015Other jurisdictions have similarly applied this principle to legally recognized defenses beyond "accident.” See e.g., People v. Nunez, 841 P.2d 261, 264 (Colo.1992) (holding an instruction embodying a defendant’s theory of the case must be given if the record contains any evidence to support the theory); State v. Fuller, 199 Conn. 273 , 506 A.2d 556, 559 (1986) (holding ”[i]f the defendant asserts a recognized legal defense and the evidence indicates the availability of that defense, such a charge is obligatory and the defendant is entitled, as a matter of law, to a theory of defense instructi

2015Other jurisdictions have similarly applied this principle to legally recognized defenses beyond "accident.” See e.g., People v. Nunez, 841 P.2d 261, 264 (Colo.1992) (holding an instruction embodying a defendant’s theory of the case must be given if the record contains any evidence to support the theory); State v. Fuller, 199 Conn. 273 , 506 A.2d 556, 559 (1986) (holding ”[i]f the defendant asserts a recognized legal defense and the evidence indicates the availability of that defense, such a charge is obligatory and the defendant is entitled, as a matter of law, to a theory of defense instructi

2015Other jurisdictions have similarly applied this principle to legally recognized defenses beyond "accident.” See e.g., People v. Nunez, 841 P.2d 261, 264 (Colo.1992) (holding an instruction embodying a defendant’s theory of the case must be given if the record contains any evidence to support the theory); State v. Fuller, 199 Conn. 273 , 506 A.2d 556, 559 (1986) (holding ”[i]f the defendant asserts a recognized legal defense and the evidence indicates the availability of that defense, such a charge is obligatory and the defendant is entitled, as a matter of law, to a theory of defense instructi

2015Other jurisdictions have similarly applied this principle to legally recognized defenses beyond "accident.” See e.g., People v. Nunez, 841 P.2d 261, 264 (Colo.1992) (holding an instruction embodying a defendant’s theory of the case must be given if the record contains any evidence to support the theory); State v. Fuller, 199 Conn. 273 , 506 A.2d 556, 559 (1986) (holding ”[i]f the defendant asserts a recognized legal defense and the evidence indicates the availability of that defense, such a charge is obligatory and the defendant is entitled, as a matter of law, to a theory of defense instructi

2015Judge Burgess concluded that “Virginia would likely apply the doctrine of inevitable • disclosure,” 2013 Va. Cir. LEXIS 200 at *35 (emphasis added); however, the doctrine was not applied or relied upon in the opinion.

2015Other jurisdictions have similarly applied this principle to legally recognized defenses beyond "accident.” See e.g., People v. Nunez, 841 P.2d 261, 264 (Colo.1992) (holding an instruction embodying a defendant’s theory of the case must be given if the record contains any evidence to support the theory); State v. Fuller, 199 Conn. 273 , 506 A.2d 556, 559 (1986) (holding ”[i]f the defendant asserts a recognized legal defense and the evidence indicates the availability of that defense, such a charge is obligatory and the defendant is entitled, as a matter of law, to a theory of defense instructi

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See generally United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 200-04 , 115 S.Ct. 797, 801-03 , 130 L.Ed.2d 697 (1995) ("[r]ather than deeming waiver presumptively unavailable absent some sort of express enabling clause,” it is better to adhere "to the opposite presumption” and recognize the availability of waiver absent a clear intention to exclude it). 3 .

2011See generally United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 200-04 , 115 S.Ct. 797, 801-03 , 130 L.Ed.2d 697 (1995) ("[r]ather than deeming waiver presumptively unavailable absent some sort of express enabling clause,” it is better to adhere "to the opposite presumption” and recognize the availability of waiver absent a clear intention to exclude it). 3 .

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2011See also United States v. Calderon-Pacheco, 564 F.3d 55, 59 (1st Cir.2009); United States v. Monzon, 359 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir.2004); *699 United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Chapa, 602 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc); United States v. Watson, 582 F.3d 974, 986 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Smith, 500 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir.2007); United States v. Howle, 166 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.1999).

2008“Though ‘immunity ordinarily should be decided by the court’. . . that is true only in those cases where the facts concerning the availability of the defense are undisputed; otherwise jury consideration is normally required____” See Kerman v. City of New York, 374 F.3d 93, 109 (2d Cir. 2004), quoting Oliveira v. Mayer, 23 F.3d 642, 649 (2d Cir. 1994).

2008“Though ‘immunity ordinarily should be decided by the court’. . . that is true only in those cases where the facts concerning the availability of the defense are undisputed; otherwise jury consideration is normally required____” See Kerman v. City of New York, 374 F.3d 93, 109 (2d Cir. 2004), quoting Oliveira v. Mayer, 23 F.3d 642, 649 (2d Cir. 1994).