field test in Alabama

10 Alabama opinions name it 3 courts 1926–2017 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (2)

Case	Followed	Cited
Quercia v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1933 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986). 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986).	2	2
Weeks v. EAST ALABAMA WATER, ETC.green ala · 1981 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., Weeks v. East Alabama Water, Sewer Fire Protection District , 401 So.2d 26 (Ala. 1981); Jackson v. City of Florence , 294 Ala. 592 , 320 So.2d 68 (1975). 1986See, e.g., Weeks v. East Alabama Water, Sewer & Fire Protection District, 401 So.2d 26 (Ala.1981); Jackson v. City of Florence, 294 Ala. 592 , 320 So.2d 68 (1975).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

Case	Cited	Years
cluster 455772 green ca4 · 1985 2 sentences 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986). 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986).	2	2017–2017
Deep Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine green ca1 · 1988 2 sentences 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986). 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986).	2	2017–2017
Joseph B. Doherty, Sr. v. Doherty Insurance Agency, Inc. green ca1 · 1989 2 sentences 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986). 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986).	2	2017–2017
Allen v. Illinois green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986). 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986).	2	2017–2017
Wright v. City of Roanoke Redevelopment & Housing Authority green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986). 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986).	2	2017–2017
Love v. United States green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986). 2017See , e.g. , Quercia v. United States , 289 U.S. 466 , 53 S.Ct. 698 , 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933) ; Doherty v. Doherty Insurance Agency , 878 F.2d 546 (1st Cir. 1989) ; Aggarwal v. Ponce School of Medicine , 837 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1988) ; United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied , 474 U.S. 1081 , 106 S.Ct. 848 , 88 L.Ed.2d 890 (1986).	2	2017–2017
Berkemer v. McCarty green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 1990Cf. Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 441 , 104 S.Ct. 3138 , 3151 , 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984), wherein the Supreme Court held that the roadside questioning of a motorist detained pursuant to a routine traffic stop was not tantamount to a custodial interrogation, and that the motorist was not "in custody" for purposes of Miranda until after he had failed the field test and the officer had informed him that he would be taken to the public safety office, where a P.E.I. test would be administered. 1990Cf. Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 441 , 104 S.Ct. 3138 , 3151 , 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984), wherein the Supreme Court held that the roadside questioning of a motorist detained pursuant to a routine traffic stop was not tantamount to a custodial interrogation, and that the motorist was not "in custody" for purposes of Miranda until after he had failed the field test and the officer had informed him that he would be taken to the public safety office, where a P.E.I. test would be administered.	2	1985–1990
United States v. Jacobsen green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 2010In United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 122-23 , 113 104 S.Ct. 1652, 1661-62 , 80 L.Ed.2d 85 (1984), the United States Supreme Court addressed a similar issue as follows: “The question remains whether the additional intrusion occasioned by the field test, which had not been conducted by the Federal Express agents and therefore exceeded the scope of the private search, was an unlawful ‘search’ or ‘seizure’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. 2010In United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 122-23 , 113 104 S.Ct. 1652, 1661-62 , 80 L.Ed.2d 85 (1984), the United States Supreme Court addressed a similar issue as follows: “The question remains whether the additional intrusion occasioned by the field test, which had not been conducted by the Federal Express agents and therefore exceeded the scope of the private search, was an unlawful ‘search’ or ‘seizure’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.	1	2010–2010
Frazier v. City of Montgomery green alacrimapp · 1990 1 sentence 1991Thus, we find that the State produced sufficient evidence “to create a jury question as to whether [the appellant] had consumed alcohol and whether he had consumed such an amount of alcohol as to impair his ability to safely operate his vehicle.” Frazier v. City of Montgomery, 565 So.2d 1255 (Ala.Crim.App.1990).	1	1991–1991
In Re Stephenson green ala · 1942 2 sentences 1991During the same year that this Court decided Hogan , this Court quoted Justice Field's analysis of a pardon in In re Stephenson , 243 Ala. 342 , 10 So.2d 1 (1942). 1991During the same year that this Court decided Hogan , this Court quoted Justice Field's analysis of a pardon in In re Stephenson , 243 Ala. 342 , 10 So.2d 1 (1942).	1	1991–1991
McCall v. State green alacrimapp · 1989 1 sentence 1990Moreover, in McCall v. State , 549 So.2d 623 (Ala.Cr.App. 1989), this court held that a brief questioning of the defendant in a patrol car prior to the defendant's arrest did not convert an ordinary traffic stop into a custodial interrogation.	1	1990–1990
Jackson v. City of Florence green ala · 1975 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., Weeks v. East Alabama Water, Sewer Fire Protection District , 401 So.2d 26 (Ala. 1981); Jackson v. City of Florence , 294 Ala. 592 , 320 So.2d 68 (1975). 1986See, e.g., Weeks v. East Alabama Water, Sewer Fire Protection District , 401 So.2d 26 (Ala. 1981); Jackson v. City of Florence , 294 Ala. 592 , 320 So.2d 68 (1975).	1	1986–1986
Webb v. Gray green ala · 1913 2 sentences 1937Webb v. Gray, 181 Ala. 408 , 62 So. 194 Nations v. Harris, 214 Ala. 339 , 108 So. 29 ; Meadors v. Haralson, 226 Ala. 413 , 147 So. 184 ; Age-Herald Pub. 1937Webb v. Gray, 181 Ala. 408 , 62 So. 194 Nations v. Harris, 214 Ala. 339 , 108 So. 29 ; Meadors v. Haralson, 226 Ala. 413 , 147 So. 184 ; Age-Herald Pub.	1	1937–1937
Nations v. Harris green ala · 1926 2 sentences 1937Webb v. Gray, 181 Ala. 408 , 62 So. 194 Nations v. Harris, 214 Ala. 339 , 108 So. 29 ; Meadors v. Haralson, 226 Ala. 413 , 147 So. 184 ; Age-Herald Pub. 1937Webb v. Gray, 181 Ala. 408 , 62 So. 194 Nations v. Harris, 214 Ala. 339 , 108 So. 29 ; Meadors v. Haralson, 226 Ala. 413 , 147 So. 184 ; Age-Herald Pub.	1	1937–1937
Meadors v. Haralson neutral ala · 1933 2 sentences 1937Webb v. Gray, 181 Ala. 408 , 62 So. 194 Nations v. Harris, 214 Ala. 339 , 108 So. 29 ; Meadors v. Haralson, 226 Ala. 413 , 147 So. 184 ; Age-Herald Pub. 1937Webb v. Gray, 181 Ala. 408 , 62 So. 194 Nations v. Harris, 214 Ala. 339 , 108 So. 29 ; Meadors v. Haralson, 226 Ala. 413 , 147 So. 184 ; Age-Herald Pub.	1	1937–1937
New Orleans Gas Light Co. v. Drainage Commission of New Orleans green scotus · 1905 2 sentences 1926New Orleans Gaslight Co. v. Drainage Commission, 197 U.S. 453 , 25 S.Ct. 471 , 49 L.Ed. 831 ." The field of inquiry, indicated to be for the courts, under the federal decisions, is that pointed out by Mr. Justice Van De Vanter in the Denver Case, supra: Are the ordinances in question "plainly unreasonable and arbitrary?" He illustrates that inquiry of fact in his observations: "The crossing is practically the gateway to the city. 1926New Orleans Gaslight Co. v. Drainage Commission, 197 U.S. 453 , 25 S.Ct. 471 , 49 L.Ed. 831 ." The field of inquiry, indicated to be for the courts, under the federal decisions, is that pointed out by Mr. Justice Van De Vanter in the Denver Case, supra: Are the ordinances in question "plainly unreasonable and arbitrary?" He illustrates that inquiry of fact in his observations: "The crossing is practically the gateway to the city.	1	1926–1926

Where else courts name it

NJ 124 (1918–2026) CT 93 (1896–2022) IL 52 (1942–2025) NY 44 (1902–2026) TX 40 (1977–2026) CA 30 (1903–2020) PA 23 (1924–2026) MA 21 (1911–2025) IN 20 (1916–2025) IA 18 (1899–2025) FL 17 (2000–2017) NM 17 (1978–2025) DC 17 (1955–2022) GA 16 (1985–2024) WA 14 (1946–2024) WY 13 (1922–2018) KS 12 (1889–2004) MD 12 (1957–2007) MO 11 (1887–2025) AL 10 (1926–2017) NC 10 (1918–2018) OR 10 (1928–2025) OK 9 (1931–2004) MI 8 (1907–2022) OH 8 (1950–2021) MN 7 (1938–2024) ND 7 (1973–2021) TN 7 (1979–2026) UT 7 (1906–2025) LA 6 (1977–2014) WI 6 (1978–2026) VA 6 (1939–2022) KY 5 (1938–2026) AZ 5 (1982–2023) DE 5 (1940–2021) MS 5 (1970–2025) ID 4 (1983–2018) ME 3 (1879–1983) CO 3 (1981–2026) SC 3 (1955–2021) MT 3 (1909–2020) WV 2 (1978–2006) RI 2 (1983–1984) GU 2 (1978–2022) VT 2 (2009–2015) NV 2 (2015–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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