guilty plea hearing (Texas) · Go Syfert
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guilty plea hearing in Texas

61 Texas opinions name it 2 courts 1978–2023 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (31)

CaseFollowedCited
Boykin v. Alabamagreen
scotus · 1969 · cited in 8 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2023
2 sentences

2007See Aguirre-Mata II , 125 S.W.3d at 475 n.6 (constitutional rights waived by a guilty plea are privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, and rights to counsel, trial by jury (6) and confrontation of accusers, citing Boykin , 395 U.S. at 243 ).

2007See Aguirre-Mata II, 125 S.W.3d at 475 n.6 (constitutional rights waived by a guilty plea are privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, and rights to counsel, trial by jury6 and confrontation of accusers, citing Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243 ).

58
Sexton v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1972 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Furthermore, the actual charging language from Lamar’s indictment does not appear anywhere in his plea papers. 10 (f) Defendant may testify under oath in open court admitting his culpability or acknowledging that allegations in the charging instrument are true and correct First of all, as noted above, Lamar was not placed under oath at the time he purportedly entered his guilty plea.2 See King v. State, No. 12-12-00020-CR, 2013 WL 2407198 at *6 (Tex.App.—Tyler May 31, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (Defendant’s plea colloquy did not constitute a judicial confession,

2015Additionally, the actual charging language from Scott’s information appears nowhere in his plea papers. 9 (f) Defendant may testify under oath in open court admitting his culpability or acknowledging that allegations in the charging instrument are true and correct First, as noted above, the trial court did not place Scott under oath at the time he purportedly entered his guilty plea.2 See King v. State, No. 12-12-00020-CR, 2013 WL 2407198 at *6 (Tex.App.—Tyler May 31, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (Defendant’s plea colloquy did not constitute a judicial confession,

44
Mendez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See Mendez, 138 S.W.3d at 350 ; Starks, 266 S.W.3d at 613 ; Hall, 2010 WL 654157 , at *4; Wilson, 2006 WL 1892381 , at *3; see also Neely v. State, No. 2-07-254-CR, 2008 WL 1932140 , at *2-3 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth May 1, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (applying Mendez to contention that the trial court should not have accepted the defendant’s guilty plea because evidence admitted during the guilty plea hearing showed the defendant lacked the necessary intent to support his conviction; holding that because the defendant did not ask to withdraw his guilty plea, he may n

2010See Mendez , 138 S.W.3d at 350 ; Starks , 266 S.W.3d at 613 ; Hall , 2010 WL 654157 , at *4; Wilson , 2006 WL 1892381 , at *3; see also Neely v. State , No. 2-07-254-CR, 2008 WL 1932140 , at *2-3 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth May 1, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (applying Mendez to contention that the trial court should not have accepted the defendant's guilty plea because evidence admitted during the guilty plea hearing showed the defendant lacked the necessary intent to support his conviction; holding that because the defendant did not ask to withdraw his guilty plea, he

44
Aguirre-Mata v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2003 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007See Aguirre-Mata II , 125 S.W.3d at 475 n.6 (constitutional rights waived by a guilty plea are privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, and rights to counsel, trial by jury (6) and confrontation of accusers, citing Boykin , 395 U.S. at 243 ).

2007See Aguirre-Mata II, 125 S.W.3d at 475 n.6 (constitutional rights waived by a guilty plea are privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, and rights to counsel, trial by jury6 and confrontation of accusers, citing Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243 ).

33
Wolfe v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1978 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980Because the record on original submission did not contain a transcription of the court reporter’s notes from the guilty plea hearing, the panel was constrained to hold under the authority of Wolfe v. State, 560 S.W.2d 686 (Tex.Cr.App.1978) and its progeny that appellant was making an improper attempt collaterally to attack sufficiency of the evidence.

1980Wolfe v. State, 560 S.W.2d 686, 688 (Tex.Cr.

23
Ex Parte Reedygreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2014Martinez, 330 S.W.3d at 900 ; Ex parte Reedy, 282 S.W.3d 492, 500 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009).

2013Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 900 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011), cert. denied, 131 S.Ct. 3073 (2011); Ex parte Reedy, 282 S.W.3d 492, 500 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009).

22
Salinas v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2011
2 sentences

2011App. 1991). 4 See Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 740 (Tex. Crim.

2010App. 1991). 4 See Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 740 (Tex. Crim.

22
Garcia v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Garcia , 149 S.W.3d at 144 (acknowledging that a litigant is never deemed to give up a waivable right unless “he says so plainly, freely, and intelligently, sometimes in writing and always on the record”).

2005See Garcia, 149 S.W.3d at 144 (acknowledging that a litigant is never deemed to give up a waivable right unless “he says so plainly, freely, and intelligently, sometimes in writing and always on the record”).

22
United States v. Amanda Mitchell, AKA Amanda Foster, Amanda Mitchellgreen
ca3 · 1997 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999United States. v. Mitchell, 122 F.3d 185, 189-91 (3rd Cir.1997), rev'd, - U.S. -, 119 S.Ct. 1307 , 143 L.Ed.2d 424 (1999).

1999United States v. Mitchell, 122 F.3d 185, 189-91 (3rd Cir. 1997) rev’d, 526 U.S. 314 , 119 S.Ct. 1307 , 143 L.Ed.2d 424 (1999).

22
Mitchell v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2004
2 sentences

1999As to the question of whether the guilty plea hearing should be considered separate from the sentencing hearing, i.e., whether the proceeding is unitary or bifurcated, the Supreme Court noted: “Our rule is applicable whether or not the sentencing hearing is deemed a proceeding separate from the Rule 11 hearing, an issue we need not resolve.” 5 Id. at-, 119 S.Ct. at 1314 . *97 For the above reasons, we question whether the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals opinion in Carroll can be reconciled with the subsequent United States Supreme Court’s decision in Mitchell .

1999As to the question of whether the guilty plea hearing should be considered separate from the sentencing hearing, i.e., whether the proceeding is unitary or bifurcated, the Supreme Court noted: “Our rule is applicable whether or not the sentencing hearing is deemed a proceeding separate from the Rule 11 hearing, an issue we need not resolve.” 5 Id. at-, 119 S.Ct. at 1314 .

14
Ex Parte Martinezgreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2014Martinez, 330 S.W.3d at 900 ; Ex parte Reedy, 282 S.W.3d 492, 500 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009).

2013Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 900 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011), cert. denied, 131 S.Ct. 3073 (2011); Ex parte Reedy, 282 S.W.3d 492, 500 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009).

12
Kniatt v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2012
2 sentences

2012Applicable Law "A guilty plea constitutes a waiver of three constitutional rights: the right to a jury trial, the right to confront one's accusers, and the right not to incriminate oneself." Id. (citing Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243 (1969)).

2010See Kniatt v. State, 206 S.W.3d 657, 664 (Tex. Crim.

12
United States v. Brocegreen
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019See id.; see also United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 576 (1989) (double-jeopardy claims are cognizable for first time on appeal despite guilty plea if they can be resolved without resort to evidence contradicting the indictments).

11
Perez, Eduardogreen
texcrimapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Perez v. State, 424 S.W.3d 81, 86 (Tex. Crim.

11
Jones v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015One point is particularly worth noting: double jeopardy complaints are not waived simply because the issue was not raised earlier on appropriate occassions.Ob- jections can be raised at any time.A guilty plea does not bar relief from double je- Opardy violations.Ex parte Fortune, 797 S.W.2d 929 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).Doub1e jeopar- dy complaints involve fundamental constitutional protections,and points raising the prohibition against double jeopardy are not waived by insufficiently specific objec- tions in the trial court.Ex parte Pleasant, 577 S.W.2d 256,257 (Tex.Crim.App. 1979);1 Jones v. Stat

11
Ex Parte Pleasantgreen
texcrimapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015One point is particularly worth noting: double jeopardy complaints are not waived simply because the issue was not raised earlier on appropriate occassions.Ob- jections can be raised at any time.A guilty plea does not bar relief from double je- Opardy violations.Ex parte Fortune, 797 S.W.2d 929 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).Doub1e jeopar- dy complaints involve fundamental constitutional protections,and points raising the prohibition against double jeopardy are not waived by insufficiently specific objec- tions in the trial court.Ex parte Pleasant, 577 S.W.2d 256,257 (Tex.Crim.App. 1979);1 Jones v. Stat

11
United States v. Innocent Batamulagreen
ca5 · 2015 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015App. P. 66.3(f), is exemplified by the Fifth Circuit in United States v. Batamula, 788 F.3d 166, 175 (5th Cir. 2015) where the Court held the federal writ under Padilla was not foreclosed by the district court’s admonishments at the guilty plea hearing, noting that: the mere fact that a defendant, who has already signed a plea agreement upon counsel’s advice, is told by the trial judge that the plea will likely result in deportation does not foreclose the defendant’s ability to demonstrate that “counsel’s constitutionally ineffective performance affected the outcome of the plea process.” Were

2015Id. (internal citation omitted).

11
Norvell v. Illinoisgreen
scotus · 1963 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Ex Parte Sandersgreen
texcrimapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Hall v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Jeffery v. Stategreen
texapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Marsh v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
McGuire v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1981 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
James v. Stategreen
texapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Fimberg v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Bowie v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Hill v. Lockhartgreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Cox v. Stategreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Ex Parte McClellandgreen
texcrimapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11
Boyd v. Duttongreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (32)

CaseCitedYears
Anders v. California green
scotus · 1967
2 sentences

2011We note that there is no reporter’s record of the guilty plea hearing and that no motion for new trial appears in the clerk’s record.4 After an appellant’s court-appointed counsel files a motion to withdraw on the ground that the appeal is frivolous and fulfills the requirements of Anders, this court is obligated to undertake an independent examination of the record to see if there is any arguable ground that may be raised on his behalf.5 Only then may we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw.6 Contrary to the State’s contention, its choice not to proceed on five other counts of aggravated sexual

2011We note that there is no reporter’s record of the guilty plea hearing and that no motion for new trial appears in the clerk’s record.4 After an appellant’s court-appointed counsel files a motion to withdraw on the ground that the appeal is frivolous and fulfills the requirements of Anders, this court is obligated to undertake an independent examination of the record to see if there is any arguable ground that may be raised on his behalf.5 Only then may we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw.6 Contrary to the State’s contention, its choice not to proceed on five other counts of aggravated sexual

52008–2015
Stafford v. State green
texcrimapp · 1991
2 sentences

2011We note that there is no reporter’s record of the guilty plea hearing and that no motion for new trial appears in the clerk’s record.4 After an appellant’s court-appointed counsel files a motion to withdraw on the ground that the appeal is frivolous and fulfills the requirements of Anders, this court is obligated to undertake an independent examination of the record to see if there is any arguable ground that may be raised on his behalf.5 Only then may we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw.6 Contrary to the State’s contention, its choice not to proceed on five other counts of aggravated sexual

2010We note that there is no reporter’s record of the guilty plea hearing and that no motion for new trial appears in the clerk’s record.4 After an appellant’s court-appointed counsel files a motion to withdraw on the ground that the appeal is frivolous and fulfills the requirements of Anders, this court is obligated to undertake an independent examination of the record to see if there is any arguable ground that may be raised on his behalf.5 Only then may we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw.6 Because Appellant entered an open plea of guilty, our independent review for potential error is limited

42010–2015
Starks v. State green
texapp · 2008
2 sentences

2010See Mendez, 138 S.W.3d at 350 ; Starks, 266 S.W.3d at 613 ; Hall, 2010 WL 654157 , at *4; Wilson, 2006 WL 1892381 , at *3; see also Neely v. State, No. 2-07-254-CR, 2008 WL 1932140 , at *2-3 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth May 1, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (applying Mendez to contention that the trial court should not have accepted the defendant’s guilty plea because evidence admitted during the guilty plea hearing showed the defendant lacked the necessary intent to support his conviction; holding that because the defendant did not ask to withdraw his guilty plea, he may n

2010See Mendez , 138 S.W.3d at 350 ; Starks , 266 S.W.3d at 613 ; Hall , 2010 WL 654157 , at *4; Wilson , 2006 WL 1892381 , at *3; see also Neely v. State , No. 2-07-254-CR, 2008 WL 1932140 , at *2-3 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth May 1, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (applying Mendez to contention that the trial court should not have accepted the defendant's guilty plea because evidence admitted during the guilty plea hearing showed the defendant lacked the necessary intent to support his conviction; holding that because the defendant did not ask to withdraw his guilty plea, he

22010–2010
Brady v. United States green
scotus · 1970
2 sentences

2003Since a guilty plea is a waiver of trial, it must be an intelligent act “done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences.” Id . at 748, 90 S. Ct. at 1469 .

2003Since a guilty plea is a waiver of trial, it must be an intelligent act "done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences." Id . at 748, 90 S. Ct. at 1469 .

22003–2003
Carroll v. State green
texcrimapp · 1998
2 sentences

1999As to the question of whether the guilty plea hearing should be considered separate from the sentencing hearing, i.e., whether the proceeding is unitary or bifurcated, the Supreme Court noted: “Our rule is applicable whether or not the sentencing hearing is deemed a proceeding separate from the Rule 11 hearing, an issue we need not resolve.” 5 Id. at-, 119 S.Ct. at 1314 . *97 For the above reasons, we question whether the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals opinion in Carroll can be reconciled with the subsequent United States Supreme Court’s decision in Mitchell .

1999As to the question of whether the guilty plea hearing should be considered separate from the sentencing hearing, i.e., whether the proceeding is unitary or bifurcated, the Supreme Court noted: “Our rule is applicable whether or not the sentencing hearing is deemed a proceeding separate from the Rule 11 hearing, an issue we need not resolve.” 5 Id. at-, 119 S.Ct. at 1314 .

21999–1999
Ex Parte Tuley green
texcrimapp · 2003
1 sentence

2018As we stated in Tuley , convicting *638 courts should give great respect to knowing, voluntary, and intelligent pleas of guilty. 109 S.W.3d at 391 .

12018–2018
Luckett v. State green
texapp · 2012
1 sentence

2015Fuller v. State, 253 S.W.3d 220 (Tex. Crim. 2008); Lockett v. State, 394 S.W.3d 577 (Tex. App. – Dallas 2012); 2) APPELLANT’S MENTAL COMPETENCE: Appellant was found mentally competent by two psychologists who examined him for purposes of the guilty plea hearing.

12015–2015
Rosenkrans v. State green
texapp · 1988
1 sentence

2015App. 1972) (Defendant’s admission constituted a “judicial admission” because he was sworn in as a witness). 6 Rosenkrans v. State, 758 S.W.2d 388 (Tex.App.—Austin 1988, pet. ref’d) provides an example of an oral stipulation in support of a guilty plea: 7 trial court took judicial notice of Diaz’s plea papers (Supp.

12015–2015
North Carolina v. Pearce red
scotus · 1969
2 sentences

2015The double jeopardy clause of both the Texas and Federal Constitutions protect against three abuses: a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction,and multiple punishments for the same offense.North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711,716-17 , 89 S.Ct. 2072,2076 , 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969);Phillips v. State, 787 S.W.2d 391,393 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).The Unit- ed States and Texas Constitutions protect the accused from attempts to secure addit- ional punishment after a prior conviction and sentence.Brown v. Ohio,432 U.S. 161l 165-66,

2015The double jeopardy clause of both the Texas and Federal Constitutions protect against three abuses: a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction,and multiple punishments for the same offense.North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711,716-17 , 89 S.Ct. 2072,2076 , 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969);Phillips v. State, 787 S.W.2d 391,393 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).The Unit- ed States and Texas Constitutions protect the accused from attempts to secure addit- ional punishment after a prior conviction and sentence.Brown v. Ohio,432 U.S. 161l 165-66,

12015–2015
Fuller v. State green
texcrimapp · 2008
1 sentence

2015Fuller v. State, 253 S.W.3d 220 (Tex. Crim. 2008); Lockett v. State, 394 S.W.3d 577 (Tex. App. – Dallas 2012); 2) APPELLANT’S MENTAL COMPETENCE: Appellant was found mentally competent by two psychologists who examined him for purposes of the guilty plea hearing.

12015–2015
Ex Parte Fortune green
texcrimapp · 1990
1 sentence

2015One point is particularly worth noting: double jeopardy complaints are not waived simply because the issue was not raised earlier on appropriate occassions.Ob- jections can be raised at any time.A guilty plea does not bar relief from double je- Opardy violations.Ex parte Fortune, 797 S.W.2d 929 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).Doub1e jeopar- dy complaints involve fundamental constitutional protections,and points raising the prohibition against double jeopardy are not waived by insufficiently specific objec- tions in the trial court.Ex parte Pleasant, 577 S.W.2d 256,257 (Tex.Crim.App. 1979);1 Jones v. Stat

12015–2015
Phillips v. State green
texcrimapp · 1990
1 sentence

2015The double jeopardy clause of both the Texas and Federal Constitutions protect against three abuses: a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction,and multiple punishments for the same offense.North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711,716-17 , 89 S.Ct. 2072,2076 , 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969);Phillips v. State, 787 S.W.2d 391,393 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).The Unit- ed States and Texas Constitutions protect the accused from attempts to secure addit- ional punishment after a prior conviction and sentence.Brown v. Ohio,432 U.S. 161l 165-66,

12015–2015
Brown v. Ohio green
scotus · 1977
1 sentence

2015The double jeopardy clause of both the Texas and Federal Constitutions protect against three abuses: a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction,and multiple punishments for the same offense.North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711,716-17 , 89 S.Ct. 2072,2076 , 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969);Phillips v. State, 787 S.W.2d 391,393 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).The Unit- ed States and Texas Constitutions protect the accused from attempts to secure addit- ional punishment after a prior conviction and sentence.Brown v. Ohio,432 U.S. 161l 165-66,

12015–2015
Padilla v. Kentucky green
scotus · 2010
12013–2013
Jones v. United States green
scotus · 2011
12013–2013
Mason v. State green
texapp · 2001
12008–2008
Bell v. State green
texcrimapp · 2002
12006–2006
Carroll v. State green
texcrimapp · 2001
12004–2004
Ex Parte Curtis green
texcrimapp · 1978
12001–2001
United States v. Ury green
ca2 · 1939
12000–2000
Ex Parte Siebold green
· 1880
12000–2000
Louis E. White v. Dr. George J. Beto, Director, Texas Department of Corrections green
ca5 · 1966
12000–2000
James David McClain v. Lawrence E. Wilson, Warden neutral
ca9 · 1966
12000–2000
Rice v. United States neutral
ca5 · 1929
12000–2000
McLennan v. State green
texapp · 1991
11992–1992
Haney v. State green
texcrimapp · 1979
11985–1985
Isam v. State green
texcrimapp · 1979
11985–1985
David Brown v. E.P. Perini William Brown, Attorney General of Ohio green
ca6 · 1983
11985–1985
Ex Parte Crisp green
texcrimapp · 1983
11985–1985
Ex Parte Crisp green
texcrimapp · 1983
11985–1985
Crisp v. State green
texapp · 1983
11985–1985
Jimmy Frank v. Frank Blackburn, Warden, Louisiana State Penitentiary green
ca5 · 1980
11981–1981

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 29.03 (3) USC § 8u.s.c.1433 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TN 276 (1971–2026) IN 262 (1974–2026) IL 200 (1975–2026) GA 179 (1975–2026) MO 159 (1972–2025) PA 150 (1968–2026) OH 92 (1993–2024) IA 68 (1975–2024) MS 66 (1995–2025) TX 61 (1978–2023) WI 58 (1980–2026) DE 42 (1976–2025) LA 41 (1983–2025) NY 34 (1979–2025) CA 25 (1965–2025) MN 24 (1987–2026) MD 20 (1973–2026) SC 18 (1984–2025) MI 17 (1971–2020) AL 17 (1977–2024) OR 16 (1981–2019) ID 16 (1990–2024) CT 11 (1970–2009) VA 11 (1981–2025) MA 10 (1978–2025) FL 8 (1993–2023) NM 8 (1977–2020) WA 7 (1976–2026) NJ 6 (1978–2018) CO 6 (1992–2026) KY 6 (2012–2024) MT 5 (2001–2015) AZ 5 (1977–2022) RI 5 (1979–2013) SD 4 (1996–2014) KS 3 (2001–2026) WY 3 (1986–2018) UT 3 (1994–2008) WV 2 (1993–2002) AR 2 (2013–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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