Brown claim (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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Brown claim in Pennsylvania

58 Pennsylvania opinions name it 3 courts 1974–2026 17 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (47)

CaseFollowedCited
Commonwealth v. Edmundsgreen
pa · 1991 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2010–2025
2 sentences

2025Compare [] Edmunds, [ 586 A.2d at 899 ]) (“[T]he exclusionary rule in Pennsylvania has consistently served to bolster the twin aims of Article I, Section 8; to-wit, the safeguarding of privacy and the fundamental requirement that warrants shall only be issued upon probable cause.”), with [] Leon, [ 468 U.S. at 916 ] (explaining that the federal exclusionary rule serves solely a deterrent purpose).

2025Compare [] Edmunds, [ 586 A.2d at 899 ]) (“[T]he exclusionary rule in Pennsylvania has consistently served to bolster the twin aims of Article I, Section 8; to-wit, the safeguarding of privacy and the fundamental requirement that warrants shall only be issued upon probable cause.”), with [] Leon, [ 468 U.S. at 916 ] (explaining that the federal exclusionary rule serves solely a deterrent purpose).

22
Commonwealth v. Mourygreen
pasuperct · 2010 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2019
2 sentences

2019Before addressing the merits of Brown’s claim, we must determine whether: (1) the appeal is timely; (2) the issue was preserved; (3) the brief includes a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement; and (4) the statement raises a “substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code.” See Commonwealth v. Heaster, 171 A.3d -9- J-S78024-18 268, 271-72 (Pa.Super. 2017) (quoting Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa.Super. 2010)), appeal denied, 181 A.3d 1078 (Pa. 2018).

2018“Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not entitle an appellant to review as of right.” Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010).

22
Commonwealth v. Browngreen
pasuperct · 2016 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2022–2026
2 sentences

2026Burton, 158 A.3d at 629 (to establish an after-discovered evidence claim under subsection 9543(a)(2)(vi), the petitioner must prove, inter alia, that the exculpatory evidence is not being offered solely to impeach credibility); see also Commonwealth v. Brown, 134 A.3d 1097, 1109 (Pa. Super. 2016) (upholding PCRA court’s rejection of Brown’s claim that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing regarding after- discovered evidence based on newspaper articles detailing the misconduct of two Philadelphia Police detectives in cases unrelated to Brown’s, where, absent proof that these two officers h

2022In Commonwealth v. Brown, 134 A.3d 1097 (Pa. Super. 2016), this Court rejected Brown’s claim that he deserved an after-discovered-evidence hearing based on two newspaper articles discussing the misconduct of Philadelphia Police Detectives Ronald Dove and James Pitts in unrelated cases.

13
Commonwealth v. Browngreen
pa · 2018 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Justice Donohue noted that "Brown's defense did not involve challenging the cause of the victim's death in any respect." Id. at 340.

2019Justice Donohue noted that “Brown’s defense did not involve challenging the cause of the victim’s death in any respect.” Id. at 340 .

12
In re Adoption of A.C.green
pa · 2017 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Commonwealth v. Jacoby, 170 A.3d 1065, 1080 (Pa. 2017) (quotation marks and citations omitted).6 Brown’s brief summarizes the evidence against him at his trial, see Appellant’s Brief at 12-17, and then suggests, inter alia, that the Commonwealth adduced nothing that actually connected him to the murders.

11
Com. v. Moose, C., Jr.green
pasuperct · 2021 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See Moose, 245 A.3d at 1130 .

11
Hudson v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parolegreen
pa · 2019 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Considering the totality of the circumstances, we conclude the court properly found that the possibility of parole was not a term of Brown’s plea ____________________________________________ 4 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1102(b) (“[A] person who has been convicted of murder of the second degree... shall be sentenced to a term of life imprisonment.”); Hudson v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 204 A.3d 392, 399 (Pa. 2019) (The Board lacks statutory authorization “to release on parole an inmate servicing a mandatory life sentence for second-degree murder.”) (citation omitted). 5 Because “a def

11
Commonwealth v. Starkgreen
pasuperct · 1997 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Considering the totality of the circumstances, we conclude the court properly found that the possibility of parole was not a term of Brown’s plea ____________________________________________ 4 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1102(b) (“[A] person who has been convicted of murder of the second degree... shall be sentenced to a term of life imprisonment.”); Hudson v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 204 A.3d 392, 399 (Pa. 2019) (The Board lacks statutory authorization “to release on parole an inmate servicing a mandatory life sentence for second-degree murder.”) (citation omitted). 5 Because “a def

11
Commonwealth v. Adamsgreen
pasuperct · 2012 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026After reviewing the record, we again find the court’s resolution of Brown’s claim, to the extent it delves into a harmless error analysis, ____________________________________________ Commonwealth v. Adams, 39 A.3d 310, 322 (Pa. Super. 2012) (cleaned up). - 16 - J-S05042-26 appropriately demonstrates that he is not entitled to relief: [The court] properly admitted Detective Ortiz’s testimony as evidence to the thoroughness of the police’s investigation rather than relying on the statement to establish the truth of the fact that someone heard gunshots in the area around the time that the murder

11
Williams v. Madenspachergreen
pa · 2016 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Burton, 158 A.3d at 629 (to establish an after-discovered evidence claim under subsection 9543(a)(2)(vi), the petitioner must prove, inter alia, that the exculpatory evidence is not being offered solely to impeach credibility); see also Commonwealth v. Brown, 134 A.3d 1097, 1109 (Pa. Super. 2016) (upholding PCRA court’s rejection of Brown’s claim that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing regarding after- discovered evidence based on newspaper articles detailing the misconduct of two Philadelphia Police detectives in cases unrelated to Brown’s, where, absent proof that these two officers h

11
Commonwealth v. Johnsongreen
pa · 2014 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Id. at 184-85 . - 31 - J-S47041-24 immaterial to the constitutional analysis because Edmunds “turned on a determination that, under Article I, Section 8, the exclusionary rule in Pennsylvania serves other values besides deterrence; it also vindicates an individual’s right to privacy.” Id. at 188 .

2025Id. at 184-85 . - 31 - J-S47041-24 immaterial to the constitutional analysis because Edmunds “turned on a determination that, under Article I, Section 8, the exclusionary rule in Pennsylvania serves other values besides deterrence; it also vindicates an individual’s right to privacy.” Id. at 188 .

11
Gillespie v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parolegreen
pacommwct · 1986 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See, e.g., Gillespie v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 505 A.2d 403 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986) (quashing a petition for review filed in this Court less than six months after an inmate’s request for a parole interview, which the Board viewed as an application for parole); Giddings v. Tartler, 567 A.2d 766 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989) (denying an inmate’s motion for judgment on the pleadings because his underlying petition for review was filed in this Court merely one day after his application to the Board); Marshall v. Jacobs, 575 A.2d 971 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990) (dismissing a petition for review because an inmate had fi

11
Com. v. Moore, B.green
pasuperct · 2023 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See Commonwealth v. Moore, 307 A.3d 95, 100 (Pa.Super. 2023) (finding defendant waived issue when he filed motion to withdraw guilty plea after the court decided post-sentence motions).8 He also did not frame it as a claim of ineffectiveness, as he does now.

11
Neitzke v. Williamsred
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023An action is frivolous under Rule 240(j) “if, on its face, it does not set forth a valid cause of action.” McGriff v. Vidovich, 699 A.2d 797, 799 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997); see also Pa.R.Civ.P. 240(j)(1), Note (“A frivolous action or proceeding has been defined as one that ‘lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.’ Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319 [] (1989).”).

11
Commonwealth v. Prietogreen
pasuperct · 2019 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023We note that “in terms of its effect upon a case, a plea of [no-contest] is treated the same as a guilty plea.” Commonwealth v. Prieto, 206 A.3d 529, 533 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). - 10 - J-S23022-23 the merits of the issue he would have pursued on appeal to be entitled to relief.” Commonwealth v. Spencer, 892 A.2d 840, 842 (Pa. Super. 2006).

11
McGriff v. Vidovichgreen
pacommwct · 1997 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023An action is frivolous under Rule 240(j) “if, on its face, it does not set forth a valid cause of action.” McGriff v. Vidovich, 699 A.2d 797, 799 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997); see also Pa.R.Civ.P. 240(j)(1), Note (“A frivolous action or proceeding has been defined as one that ‘lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.’ Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319 [] (1989).”).

11
Commonwealth v. Spencergreen
pasuperct · 2006 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023We note that “in terms of its effect upon a case, a plea of [no-contest] is treated the same as a guilty plea.” Commonwealth v. Prieto, 206 A.3d 529, 533 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). - 10 - J-S23022-23 the merits of the issue he would have pursued on appeal to be entitled to relief.” Commonwealth v. Spencer, 892 A.2d 840, 842 (Pa. Super. 2006).

11
Com. v. Davis, G.green
pasuperct · 2021 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022When asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must demonstrate: “(1) the underlying claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel had no reasonable strategic basis for his action or inaction; and, (3) but for the errors and omissions of counsel, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” Commonwealth v. Davis, 262 A.3d 589, 595 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation ____________________________________________ 5 Brown’s brief does not comply with our Rules of Appellate Procedure in that it does not include the required content nor

11
Commonwealth v. Tysongreen
pasuperct · 2015 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Commonwealth v. Robinsongreen
pa · 1998 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Commonwealth v. Currygreen
pa · 2017 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Com. v. Martingreen
pasuperct · 2017 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Reilly v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authoritygreen
pa · 1985 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Estelle v. Gamblegreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Commonwealth v. Yarrisgreen
pa · 1999 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Commonwealth v. Lairdgreen
pa · 2015 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Wilkins v. Miller-Stevensgreen
pa · 2014 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Lichtman v. Glazergreen
pacommwct · 2015 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Commonwealth v. Jonesgreen
pa · 2002 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Commonwealth v. Finleygreen
pa · 1988 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Commonwealth v. Lawsongreen
pasuperct · 2014 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Harris v. Toys\ R\" Us-Penngreen
· 2005 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Commonwealth v. Ousleygreen
pasuperct · 2011 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Eichman v. McKeongreen
pasuperct · 2003 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Commonwealth v. Torresgreen
pa · 2001 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Commonwealth v. Jordangreen
pasuperct · 2001 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Commonwealth v. McClendongreen
pasuperct · 2005 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Bailey v. Storlazzigreen
pasuperct · 1999 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Commonwealth v. Ladamusgreen
pasuperct · 2006 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Commonwealth v. GOODMANgreen
pa · 1973 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (33)

CaseCitedYears
Brown v. Illinois green
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

2025As a matter of pure logic, however, it seems to me that the Brown factors should apply differently in Pennsylvania than in the federal forum, since the circumstances are to be considered “in light of the policy to be served by the exclusionary rule,” Brown, 422 U.S. at 604 , … and [the Pennsylvania Supreme] Court at least previously has maintained that the policies underlying the exclusionary rule are substantially broader under Pennsylvania jurisprudence than under federal Fourth Amendment law.

2025As a matter of pure logic, however, it seems to me that the Brown factors should apply differently in Pennsylvania than in the federal forum, since the circumstances are to be considered “in light of the policy to be served by the exclusionary rule,” Brown, 422 U.S. at 604 , … and [the Pennsylvania Supreme] Court at least previously has maintained that the policies underlying the exclusionary rule are substantially broader under Pennsylvania jurisprudence than under federal Fourth Amendment law.

32010–2025
United States v. Leon green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2025Compare [] Edmunds, [ 586 A.2d at 899 ]) (“[T]he exclusionary rule in Pennsylvania has consistently served to bolster the twin aims of Article I, Section 8; to-wit, the safeguarding of privacy and the fundamental requirement that warrants shall only be issued upon probable cause.”), with [] Leon, [ 468 U.S. at 916 ] (explaining that the federal exclusionary rule serves solely a deterrent purpose).

2025Compare [] Edmunds, [ 586 A.2d at 899 ]) (“[T]he exclusionary rule in Pennsylvania has consistently served to bolster the twin aims of Article I, Section 8; to-wit, the safeguarding of privacy and the fundamental requirement that warrants shall only be issued upon probable cause.”), with [] Leon, [ 468 U.S. at 916 ] (explaining that the federal exclusionary rule serves solely a deterrent purpose).

22010–2025
Smith v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation & Parole green
pa · 1996
2 sentences

2016In Smith v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 683 A.2d 278 (Pa. 1996), our Supreme Court held that state appellate courts should consider a pro 1 Appellees note that these documents were not submitted to the trial court and thus are not part of the official record transmitted to this Court. 3 se inmate’s appeal from a governmental agency decision to be filed when the appeal is given to prison officials or placed in the prison mailbox.

2015In Smith v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 683 A.2d 278 (Pa. 1996), our Supreme Court held that state appellate courts should consider a pro 1 Appellees note that these documents were not submitted to the trial court and thus are not part of the official record transmitted to this Court. 3 se inmate’s appeal from a governmental agency decision to be filed when the appeal is given to prison officials or placed in the prison mailbox.

22015–2016
In re Condemnation of Land Along Woodside Road as an Extension of Maplewood Drive in Frankstown green
pacommwct · 1992
2 sentences

2008The trial court determined that charter schools are public under Sections 1702-A and 1703-A of the Charter School Law, Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, added by Section 1 of the Act of June 19, 1997, P.L. 225, 24 P.S. §§ 17-1702-A and 17-1703-A. As for Brown's claim that the condemnation and Gureghian's role as developer in the subsequent sale was not in the public interest, the trial court referred to Appeal of Heim, 151 Pa.Cmwlth. 438 , 617 A.2d 74 (1992), where this Court noted that a taking does not lose its public character merely because there may exist some feature of private

2008The trial court determined that charter schools are public under Sections 1702-A and 1703-A of the Charter School Law, Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, added by Section 1 of the Act of June 19, 1997, P.L. 225, 24 P.S. §§ 17-1702-A and 17-1703-A. As for Brown's claim that the condemnation and Gureghian's role as developer in the subsequent sale was not in the public interest, the trial court referred to Appeal of Heim, 151 Pa.Cmwlth. 438 , 617 A.2d 74 (1992), where this Court noted that a taking does not lose its public character merely because there may exist some feature of private

22008–2008
Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal green
pa · 2008
1 sentence

2026As with the petitioner in Abu-Jamal, supra, Brown’s claim is plainly underdeveloped and insufficient.

12026–2026
Giurintano v. Department of General Services green
pacommwct · 2011
1 sentence

2025Requester directs this Court to its decision in Giurintano v. Department of General Services, 20 A.3d 613 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (names of interpreters providing translation services are protected against disclosure as confidential proprietary information).

12025–2025
Giddings v. Tartler green
pacommwct · 1989
1 sentence

2024See, e.g., Gillespie v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 505 A.2d 403 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986) (quashing a petition for review filed in this Court less than six months after an inmate’s request for a parole interview, which the Board viewed as an application for parole); Giddings v. Tartler, 567 A.2d 766 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989) (denying an inmate’s motion for judgment on the pleadings because his underlying petition for review was filed in this Court merely one day after his application to the Board); Marshall v. Jacobs, 575 A.2d 971 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990) (dismissing a petition for review because an inmate had fi

12024–2024
Marshall v. Jacobs neutral
pacommwct · 1990
1 sentence

2024See, e.g., Gillespie v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 505 A.2d 403 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986) (quashing a petition for review filed in this Court less than six months after an inmate’s request for a parole interview, which the Board viewed as an application for parole); Giddings v. Tartler, 567 A.2d 766 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989) (denying an inmate’s motion for judgment on the pleadings because his underlying petition for review was filed in this Court merely one day after his application to the Board); Marshall v. Jacobs, 575 A.2d 971 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990) (dismissing a petition for review because an inmate had fi

12024–2024
Commonwealth v. Brown green
pasuperct · 2016
1 sentence

2024Id. at 206-07 .

12024–2024
Commonwealth v. Pollard green
pasuperct · 2003
1 sentence

2022After review, we conclude these claims are either refuted by Brown’s answers during the plea colloquy, Pollard, supra, or inconsequential when considering the totality of the circumstances surrounding Brown’s plea.

12022–2022
Commonwealth v. Yeomans green
pasuperct · 2011
1 sentence

2022Yeomans, supra. This is especially true, considering the PCRA court’s conclusion that plea and appellate counsel provided credible testimony, but Brown’s PCRA hearing testimony was unworthy of belief.

12022–2022
Commonwealth v. Young green
pasuperct · 1997
1 sentence

2022In Commonwealth v. Young, 695 A.2d 414 (Pa. Super. 1997), the defendant was charged with two counts of indecent assault: Section Pa.C.S.A. 3126(a)(1) (lack of consent- Count 2) and Section 3126(a)(4) (substantially impaired victim-Count 3).

12022–2022
Commonwealth v. Turner green
pa · 1988
12021–2021
Commonwealth v. Olsen green
pasuperct · 2013
12020–2020
Commonwealth v. Robinson green
pa · 2005
12019–2019
Commonwealth v. Heggins green
pasuperct · 2002
12019–2019
Com. of Pa. v. Hanson green
pa · 2018
12019–2019
Hoever v. Belleis neutral
scotus · 2018
12019–2019
Commonwealth v. Barton green
pa · 2017
12019–2019
Coulter, J. v. Lindsay, A. green
pasuperct · 2017
12019–2019
Africa v. Horn green
pacommwct · 1997
12019–2019
Tindell v. Department of Corrections green
pacommwct · 2014
12019–2019
Coulter v. Ramsden green
pasuperct · 2014
12019–2019
Commonwealth v. Paddy green
pa · 2011
12018–2018
Lesko v. Lehman green
ca3 · 1991
12018–2018
Commonwealth v. Mickell green
pasuperct · 1991
12018–2018
Commonwealth v. D'Amato green
pa · 2004
12018–2018
Commonwealth v. Mitchell, W., Aplt. green
pa · 2016
12018–2018
Commonwealth v. Brown green
pasuperct · 2005
12017–2017
Commonwealth v. Martz green
pasuperct · 2007
12017–2017
Alleyne v. United States green
· 2013
12016–2016
Murtagh v. County of Berks green
pacommwct · 1998
12015–2015
Brown v. Progressive Insurance green
pasuperct · 2004
12013–2013

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 2502 (8) PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9543 (7) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3701 (6) PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9545 (6) PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9541 (4) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 903 (3) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 907 (3) PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9544 (3) PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9711 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 122 (1901–2026) CA 102 (1967–2026) FL 65 (1975–2023) GA 62 (1975–2026) PA 58 (1974–2026) OH 56 (1974–2026) MS 47 (1985–2026) OR 45 (1971–2025) IL 40 (1968–2026) WA 31 (1936–2025) IN 31 (1979–2021) NY 28 (1848–2026) MI 28 (1988–2023) KS 28 (1991–2026) MO 27 (1912–2022) NE 23 (1983–2024) AL 23 (1918–2024) LA 22 (1952–2023) CO 21 (1980–2026) AZ 21 (2004–2026) TN 20 (1960–2026) MD 20 (1960–2021) DC 19 (1981–2025) IA 19 (1976–2024) MN 18 (1974–2025) ID 17 (1987–2026) VA 16 (1990–2022) WI 14 (1987–2023) DE 13 (1970–2025) SC 13 (1990–2026) UT 12 (1941–2025) NJ 12 (1990–2018) NC 10 (1961–2026) WY 10 (1987–2021) ME 9 (1979–2016) NV 9 (1990–2017) CT 9 (1982–2026) MA 8 (1982–2007) AK 8 (1984–2023) MT 8 (1996–2022) NM 6 (1986–2020) AR 6 (1976–2022) KY 6 (1984–2026) RI 6 (1976–2011) SD 6 (1992–2019) OK 6 (1935–2021) ND 4 (1991–2009) HI 4 (2009–2025) WV 3 (1979–1996) VT 2 (2008–2018) VI 2 (2008–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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