legal malpractice claim (Florida) · Go Syfert
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legal malpractice claim in Florida

53 Florida opinions name it 2 courts 1983–2025 8 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Florida courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (35)

CaseFollowedCited
Tarleton v. Arnstein & Lehrgreen
fladistctapp · 1998 · cited in 4 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022Elements of a Legal Malpractice Claim Arising from Litigation “In Florida, to prevail on a legal malpractice claim, the plaintiff must prove the following three elements: (1) the attorney’s employment; (2) the attorney’s neglect of a reasonable duty; and (3) the attorney’s negligence resulted in and was the proximate cause of loss to the client.” Tarleton v. Arnstein & Lehr, 719 So. 2d 325, 328 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (citations omitted); see also Bill Branch Chevrolet, Inc. v. Burnett, 555 So. 2d 455, 456 (Fla. 2d 9 DCA 1990).

2022Elements of a Legal Malpractice Claim Arising from Litigation “In Florida, to prevail on a legal malpractice claim, the plaintiff must prove the following three elements: (1) the attorney’s employment; (2) the attorney’s neglect of a reasonable duty; and (3) the attorney’s negligence resulted in and was the proximate cause of loss to the client.” Tarleton v. Arnstein & Lehr, 719 So. 2d 325, 328 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (citations omitted); see also Bill Branch Chevrolet, Inc. v. Burnett, 555 So. 2d 455, 456 (Fla. 2d 9 DCA 1990).

44
Bill Branch Chev., Inc. v. Philip L. Burnett, Pagreen
fladistctapp · 1990 · cited in 4 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022Elements of a Legal Malpractice Claim Arising from Litigation “In Florida, to prevail on a legal malpractice claim, the plaintiff must prove the following three elements: (1) the attorney’s employment; (2) the attorney’s neglect of a reasonable duty; and (3) the attorney’s negligence resulted in and was the proximate cause of loss to the client.” Tarleton v. Arnstein & Lehr, 719 So. 2d 325, 328 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (citations omitted); see also Bill Branch Chevrolet, Inc. v. Burnett, 555 So. 2d 455, 456 (Fla. 2d 9 DCA 1990).

2022Elements of a Legal Malpractice Claim Arising from Litigation “In Florida, to prevail on a legal malpractice claim, the plaintiff must prove the following three elements: (1) the attorney’s employment; (2) the attorney’s neglect of a reasonable duty; and (3) the attorney’s negligence resulted in and was the proximate cause of loss to the client.” Tarleton v. Arnstein & Lehr, 719 So. 2d 325, 328 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (citations omitted); see also Bill Branch Chevrolet, Inc. v. Burnett, 555 So. 2d 455, 456 (Fla. 2d 9 DCA 1990).

44
Segall v. Segallgreen
fladistctapp · 1993 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1997–2025
2 sentences

2025See Segall v. Segall, 632 So. 2d 76 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993); Pennsylvania Ins.

1999See Segall v. Segall, 632 So.2d 76 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993); Pennsylvania Ins.

33
Silvestrone v. Edellgreen
fla · 1998 · cited in 4 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1999–2017
2 sentences

2017As a practical matter, by holding that redressable harm is not established for purposes of a legal malpractice claim “until the final judgment becomes final,” Silvestrone, 721 So.2d at 1175 , we substantially addressed the basic concern regarding undue disruption of the attorney-client relationship underlying the continuing representation doctrine.

2009As a practical matter, by holding that redressable harm is not established for purposes of a legal malpractice claim “until the final judgment becomes final,” Silvestrone, 721 So.2d at 1175 , we substantially addressed the basic concern regarding undue disruption of the attorney-client relationship underlying the continuing representation doctrine.

24
Cowan Liebowitz & Latman, PC v. Kaplangreen
fla · 2005 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2007–2019
2 sentences

2007I respectfully disagree with the holding of the majority that the assignment of the legal malpractice claim in the instant matter was not permissible under our previous decision in Cowan Liebowitz & Latman, P.C. v. Kaplan, 902 So.2d 755 (Fla.2005).

2007See Kaplan, 902 So.2d at 761 n. 4 (permitting the assignment of a legal malpractice claim where "[t]he claim[] . . . [does] not involve personal services or implicate . . . confidentiality concerns").

23
Angel, Cohen & Rogovin v. Oberon Inv., NVgreen
fla · 1987 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2006–2019
2 sentences

2019Our supreme court has recognized only two situations in which a third party was permitted to pursue a legal malpractice claim against counsel who was not in privity with the third party, neither of which applies here: (1) a will drafting situation, see Angel, 512 So. 2d at 194 (“The only instances in Florida where this rule of privity has been relaxed is where it 6 was the apparent intent of the client to benefit a third party.

2006See Angel, Cohen & Rogovin v. Oberon Inv., N.V., 512 So.2d 192, 194 (Fla.1987).

22
Feliberty v. Damongreen
ny · 1988 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1993–1994
2 sentences

1994Finally, in determining whether a new exception should be recognized, we note that an insured is not otherwise left without a remedy for a law firm's claimed incompetence, and a law firm is not insulated from liability for wrongdoing; indeed, in the case before us, plaintiff has sought full recovery for his damages in a legal malpractice claim against the firm." 531 N.Y.S.2d at 782 , 527 N.E.2d at 265 (citations omitted).

1994Finally, in determining whether a new exception should be recognized, we note that an insured is not otherwise left without a remedy for a law firm's claimed incompetence, and a law firm is not insulated from liability for wrongdoing; indeed, in the case before us, plaintiff has sought full recovery for his damages in a legal malpractice claim against the firm." 531 N.Y.S.2d at 782 , 527 N.E.2d at 265 (citations omitted).

22
Lenahan v. RUSSELL L. FORKEY, PAgreen
fladistctapp · 1997 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1999–2012
2 sentences

2012Forkey, P.A., 702 So.2d 610, 611 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997).

1999As aptly observed by then Judge Pariente, "[t]he principle of Peat, Marwick does not mean that in every case involving attorney malpractice, the dismissal or settlement of a related case, or the failure to take an appeal of the underlying lawsuit, will automatically translate into an inability to establish redressable harm." Lenahan, 702 So.2d at 611 . [3] Accordingly, we reject the law firm's invitation to liberally expand the abandonment theory and issue such a bright line rule, deciding instead to heed the sound reasoning set forth in Sikes and Lenahan that only under narrow circumstances s

13
Hold v. Manzinigreen
fladistctapp · 1999 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2000–2009
2 sentences

2009For example, Hold v. Manzini, 736 So.2d 138 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999), addressed whether a legal malpractice claim accrued prior to the execution of a general release by the plaintiffs in favor of the defendant law firm.

2009“Until that time, a legal malpractice claim is hypothetical and damages are speculative.” Id. at 142 .

13
Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.green
scotus · 1989 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Finally, because the patent issue in Minton’s state law malpractice claim was not “substantial,” the Court found that deciding it in state court would “disrupt[] the federal-state balance approved by Congress.” Id. at 258, 264 . 4 After the Gunn decision, the Second District was presented with a similar factual scenario in Solar Dynamics, involving whether a state court had subject matter jurisdiction to handle a legal malpractice claim involving a patent. 211 So. 3d at 295-96 .

2021Id. at 253 .

12
Larson & Larson, P.A. v. TSE Industries, Inc.green
fla · 2009 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2012–2017
2 sentences

2017Id. at 43-48 .

2012To my mind, these facts demonstrate the existence of each element of a legal malpractice claim — professional negligence, causation and damages — see Larson & Larson, P.A. v. TSE Indus., Inc., 22 So.3d 36, 39 (Fla.2009), with the result that liability appears as a matter of law.

12
Steele v. Kehoegreen
fla · 1999 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2000–2001
2 sentences

2001Steele v. Kehoe, 747 So.2d 931, 933 (Fla.1999).

2000In Steele v. Kehoe, 747 So.2d 931 (Fla.1999) the supreme court held that appellate or post-conviction relief is a precondition to maintaining a legal malpractice claim.

12
cluster 492074green
ca5 · 1987 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Ala. 2017) (citing In re Wood, 825 F.2d 90 , 92 (5th Cir. 1987)). 4 For our purposes, the statutory language appears plain and unambiguous: federal district courts have exclusive jurisdiction “of all cases under title 11,” but enjoy “original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11 or arising in or related to cases under title 11.” Thus, we must determine whether this legal malpractice claim is a “case[] under title 11” or is instead a “civil proceeding[] arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.” “Cases under title 11,” as

2021Ala. 2017) (citing In re Wood, 825 F.2d 90 , 92 (5th Cir. 1987)). 4 For our purposes, the statutory language appears plain and unambiguous: federal district courts have exclusive jurisdiction “of all cases under title 11,” but enjoy “original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11 or arising in or related to cases under title 11.” Thus, we must determine whether this legal malpractice claim is a “case[] under title 11” or is instead a “civil proceeding[] arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.” “Cases under title 11,” as

11
Hartford Ins. Co. of Midwest v. Koeppelgreen
flmd · 2009 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Moreover, in Koeppel, the federal court recognized that there is no controlling Florida precedent, requiring it to “guess” (the federal court’s terminology) that “the Florida courts would extend the strict privity exception and recognize an insurer’s legal malpractice claim against an attorney retained to represent its insured.” Koeppel, 629 F. Supp. 2d at 1301 (emphasis added).

2019In Nova, the federal court followed Koeppel’s “guess,” and noted that it was “forced to predict how the Florida courts would rule if they were presented with the issue.” Nova, 2010 WL 3942875 , at *2 (emphasis added) (citing Koeppel, 629 F. Supp. 2d at 1298 ).

11
U.S. Specialty Insurance v. Burdgreen
flmd · 2011 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019See Burd, 833 F. Supp. 2d at 1352-53 (emphasis added).

11
Stanley v. Trinchardgreen
ca5 · 2007 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Co., 616 So. 2d 12, 15 (Fla. 1993); Stanley, 500 F.3d at 425 (holding that bankruptcy discharge eliminates only a debtor's personal liability and not the debt itself and that a bankruptcy trustee stands in the shoes of the debtor and can bring a legal malpractice claim as trustee).

11
Gunn v. Mintongreen
scotus · 2013 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017In framing the contours of the “slim category” of cases in which a legal malpractice claim confers § 1338 “arising under” jurisdiction, the jurisprudence resembles a “canvas [that] looks like one that Jackson Pollock got to first.” 5 Gunn v. Minton, 568 U.S. 251 , 133 S.Ct. 1059, 1065 , 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013).

2017In framing the contours of the “slim category” of cases in which a legal malpractice claim confers § 1338 “arising under” jurisdiction, the jurisprudence resembles a “canvas [that] looks like one that Jackson Pollock got to first.” 5 Gunn v. Minton, 568 U.S. 251 , 133 S.Ct. 1059, 1065 , 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013).

11
Camp v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.green
fla · 1993 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Co., 616 So. 2d 12, 15 (Fla. 1993); Stanley, 500 F.3d at 425 (holding that bankruptcy discharge eliminates only a debtor's personal liability and not the debt itself and that a bankruptcy trustee stands in the shoes of the debtor and can bring a legal malpractice claim as trustee).

11
Coble v. Aronsongreen
fladistctapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013See Coble v. Aronson, 647 So.2d 968, 970 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994) (“The test for determining when a cause of action for attorney malpractice has accrued is whether the existence of redressable harm has been established.”) (emphasis added; citation omitted).

11
H & U Foods, Inc. v. Ellisongreen
fladistctapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013See H & U Foods, Inc. v. Ellison, 439 So.2d 923, 924 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983) (“The primary reason for granting a new trial, as set out in the court’s order, was the jury’s failure to award at least some damages even if nominal.

11
Espinosa v. Sparber, Shevin, Shapo, Rosen and Heilbronnergreen
fla · 1993 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012Id.; See Espinosa v. Sparber, Shevin, Shapo, Rosen & Heilbronner, 612 So.2d 1378, 1380 (Fla.1993); Kinney v. Shinholser, 663 So.2d 643, 646 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995).

11
Kinney v. Shinholsergreen
fladistctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Weinberg v. Weinberggreen
fladistctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Moscowitz v. Oldhamgreen
fladistctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Rocco v. Glenn, Rasmussen, Fogarty & Hooker, P.A.green
fladistctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
HUNZINGER CONST. v. Quarles & Bradygreen
fladistctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
State v. Family Bank of Hallandalegreen
fladistctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Weiss v. Leatherberrygreen
fladistctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Kaplan v. Cowan Liebowitz & Latman, PCgreen
fladistctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
In Re: Fernando R. Alvarez, Debtor. Johnson, Blakely, Pope, Bokor, Ruppel & Burns, P.A. v. Fernando R. Alvarezgreen
ca11 · 2000 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Throneburg v. BOOSE, CASEY, CIKLINgreen
fladistctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Pearl Cruises v. Bestorgreen
fladistctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. v. Lanegreen
fla · 1990 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Fireman's Fund Insurance v. McDonald, Hecht & Solberggreen
calctapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Meyer v. Mulligangreen
wyo · 1995 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Florida. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (24)

CaseCitedYears
National Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Salter green
fladistctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2006Co. v. Salter, 717 So.2d 141 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998) (holding that insurance company could not pursue a legal malpractice claim under the company's right of subrogation).

2006In Weiss , the adverse parties in a personal injury suit entered into a settlement agreement requiring "[the defendant] to immediately pursue a legal malpractice claim against [the defendant's attorney] and to assign all of the benefits from the lawsuit to the [plaintiff.]" Id. at 370 .

32002–2006
Scott v. State green
fladistctapp · 2017
2 sentences

2021Finally, because the patent issue in Minton’s state law malpractice claim was not “substantial,” the Court found that deciding it in state court would “disrupt[] the federal-state balance approved by Congress.” Id. at 258, 264 . 4 After the Gunn decision, the Second District was presented with a similar factual scenario in Solar Dynamics, involving whether a state court had subject matter jurisdiction to handle a legal malpractice claim involving a patent. 211 So. 3d at 295-96 .

2021After the Gunn decision, the Second District was presented with a similar factual scenario in Solar Dynamics, involving whether a state court had subject matter jurisdiction to handle a legal malpractice claim involving a patent. 211 So. 3d at 295-96 .

22021–2021
Cira v. Dillinger green
fladistctapp · 2005
2 sentences

2010A legal malpractice claim “has three elements: (1) the attorney’s employment, (2) the attorney’s neglect of a reasonable duty, and (3) the attorney’s negligence [as] the proximate cause of the client’s loss.” Cira v. Dillinger, 903 So.2d 367 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005).

2009A legal malpractice claim, which is the designated professional negligence alleged in the complaint before us, “has three elements: (1) the attorney’s employment, (2) the attorney’s neglect of a reasonable duty, and (8) the attorney’s negligence [as] the proximate cause of the client’s loss.” Cira v. Dillinger, 903 So.2d 367 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005). 2 In the instant case, we must then resolve whether the delivery of the documents was the proximate cause of the damage to Mrs. Rocco or whether some additional event or act must have occurred before Appellees could be held liable for the tortious condu

22009–2010
PEREZ-ABREU, ZAMORA, PA v. Taracido green
fla · 2001
2 sentences

2007However, based on our decision in Perez-Abreu, Zamora & De La Fe, P.A. v. Taracido, 790 So.2d 1051 (Fla. 2001), EMC could not bring a legal malpractice claim at that time because the cause of action did not accrue "until the conclusion of the . . . underlying judicial proceeding." Id. at 1055 .

2007However, based on our decision in Perez-Abreu, Zamora & De La Fe, P.A. v. Taracido, 790 So.2d 1051 (Fla. 2001), EMC could not bring a legal malpractice claim at that time because the cause of action did not accrue "until the conclusion of the . . . underlying judicial proceeding." Id. at 1055 .

22002–2007
ROGER ZITRIN, MD, PA v. Glaser green
fladistctapp · 1993
2 sentences

1995In reversing a dismissal on limitations grounds there, we suggested in dicta that Peat Marwick concerned only “litiga-tional malpractice.” We then proceeded to hold, however, that the limitations period on a legal malpractice claim does not begin to run “until the existence of a redressable harm or injury has been established and the injured party knows or should know of either the injury or the negligent act.” [e.o.] 621 So.2d at 749-750 .

1995In reversing a dismissal on limitations grounds there, we suggested in dicta that Peat Marwick concerned only "litigational malpractice." We then proceeded to hold, however, that the limitations period on *1137 a legal malpractice claim does not begin to run "until the existence of a redressable harm or injury has been established and the injured party knows or should know of either the injury or the negligent act." [e.o.] 621 So.2d at 749-750 .

21995–1995
In Re Pacor, Inc. v. John Higgins, Jr. And Louise Higgins green
ca3 · 1984
1 sentence

2021Id. at 789 (citing Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984 (11th Cir. 1990)). 6 542-43 (8th Cir. 2005) (noting: “Congress granted state courts concurrent jurisdiction to consider bankruptcy issues arising from Chapter 11 proceedings.”) It is thus clear that this legal malpractice claim is one subject not to exclusive federal jurisdiction, but to concurrent jurisdiction with state courts.

12021–2021
cluster 546199 green
ca11 · 1990
1 sentence

2021Id. at 789 (citing Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984 (11th Cir. 1990)). 6 542-43 (8th Cir. 2005) (noting: “Congress granted state courts concurrent jurisdiction to consider bankruptcy issues arising from Chapter 11 proceedings.”) It is thus clear that this legal malpractice claim is one subject not to exclusive federal jurisdiction, but to concurrent jurisdiction with state courts.

12021–2021
Weinberg v. Boyle (In Re Weinberg) green
sdb · 1993
1 sentence

2021Ala. 2017) (citing In re Wood, 825 F.2d 90 , 92 (5th Cir. 1987)). 4 For our purposes, the statutory language appears plain and unambiguous: federal district courts have exclusive jurisdiction “of all cases under title 11,” but enjoy “original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11 or arising in or related to cases under title 11.” Thus, we must determine whether this legal malpractice claim is a “case[] under title 11” or is instead a “civil proceeding[] arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.” “Cases under title 11,” as

12021–2021
Kates v. Robinson green
fladistctapp · 2001
1 sentence

2018Kates v. Robinson , 786 So.2d 61 , 64 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001).

12018–2018
Adelman v. Adelman green
fladistctapp · 1990
12011–2011
INTEGRATED BROADCAST SERVICES v. Mitchel green
fladistctapp · 2006
12009–2009
Tse Industries, Inc. v. Larson & Larson, Pa green
fladistctapp · 2008
12009–2009
Fremont Indem. Company v. Carey, Dwyer, Eckert, Mason & Spring, Pa green
fla · 2001
12009–2009
Security Nat. v. Law Office of Stern, Pa green
fladistctapp · 2005
12007–2007
Cerberus Partners, L.P. v. Gadsby & Hannah green
ri · 1999
12005–2005
Holly v. Auld green
fla · 1984
12005–2005
Rowell v. Holt green
fla · 2003
12005–2005
Kozich v. Shahady green
fladistctapp · 1997
12003–2003
Steele v. Kehoe green
fladistctapp · 1998
12001–2001
Forgione v. Dennis Pirtle Agency, Inc. green
fla · 1997
12000–2000
Silvers v. Brodeur green
indctapp · 1997
11998–1998
Bank IV Wichita, National Ass'n v. Arn, Mullins, Unruh, Kuhn & Wilson green
kan · 1992
11998–1998
Tucker v. Fianson green
fladistctapp · 1986
11990–1990
Birnholz v. Blake green
fladistctapp · 1981
11983–1983

Statutes the citing opinions construe

FL § 95.11 (5) FL § 47.011 (4) USC § 28u.s.c.1338 (4) FL § 768.79 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 301 (1985–2026) NY 248 (1990–2026) IL 199 (1980–2026) OH 158 (1989–2026) NJ 88 (1980–2026) CA 76 (1969–2026) PA 68 (1987–2026) MI 65 (1987–2026) LA 53 (1985–2025) FL 53 (1983–2025) IN 44 (1981–2020) WA 43 (1992–2026) MN 40 (1984–2017) GA 39 (1990–2025) TN 38 (1996–2025) MA 37 (1988–2026) MO 28 (1981–2025) SC 28 (1996–2025) UT 27 (1996–2026) MS 27 (1982–2024) CT 25 (1996–2024) AZ 24 (1984–2026) IA 24 (1989–2026) CO 21 (1995–2025) ID 21 (1995–2026) KS 21 (1990–2026) AL 20 (1982–2025) NM 20 (1997–2025) NV 20 (1996–2025) OR 19 (1988–2025) MT 18 (1995–2026) VA 16 (1988–2026) ME 16 (1996–2020) WI 15 (1991–2025) DC 15 (1990–2024) NC 14 (2003–2022) VT 14 (1992–2025) SD 14 (1983–2023) RI 13 (1997–2017) WY 13 (2002–2026) KY 12 (2007–2024) MD 12 (1995–2024) NE 11 (1995–2026) AK 10 (1992–2025) ND 10 (1990–2024) WV 10 (2003–2021) DE 9 (1996–2025) HI 6 (2001–2026) NH 5 (2010–2019) OK 4 (2000–2025) AR 4 (2003–2025) VI 3 (1991–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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