course hearing (Maryland) · Go Syfert
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course hearing in Maryland

47 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 1940–2025 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
Paladino v. Adelphi Universitygreen
nyappdiv · 1982 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022The educational malpractice doctrine applies when a court is “asked to evaluate the course of instruction . . . [and] is similarly called upon to review the soundness of the method of teaching that has been adopted by an educational institution.” Ross v. Creighton Univ., 957 F.2d 410, 416 (7th Cir. 1992) (quoting Paladino v. Adelphi Univ., 89 A.D.2d 85, 90 (N.Y. 1982) (alterations in Ross)).

2022The educational malpractice doctrine applies when a court is “asked to evaluate the course of instruction . . . [and] is similarly called upon to review the soundness of the method of teaching that has been adopted by an educational institution.” Ross v. Creighton Univ., 957 F.2d 410, 416 (7th Cir. 1992) (quoting Paladino v. Adelphi Univ., 89 A.D.2d 85, 90 (N.Y. 1982) (alterations in Ross)).

22
Kevin Ross v. Creighton Universitygreen
ca7 · 1992 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022The educational malpractice doctrine applies when a court is “asked to evaluate the course of instruction . . . [and] is similarly called upon to review the soundness of the method of teaching that has been adopted by an educational institution.” Ross v. Creighton Univ., 957 F.2d 410, 416 (7th Cir. 1992) (quoting Paladino v. Adelphi Univ., 89 A.D.2d 85, 90 (N.Y. 1982) (alterations in Ross)).

2022The educational malpractice doctrine applies when a court is “asked to evaluate the course of instruction . . . [and] is similarly called upon to review the soundness of the method of teaching that has been adopted by an educational institution.” Ross v. Creighton Univ., 957 F.2d 410, 416 (7th Cir. 1992) (quoting Paladino v. Adelphi Univ., 89 A.D.2d 85, 90 (N.Y. 1982) (alterations in Ross)).

22
Schwartz v. Merchants Mortgage Co.green
md · 1974 · cited in 6 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1977–2022
2 sentences

2022We explained that “fraud is extrinsic when it actually prevents an adversarial trial, but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit that truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Id. at 309 , 322 A.2d at 547 .

2022We explained that “fraud is extrinsic when it actually prevents an adversarial trial, but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit that truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Id. at 309 , 322 A.2d at 547 .

16
Manigan v. Bursongreen
mdctspecapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2007–2008
2 sentences

2008Fraud is extrinsic when “it actually prevents an adversarial trial but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit, the truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Manigan, 160 Md.App. at 121 , 862 A.2d 1037 (quoting Billingsley, 43 Md.App. at 719 , 406 A.2d 946 ).

2008Fraud is extrinsic when “it actually prevents an adversarial trial but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit, the truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Manigan, 160 Md.App. at 121 , 862 A.2d 1037 (quoting Billingsley, 43 Md.App. at 719 , 406 A.2d 946 ).

12
Herring v. New Yorkgreen
scotus · 1975 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1978–1986
2 sentences

1986The Supreme Court in Herring v. New York, supra , likened the right to have counsel make closing argument to other aspects of the right to the assistance of counsel, such as the right to have counsel elicit the defendant's sworn testimony and the right of counsel to decide when during the course of the defense to have the accused take the stand, 422 U.S. at 857-858 [ 95 S.Ct. at 2552-2553 ].

1986The Supreme Court in Herring v. New York, supra , likened the right to have counsel make closing argument to other aspects of the right to the assistance of counsel, such as the right to have counsel elicit the defendant's sworn testimony and the right of counsel to decide when during the course of the defense to have the accused take the stand, 422 U.S. at 857-858 [ 95 S.Ct. at 2552-2553 ].

12
Mueller v. Payngreen
mdctspecapp · 1976 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Fraud, the Court reiterated, is “‘extrinsic when it actually prevents an adversarial trial, but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit that truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.’” Mueller, 30 Md.

11
Troxel v. Granvillegreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007See Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 , 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000) (plurality).

2007See Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 , 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000) (plurality).

11
Midgett v. Wardengreen
md · 1962 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003One of those cases was Taylor v. State, 229 Md. 128, 130 , 182 A.2d 52, 53 (1962), in which the defendant pleaded guilty and was convicted of escape for departing from “a work detail at the University Hospital .... ” Prior to his assignment at the hospital, Taylor had served 19 months of a three year sentence in the House of Correction, after which he was transferred to the Sandy Point Correctional Camp.

11
Daihl v. County Board of Appealsgreen
md · 1970 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000The Court of Appeals went on in that case, 339 Md. at 141 , 661 A.2d 682 , to quote with approval from Daihl v. County Board of Appeals, 258 Md. 157, 162, 265 A.2d 227 (1970), as it catalogued some of the things that the County Board of Appeals could do in the course of hearing an appeal de novo: *27 In this sense de novo means that the Board of Appeals may hear testimony and consider additional evidence pertaining to the issue or issues presented on appeal.

2000The Court of Appeals went on in that case, 339 Md. at 141 , 661 A.2d 682 , to quote with approval from Daihl v. County Board of Appeals, 258 Md. 157, 162, 265 A.2d 227 (1970), as it catalogued some of the things that the County Board of Appeals could do in the course of hearing an appeal de novo: *27 In this sense de novo means that the Board of Appeals may hear testimony and consider additional evidence pertaining to the issue or issues presented on appeal.

11
Levitt v. Board of Trustees of Nebraska State Collegesgreen
ned · 1974 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997In Levitt v. Board of Trustees, 376 F.Supp. 945, 952 (D.Neb. 1974), a case in which, like the instant case, the State drastically reduced the budget of the state colleges, the court opined: “The plaintiffs are not guaranteed any absolute constitutional right to continued employment.

1997In Levitt v. Board of Trustees, 376 F.Supp. 945, 952 (D.Neb.1974), a case in which, like the instant case, the State drastically reduced the budget of the state colleges, the court opined: "The plaintiffs are not guaranteed any absolute constitutional right to continued employment.

11
Claybrooks v. Stategreen
mdctspecapp · 1977 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11
Blair v. United Statesgreen
nmctapp · 1919 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (40)

CaseCitedYears
Billingsley v. Lawson green
mdctspecapp · 1979
2 sentences

2008Fraud is extrinsic when “it actually prevents an adversarial trial but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit, the truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Manigan, 160 Md.App. at 121 , 862 A.2d 1037 (quoting Billingsley, 43 Md.App. at 719 , 406 A.2d 946 ).

2008Fraud is extrinsic when “it actually prevents an adversarial trial but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit, the truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Manigan, 160 Md.App. at 121 , 862 A.2d 1037 (quoting Billingsley, 43 Md.App. at 719 , 406 A.2d 946 ).

32004–2008
Miner v. Novotny green
md · 1985
2 sentences

1999Rather, the statement may be part and parcel of the proceeding as in Miner v. Novotny, 304 Md. 164 , 498 A.2d 269 (1985), where a police brutality complaint made to an officer’s superior was held to fall within the privilege.

1999Rather, the statement may be part and parcel of the proceeding as in Miner v. Novotny, 304 Md. 164 , 498 A.2d 269 (1985), where a police brutality complaint made to an officer’s superior was held to fall within the privilege.

31998–1999
Jocelyn P. v. Joshua P. green
mdctspecapp · 2021
2 sentences

2023At first, he testified that he desired the pre-embryo to “either be destroyed or potentially donated for use by a needy family with both of us giving away our parental rights to it.” Id. at 458 .

2023At first, he testified that he desired the pre-embryo to “either be destroyed or potentially donated for use by a needy family with both of us giving away our parental rights to it.” Id. at 458 .

22023–2023
United States v. Throckmorton green
scotus · 1878
2 sentences

2003In Schwartz, supra, 272 Md. at 308 , 322 A.2d 544 , we provided examples of intrinsic fraud which will not trigger a court’s revisory power: “an enrolled decree will not be vacated even though obtained by the use of forged documents, perjured testimony, or any other frauds which are ‘intrinsic’ to the trial of the case itself.” We also discussed examples of extrinsic fraud which will permit a court to revise an enrolled judgment: “ ‘Where the unsuccessful party has been prevented from exhibiting fully his case, by fraud or deception practiced on him by his opponent, as by keeping him away from

2003In Schwartz, supra, 272 Md. at 308 , 322 A.2d 544 , we provided examples of intrinsic fraud which will not trigger a court’s revisory power: “an enrolled decree will not be vacated even though obtained by the use of forged documents, perjured testimony, or any other frauds which are ‘intrinsic’ to the trial of the case itself.” We also discussed examples of extrinsic fraud which will permit a court to revise an enrolled judgment: “ ‘Where the unsuccessful party has been prevented from exhibiting fully his case, by fraud or deception practiced on him by his opponent, as by keeping him away from

21994–2003
Schneider v. Duer green
md · 1936
2 sentences

1951Among the Maryland cases cited were Schneider v. Duer, 170 Md. 326 , 184 A. 914 , “in which a legislative enactment requiring that an applicant for barber’s license should be a graduate of the eighth grade and have completed a two-year course in a barber school or barber shop, with specifications as to what should be included in the course of instruction, was declared unconstitutional in that it imposed an arbitrary and discriminatory restriction upon the right to follow one’s vocation, although it is there recognized that the occupation of barbering is a trade or calling that may be subjected

1951Among the Maryland cases cited were Schneider v. Duer, 170 Md. 326 , 184 A. 914 , “in which a legislative enactment requiring that an applicant for barber’s license should be a graduate of the eighth grade and have completed a two-year course in a barber school or barber shop, with specifications as to what should be included in the course of instruction, was declared unconstitutional in that it imposed an arbitrary and discriminatory restriction upon the right to follow one’s vocation, although it is there recognized that the occupation of barbering is a trade or calling that may be subjected

21940–1951
Dasch v. Jackson green
md · 1936
2 sentences

1951Among the Maryland cases cited were Schneider v. Duer, 170 Md. 326 , 184 A. 914 , “in which a legislative enactment requiring that an applicant for barber’s license should be a graduate of the eighth grade and have completed a two-year course in a barber school or barber shop, with specifications as to what should be included in the course of instruction, was declared unconstitutional in that it imposed an arbitrary and discriminatory restriction upon the right to follow one’s vocation, although it is there recognized that the occupation of barbering is a trade or calling that may be subjected

1951Among the Maryland cases cited were Schneider v. Duer, 170 Md. 326 , 184 A. 914 , “in which a legislative enactment requiring that an applicant for barber’s license should be a graduate of the eighth grade and have completed a two-year course in a barber school or barber shop, with specifications as to what should be included in the course of instruction, was declared unconstitutional in that it imposed an arbitrary and discriminatory restriction upon the right to follow one’s vocation, although it is there recognized that the occupation of barbering is a trade or calling that may be subjected

21940–1951
District of Columbia v. Heller green
scotus · 2008
1 sentence

2025In the course of its analysis, the Court stated: We made it clear in Heller that our holding did not cast doubt on such longstanding regulatory measures as “prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill,” “laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.” -5- Id. at 786 (quoting Heller, 554 U.S. at 626-27 ).

12025–2025
McDonald v. City of Chicago green
scotus · 2010
1 sentence

2025In the course of its analysis, the Court stated: We made it clear in Heller that our holding did not cast doubt on such longstanding regulatory measures as “prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill,” “laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.” -5- Id. at 786 (quoting Heller, 554 U.S. at 626-27 ).

12025–2025
United States v. Bagley green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2021Bagley, 473 U.S. at 683 .14 The Court in Bagley explained that the failure by the prosecution to respond to a specific request is particularly prejudicial to the defense because it implies that such evidence does not exist. 473 U.S. at 682–83.

2021Bagley, 473 U.S. at 683 .14 The Court in Bagley explained that the failure by the prosecution to respond to a specific request is particularly prejudicial to the defense because it implies that such evidence does not exist. 473 U.S. at 682–83.

12021–2021
Jones v. Rosenberg green
mdctspecapp · 2008
2 sentences

2013“Fraud is extrinsic when it actually prevents an adversarial trial but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit, the truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Id. at 73 , 940 A.2d 1109 .

2013“Fraud is extrinsic when it actually prevents an adversarial trial but is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for the truth to appear, albeit, the truth was distorted by the complained of fraud.” Id. at 73 , 940 A.2d 1109 .

12013–2013
Smith v. State green
md · 2004
2 sentences

2011Id. at 333 , 855 A.2d 339 .

2011Id. at 333 , 855 A.2d 339 .

12011–2011
Ricker v. Ricker green
mdctspecapp · 1997
2 sentences

2008Respondent contends, citing Ricker v. Ricker, 114 Md.App. 583 , 691 A.2d 283 (1997), that *345 [EQowever well intentioned the hearing judge’s exchanges with Respondent may have been (and fully acknowledging the broad authority allocated to him as sole factfinder in a non-jury case), ... the judge’s frequent interventions in the instant case may ... readily have had an undesirable chilling effect on Respondent’s presentation of her evidence and could easily be taken as an indication that her testimony was being considered by the judge as being, from early in the hearing, at least suspect, thus

2008Respondent contends, citing Ricker v. Ricker, 114 Md.App. 583 , 691 A.2d 283 (1997), that *345 [EQowever well intentioned the hearing judge’s exchanges with Respondent may have been (and fully acknowledging the broad authority allocated to him as sole factfinder in a non-jury case), ... the judge’s frequent interventions in the instant case may ... readily have had an undesirable chilling effect on Respondent’s presentation of her evidence and could easily be taken as an indication that her testimony was being considered by the judge as being, from early in the hearing, at least suspect, thus

12008–2008
Hresko v. Hresko green
mdctspecapp · 1990
2 sentences

2007In Hresko v. Hresko, 83 Md.App. at 232 , 574 A.2d 24 , this Court distinguished intrinsic and extrinsic fraud: Intrinsic fraud is defined as “[t]hat which pertains to issues involved in the original action or where acts constituting fraud were, or could have been, litigated therein.” Extrinsic fraud, on the other hand, is “[f]raud which is collateral to the issues tried in the case where the judgment is rendered.” In essence, “[fjraud is extrinsic when it actually prevents an adversarial trial but it is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for

2007In Hresko v. Hresko, 83 Md.App. at 232 , 574 A.2d 24 , this Court distinguished intrinsic and extrinsic fraud: Intrinsic fraud is defined as “[t]hat which pertains to issues involved in the original action or where acts constituting fraud were, or could have been, litigated therein.” Extrinsic fraud, on the other hand, is “[f]raud which is collateral to the issues tried in the case where the judgment is rendered.” In essence, “[fjraud is extrinsic when it actually prevents an adversarial trial but it is intrinsic when it is employed during the course of the hearing which provides the forum for

12007–2007
Taylor v. State green
md · 1962
1 sentence

2003One of those cases was Taylor v. State, 229 Md. 128, 130 , 182 A.2d 52, 53 (1962), in which the defendant pleaded guilty and was convicted of escape for departing from “a work detail at the University Hospital .... ” Prior to his assignment at the hospital, Taylor had served 19 months of a three year sentence in the House of Correction, after which he was transferred to the Sandy Point Correctional Camp.

12003–2003
Halle Companies v. Crofton Civic Ass'n green
md · 1995
2 sentences

2000The Court of Appeals went on in that case, 339 Md. at 141 , 661 A.2d 682 , to quote with approval from Daihl v. County Board of Appeals, 258 Md. 157, 162, 265 A.2d 227 (1970), as it catalogued some of the things that the County Board of Appeals could do in the course of hearing an appeal de novo: *27 In this sense de novo means that the Board of Appeals may hear testimony and consider additional evidence pertaining to the issue or issues presented on appeal.

2000The Court of Appeals went on in that case, 339 Md. at 141 , 661 A.2d 682 , to quote with approval from Daihl v. County Board of Appeals, 258 Md. 157, 162, 265 A.2d 227 (1970), as it catalogued some of the things that the County Board of Appeals could do in the course of hearing an appeal de novo: *27 In this sense de novo means that the Board of Appeals may hear testimony and consider additional evidence pertaining to the issue or issues presented on appeal.

12000–2000
Austin v. State green
md · 1992
2 sentences

2000Austin, 327 Md. at 378 , 609 A.2d at 729 .

2000Austin, 327 Md. at 378 , 609 A.2d at 729 .

12000–2000
Alban Tractor Co. v. Williford green
mdctspecapp · 1984
1 sentence

1999The mandatory notice provision provided for in Rule 1-324 was enacted to “prevent hardships which may result from a lack of notice and the corresponding lack of an opportunity to interpose defenses prior to enrollment of a judgment.” See Greer v. Inman, 79 Md.App. 350, 354 , 556 A.2d 1140 (1989) (quoting Alban Tractor Co. v. Williford, 61 *624 Md.App. 71, 77, 484 A.2d 1039 (1984), cert. denied, 302 Md. 680 , 490 A.2d 718 (1985)).

11999–1999
Greer v. Inman green
mdctspecapp · 1989
2 sentences

1999The mandatory notice provision provided for in Rule 1-324 was enacted to “prevent hardships which may result from a lack of notice and the corresponding lack of an opportunity to interpose defenses prior to enrollment of a judgment.” See Greer v. Inman, 79 Md.App. 350, 354 , 556 A.2d 1140 (1989) (quoting Alban Tractor Co. v. Williford, 61 *624 Md.App. 71, 77, 484 A.2d 1039 (1984), cert. denied, 302 Md. 680 , 490 A.2d 718 (1985)).

1999The mandatory notice provision provided for in Rule 1-324 was enacted to “prevent hardships which may result from a lack of notice and the corresponding lack of an opportunity to interpose defenses prior to enrollment of a judgment.” See Greer v. Inman, 79 Md.App. 350, 354 , 556 A.2d 1140 (1989) (quoting Alban Tractor Co. v. Williford, 61 *624 Md.App. 71, 77, 484 A.2d 1039 (1984), cert. denied, 302 Md. 680 , 490 A.2d 718 (1985)).

11999–1999
Hess Construction Co. v. Board of Education neutral
mdctspecapp · 1995
2 sentences

1996Further, in the course of its analysis, the Court of Special Appeals had stated “an action on the case for a false return was available only to a party who had not prevailed because of the falseness of the return,” and the court pointed out that Hess had prevailed. 102 Md.App. at 745 , 651 A.2d at 450-51 .

1996Further, in the course of its analysis, the Court of Special Appeals had stated “an action on the case for a false return was available only to a party who had not prevailed because of the falseness of the return,” and the court pointed out that Hess had prevailed. 102 Md.App. at 745 , 651 A.2d at 450-51 .

11996–1996
Maryland National Bank v. Wathen green
md · 1980
11994–1994
Smith v. Bernfeld green
md · 1961
2 sentences

1994In the course of its analysis of this issue, the Nalee Court attempted to distinguish the case of Smith v. Bernfeld, 226 Md. 400 , 174 A.2d 53 (1961), in which the plaintiff offered direct evidence of negligence and was precluded from relying on res ipsa loquitur.

1994In the course of its analysis of this issue, the Nalee Court attempted to distinguish the case of Smith v. Bernfeld, 226 Md. 400 , 174 A.2d 53 (1961), in which the plaintiff offered direct evidence of negligence and was precluded from relying on res ipsa loquitur.

11994–1994
Davis v. Alaska green
scotus · 1974
11990–1990
Dypski v. Bethlehem Steel Corp. green
mdctspecapp · 1988
11989–1989
Estelle v. Williams green
scotus · 1976
11986–1986
Maryland Steel Co. v. Marney green
· 1900
11979–1979
State v. McKenzie green
mdctspecapp · 1973
11976–1976
Gotham Hotels, Ltd. v. Owl Club, Inc. green
mdctspecapp · 1975
11976–1976
Stevens v. State green
md · 1963
11976–1976
Tabeling v. Tabeling green
md · 1929
11975–1975
Bachrach v. Washington United Cooperative, Inc. green
md · 1943
11975–1975
Wilmer v. Placide neutral
md · 1924
11975–1975
Pressler v. Pressler green
md · 1919
11975–1975
White v. State green
mdctspecapp · 1973
11975–1975
Fisher, Admrx. v. DeMarr green
md · 1961
11975–1975
State v. Oglesby neutral
mdctspecapp · 1970
11971–1971
State v. Baltimore Transit Co. green
md · 1951
11967–1967
State v. Kolander green
minn · 1952
11958–1958
Serrer v. Cigarette Service Co. neutral
ohio · 1947
11951–1951
Criswell v. State neutral
md · 1915
11940–1940
State v. Tag green
md · 1905
11940–1940

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MD § Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 6-408 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 150 (1902–2025) NY 128 (1863–2025) IL 92 (1891–2026) PA 69 (1906–2026) TX 66 (1922–2023) OR 52 (1970–2025) MD 47 (1940–2025) WA 46 (1980–2026) CT 42 (1942–2024) FL 36 (1941–2025) NJ 36 (1938–2026) OH 35 (1985–2023) MI 33 (1921–2025) TN 25 (1977–2025) MO 25 (1901–2022) MA 22 (1876–2024) VA 20 (1887–2021) LA 20 (1963–2018) WI 19 (1946–2026) GA 19 (1979–2019) NC 19 (1950–2021) CO 16 (1963–2021) MN 14 (1922–2024) IN 14 (1891–2013) NE 13 (1910–2022) AZ 11 (1971–2024) AL 11 (1937–2004) UT 10 (1951–2026) IA 10 (1862–2023) HI 9 (1979–2022) DC 9 (1959–2011) RI 9 (1928–2018) AK 8 (1975–2023) OK 8 (1896–2006) DE 7 (1954–2020) MT 7 (1976–2021) WV 7 (1949–2019) WY 6 (1987–2017) MS 6 (1956–2024) SD 6 (1910–2019) AR 5 (1928–2001) ME 5 (1989–2017) KY 4 (2002–2026) KS 4 (1915–2021) VT 3 (1969–2016) NM 3 (1999–2025) NH 3 (1982–1995) ND 3 (1985–1998) SC 3 (1964–1992) NV 2 (1994–2020) ID 2 (1986–1993)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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