course hearing (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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course hearing in Connecticut

42 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1942–2024 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (6)

CaseFollowedCited
Emerick v. Kuhngreen
connappct · 1999 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Ed. 2d 48 (2010), explicitly adopting a construc- tion of rule 15 (c) (1) (C) (ii) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that balances the interests of defen- during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against the plaintiff or for the defendant’’); Emerick v. Kuhn, 52 Conn. App. 724, 761, 762, 763 , 737 A.2d 456 (reviewing conduct of trial court—which ‘‘took pains to explain to the [self-represented] plaintiff that . . . the defendants were entitled to cross-examine him,’’ ‘‘carefully explained to the plaintiff why it could not guarantee that the defendants would not be abl

2024Ed. 2d 48 (2010), explicitly adopting a construc- tion of rule 15 (c) (1) (C) (ii) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that balances the interests of defen- during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against the plaintiff or for the defendant’’); Emerick v. Kuhn, 52 Conn. App. 724, 761, 762, 763 , 737 A.2d 456 (reviewing conduct of trial court—which ‘‘took pains to explain to the [self-represented] plaintiff that . . . the defendants were entitled to cross-examine him,’’ ‘‘carefully explained to the plaintiff why it could not guarantee that the defendants would not be abl

22
Kevin Ross v. Creighton Universitygreen
ca7 · 1992 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1996–2001
2 sentences

2001"Where the essence of the complaint is that [an educational institution] breached its agreement by failing to provide an effective education, the court is . . . asked to evaluate the course of instruction [and] called upon to review the soundness of the method of teaching that has been adopted by [that] educational institution." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Ross v. Creighton University , 957 F.2d 410 , 416 (7th Cir. 1992).

1996“Where the essence of the complaint is that [an educational institution] breached its agreement by failing to provide an effective education, the court is . . . asked to evaluate the course of instruction [and] called upon to review the soundness of the method of teaching that has been adopted by [that] educational institution.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Ross v. Creighton Univer sity, 957 F.2d 410, 416 (7th Cir. 1992).

13
McGuire v. McGuiregreen
connappct · 2007 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See, e.g., McGuire v. McGuire, 102 Conn. App. 79, 82, 85 , 924 A.2d 886 (2007) (considering plaintiff’s claim ‘‘that the [trial] court [had become] an advocate for the [self-represented] defendant and [had] entered an order that clearly demonstrated its bias in favor of the defendant and against [the plaintiff],’’ and concluding that ‘‘the court’s questioning of vari- ous witnesses to elicit testimony favorable to the defendant’’ and ‘‘the court’s interruptions of the plaintiff’s counsel when he attempted to make objections during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against t

2024See, e.g., McGuire v. McGuire, 102 Conn. App. 79, 82, 85 , 924 A.2d 886 (2007) (considering plaintiff’s claim ‘‘that the [trial] court [had become] an advocate for the [self-represented] defendant and [had] entered an order that clearly demonstrated its bias in favor of the defendant and against [the plaintiff],’’ and concluding that ‘‘the court’s questioning of vari- ous witnesses to elicit testimony favorable to the defendant’’ and ‘‘the court’s interruptions of the plaintiff’s counsel when he attempted to make objections during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against t

11
Barnard v. Barnardgreen
conn · 1990 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., Barnard v. Barnard, 214 Conn. 99, 100 , 570 A.2d 690 (1990); Kolkmeyer v. Kolkmeyer, 18 Conn. App. 336, 337 , 558 A.2d 253 (1989).’’ Holcombe v. Holcombe, supra, 22 Conn. App. 365 . 14 As of April 11, 2013, the older child was enrolled in and attending a private school in Buffalo, New York. 15 During the course of the hearing, the court stated: ‘‘We need to get off of the frozen zone and get something done one way or the other.

2014See, e.g., Barnard v. Barnard, 214 Conn. 99, 100 , 570 A.2d 690 (1990); Kolkmeyer v. Kolkmeyer, 18 Conn. App. 336, 337 , 558 A.2d 253 (1989).’’ Holcombe v. Holcombe, supra, 22 Conn. App. 365 . 14 As of April 11, 2013, the older child was enrolled in and attending a private school in Buffalo, New York. 15 During the course of the hearing, the court stated: ‘‘We need to get off of the frozen zone and get something done one way or the other.

11
United States v. Mark Kevin Bindergreen
ca9 · 1985 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006In United States v. Binder, 769 F.2d 595, 600-601 (9th Cir. 1985), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Morales, 108 F.3d 1031 , 1035 n.1 (9th Cir. 1997), the alleged victims of the defendant’s molestation, aged five and seven, testified solely via videotape to relieve their apprehension about appearing in court.

11
Christie v. Eagergreen
conn · 1942 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (59)

CaseCitedYears
Gupta v. New Britain General Hospital green
conn · 1996
2 sentences

2005This is a project that the judiciary is ill equipped to undertake.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Gupta v. New Britain General Hospital, 239 Conn. 574, 590 , 687 A.2d 111 (1996).

1997The defendants are likewise correct in their reading of Gupta v. New Britain General Hospital , supra, 239 Conn. 574 , as the court joined its sister courts in declining to recognize a cause of action for educational malpractice: where a court is "asked to evaluate the course of instruction [and] called upon to review the soundness of the method of teaching that has been adopted by [that] educational institution . . . [the] . . . project [is one] that the judiciary is ill equipped to undertake." (Citation omitted.) Id., 590 .

31997–2005
Emerick v. Kuhn green
conn · 1999
2 sentences

2024See, e.g., McGuire v. McGuire, 102 Conn. App. 79, 82, 85 , 924 A.2d 886 (2007) (considering plaintiff’s claim ‘‘that the [trial] court [had become] an advocate for the [self-represented] defendant and [had] entered an order that clearly demonstrated its bias in favor of the defendant and against [the plaintiff],’’ and concluding that ‘‘the court’s questioning of vari- ous witnesses to elicit testimony favorable to the defendant’’ and ‘‘the court’s interruptions of the plaintiff’s counsel when he attempted to make objections during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against t

2024Ed. 2d 48 (2010), explicitly adopting a construc- tion of rule 15 (c) (1) (C) (ii) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that balances the interests of defen- during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against the plaintiff or for the defendant’’); Emerick v. Kuhn, 52 Conn. App. 724, 761, 762, 763 , 737 A.2d 456 (reviewing conduct of trial court—which ‘‘took pains to explain to the [self-represented] plaintiff that . . . the defendants were entitled to cross-examine him,’’ ‘‘carefully explained to the plaintiff why it could not guarantee that the defendants would not be abl

22024–2024
Auric Answering Service, Inc. v. Glenayre Electronics, Inc. green
conn · 1999
2 sentences

2024See, e.g., McGuire v. McGuire, 102 Conn. App. 79, 82, 85 , 924 A.2d 886 (2007) (considering plaintiff’s claim ‘‘that the [trial] court [had become] an advocate for the [self-represented] defendant and [had] entered an order that clearly demonstrated its bias in favor of the defendant and against [the plaintiff],’’ and concluding that ‘‘the court’s questioning of vari- ous witnesses to elicit testimony favorable to the defendant’’ and ‘‘the court’s interruptions of the plaintiff’s counsel when he attempted to make objections during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against t

2024Ed. 2d 48 (2010), explicitly adopting a construc- tion of rule 15 (c) (1) (C) (ii) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that balances the interests of defen- during the course of the hearing’’ did ‘‘not reveal any bias against the plaintiff or for the defendant’’); Emerick v. Kuhn, 52 Conn. App. 724, 761, 762, 763 , 737 A.2d 456 (reviewing conduct of trial court—which ‘‘took pains to explain to the [self-represented] plaintiff that . . . the defendants were entitled to cross-examine him,’’ ‘‘carefully explained to the plaintiff why it could not guarantee that the defendants would not be abl

22024–2024
Moore v. Owens-Corning green
scotus · 1999
2 sentences

2024Emerick v. United Technologies Corp., 528 U.S. 1005 , 120 S. Ct. 500 , 145 L.

2024Emerick v. United Technologies Corp., 528 U.S. 1005 , 120 S. Ct. 500 , 145 L.

22024–2024
Emerick v. United Technologies Corp. green
scotus · 1999
2 sentences

2024Emerick v. United Technologies Corp., 528 U.S. 1005 , 120 S. Ct. 500 , 145 L.

2024Emerick v. United Technologies Corp., 528 U.S. 1005 , 120 S. Ct. 500 , 145 L.

22024–2024
Roe v. Carter green
scotus · 1999
2 sentences

2024Emerick v. United Technologies Corp., 528 U.S. 1005 , 120 S. Ct. 500 , 145 L.

2024Emerick v. United Technologies Corp., 528 U.S. 1005 , 120 S. Ct. 500 , 145 L.

22024–2024
McComb v. Jacksonville Paper Co. green
scotus · 1949
2 sentences

2000State v. Mak, 105 Wash. 2d 692, 704-705 , 718 P.2d 407 , cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S. Ct. 599 , 93 L.

1987On the other hand, we must also recognize that the “mere possibility that an item of undisclosed evidence might have helped the defense or might have affected the outcome of the trial, however, does not establish ‘materiality’ in the constitutional sense.” (Emphasis in original.) State v. Mak, 105 Wash. 2d 692, 704-705 , 718 P.2d 407 , cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S. Ct. 599 , 93 L.

21987–2000
State v. Kwan Fai Mak green
wash · 1986
2 sentences

2000State v. Mak, 105 Wash. 2d 692, 704-705 , 718 P.2d 407 , cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S. Ct. 599 , 93 L.

2000State v. Mak, 105 Wash. 2d 692, 704-705 , 718 P.2d 407 , cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S. Ct. 599 , 93 L.

21987–2000
Bryan v. Reynolds green
conn · 1956
2 sentences

2000I Our Supreme Court has defined a stipulated judgment "as a contract of the parties acknowledged in open court and ordered to be recorded by a court of competent jurisdiction." (Emphasis added.) Bryan v. Reynolds , 143 Conn. 456 , 460 (1956).

2000I Our Supreme Court has defined a stipulated judgment "as a contract of the parties acknowledged in open court and ordered to be recorded by a court of competent jurisdiction." (Emphasis added.) Bryan v. Reynolds , 143 Conn. 456 , 460 (1956).

22000–2000
Kirchner v. Yale University green
conn · 1963
2 sentences

2000The defendant next contends that the present case is not controlled by Kirchner v. Yale University, supra, 150 Conn. 623 , because, the defendant asserts, “there is nothing in [Kirchner] to indicate that the plaintiff challenged educational techniques, decision making or evaluative assessments in any way.” Instead, the defendant likens the injured plaintiff in Kirchner to a student whose chair collapses during class.

1997Id. at 590 (quoting Ross v. Creighton University , 957 F.2d at 416 .).

21997–2000
Walker v. Illinois green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2000State v. Mak, 105 Wash. 2d 692, 704-705 , 718 P.2d 407 , cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S. Ct. 599 , 93 L.

2000State v. Mak, 105 Wash. 2d 692, 704-705 , 718 P.2d 407 , cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S. Ct. 599 , 93 L.

21987–2000
State v. Santos green
conn · 2004
1 sentence

2021Id., 508–509, citing Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 52 , 99 S. Ct. 2637 , 61 L.

12021–2021
Brown v. Texas green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

2021Id., 508–509, citing Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 52 , 99 S. Ct. 2637 , 61 L.

2021Id., 508–509, citing Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 52 , 99 S. Ct. 2637 , 61 L.

12021–2021
Small v. State green
connappct · 2013
2 sentences

2019On the other hand, we must also recognize that the mere possibility that an item of undisclosed evidence might have helped the defense or might have affected the outcome of the trial, however, does not establish materi- ality in the constitutional sense.’’ (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Small v. State, 143 Conn. App. 655, 664 , 70 A.3d 180 (2013), cert. denied, 311 Conn. 908 , 83 A.3d 1163 (2014).

2019On the other hand, we must also recognize that the mere possibility that an item of undisclosed evidence might have helped the defense or might have affected the outcome of the trial, however, does not establish materi- ality in the constitutional sense.’’ (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Small v. State, 143 Conn. App. 655, 664 , 70 A.3d 180 (2013), cert. denied, 311 Conn. 908 , 83 A.3d 1163 (2014).

12019–2019
Kolkmeyer v. Kolkmeyer green
connappct · 1989
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., Barnard v. Barnard, 214 Conn. 99, 100 , 570 A.2d 690 (1990); Kolkmeyer v. Kolkmeyer, 18 Conn. App. 336, 337 , 558 A.2d 253 (1989).’’ Holcombe v. Holcombe, supra, 22 Conn. App. 365 . 14 As of April 11, 2013, the older child was enrolled in and attending a private school in Buffalo, New York. 15 During the course of the hearing, the court stated: ‘‘We need to get off of the frozen zone and get something done one way or the other.

2014See, e.g., Barnard v. Barnard, 214 Conn. 99, 100 , 570 A.2d 690 (1990); Kolkmeyer v. Kolkmeyer, 18 Conn. App. 336, 337 , 558 A.2d 253 (1989).’’ Holcombe v. Holcombe, supra, 22 Conn. App. 365 . 14 As of April 11, 2013, the older child was enrolled in and attending a private school in Buffalo, New York. 15 During the course of the hearing, the court stated: ‘‘We need to get off of the frozen zone and get something done one way or the other.

12014–2014
State v. Ortiz green
conn · 2000
1 sentence

2013On the other hand, we must also recognize that the mere possibility that an item of undisclosed evidence might have helped the defense or might have affected the outcome of the trial, however does not establish materiality in the constitutional sense.” (Citation omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Ortiz, 252 Conn. 533, 546 , 747 A.2d 487 (2000).

12013–2013
State v. Geisler green
conn · 1992
2 sentences

2010Geisler , as we know, is grounded on the well established principle that “federal constitutional and statutory law establishes a minimum national standard for the exercise of individual rights and does not inhibit state governments from affording higher levels of protection for such rights.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 684 .

2010Geisler , as we know, is grounded on the well established principle that "federal constitutional and statutory law establishes a minimum national standard for the exercise of individual rights and does not inhibit state governments from affording higher levels of protection for such rights." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 684 , 610 A.2d 1225 .

12010–2010
Ross Realty Corp. v. Surkis green
conn · 1972
2 sentences

2009In the course of its analysis, the court referenced the discussion set forth in Ross Realty Corp. v. Surkis, 163 Conn. 388, 392 , 311 A.2d 74 (1972), in which our Supreme Court addressed a similar issue: “While it has been suggested that it might be desirable for the plaintiff to plead sufficient facts necessary to bring the matter within the purview of § 52-592 . . . [our Supreme Court] has never held this to be a requirement. ...

2009In the course of its analysis, the court referenced the discussion set forth in Ross Realty Corp. v. Surkis, 163 Conn. 388, 392 , 311 A.2d 74 (1972), in which our Supreme Court addressed a similar issue: “While it has been suggested that it might be desirable for the plaintiff to plead sufficient facts necessary to bring the matter within the purview of § 52-592 . . . [our Supreme Court] has never held this to be a requirement. ...

12009–2009
Montana v. Egelhoff green
scotus · 1996
2 sentences

2009In the course of its analysis, the court clarified that "[i]t is not the [s]tate which bears the burden of demonstrating that its rule is deeply rooted, but rather [the] respondent who must show that the principle of procedure violated by the rule (and allegedly required by due process) is so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental." (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 47 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 .

2009In the course of its analysis, the court clarified that "[i]t is not the [s]tate which bears the burden of demonstrating that its rule is deeply rooted, but rather [the] respondent who must show that the principle of procedure violated by the rule (and allegedly required by due process) is so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental." (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 47 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 .

12009–2009
Murray v. Taylor green
conn · 2001
1 sentence

2007Nevertheless, “[w]hile ajudge trying a case in which one party is acting pro se must be careful, as always, to preserve the fairness of the trial, the adversary system is not suspended, and the judge cannot become the adviser or tactician for the pro se party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Murray v. Taylor, 65 Conn. App. 300, 311-12 , 782 A.2d 702 , cert. denied, 258 Conn. 928 , 783 A.2d 1029 (2001).

12007–2007
Pinchbeck v. Department of Public Health green
conn · 2001
1 sentence

2007Nevertheless, “[w]hile ajudge trying a case in which one party is acting pro se must be careful, as always, to preserve the fairness of the trial, the adversary system is not suspended, and the judge cannot become the adviser or tactician for the pro se party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Murray v. Taylor, 65 Conn. App. 300, 311-12 , 782 A.2d 702 , cert. denied, 258 Conn. 928 , 783 A.2d 1029 (2001).

12007–2007
Kelly v. Kelly green
connappct · 1999
2 sentences

2007In Kelly v. Kelly, supra, 54 Conn. App. at 50 , 732 A.2d 808 , we stated emphatically: "To obtain a modification, the moving party must demonstrate that circumstances have changed since the last court order such that it would be unjust or inequitable to hold either party to it.

2007In Kelly v. Kelly, supra, 54 Conn. App. at 50 , 732 A.2d 808 , we stated emphatically: "To obtain a modification, the moving party must demonstrate that circumstances have changed since the last court order such that it would be unjust or inequitable to hold either party to it.

12007–2007
Murray v. Taylor green
connappct · 2001
2 sentences

2007Nevertheless, “[w]hile ajudge trying a case in which one party is acting pro se must be careful, as always, to preserve the fairness of the trial, the adversary system is not suspended, and the judge cannot become the adviser or tactician for the pro se party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Murray v. Taylor, 65 Conn. App. 300, 311-12 , 782 A.2d 702 , cert. denied, 258 Conn. 928 , 783 A.2d 1029 (2001).

2007Nevertheless, “[w]hile ajudge trying a case in which one party is acting pro se must be careful, as always, to preserve the fairness of the trial, the adversary system is not suspended, and the judge cannot become the adviser or tactician for the pro se party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Murray v. Taylor, 65 Conn. App. 300, 311-12 , 782 A.2d 702 , cert. denied, 258 Conn. 928 , 783 A.2d 1029 (2001).

12007–2007
Carr v. Fleet Bank green
connappct · 2002
2 sentences

2007This is evidenced, he argues, by the court’s questioning of various witnesses to elicit testimony favorable to the defendant and by the court’s interruptions of the plaintiff s counsel when he attempted to make objections during the course of the hearing. “[I]t is the established policy of the Connecticut courts to be solicitous of pro se litigants and when it does not interfere with the rights of other parties to construe the rules of practice liberally in favor of the pro se party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Carr v. Fleet Bank, 73 Conn. App. 593, 595-96 , 812 A.2d 14 (2002).

2007This is evidenced, he argues, by the court’s questioning of various witnesses to elicit testimony favorable to the defendant and by the court’s interruptions of the plaintiff s counsel when he attempted to make objections during the course of the hearing. “[I]t is the established policy of the Connecticut courts to be solicitous of pro se litigants and when it does not interfere with the rights of other parties to construe the rules of practice liberally in favor of the pro se party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Carr v. Fleet Bank, 73 Conn. App. 593, 595-96 , 812 A.2d 14 (2002).

12007–2007
United States v. Gloria Ann Morales green
ca9 · 1997
1 sentence

2006In United States v. Binder, 769 F.2d 595, 600-601 (9th Cir. 1985), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Morales, 108 F.3d 1031 , 1035 n.1 (9th Cir. 1997), the alleged victims of the defendant’s molestation, aged five and seven, testified solely via videotape to relieve their apprehension about appearing in court.

12006–2006
State v. Martin green
conn · 1986
12002–2002
Solomon v. Aberman green
conn · 1985
12002–2002
Dadio v. Dadio green
conn · 1937
12002–2002
Meadows v. Higgins green
conn · 1999
12002–2002
Burton v. Statewide Grievance Committee green
connappct · 2000
12002–2002
State v. Taylor green
conn · 1996
12001–2001
Rush v. Texas green
scotus · 1997
12001–2001
Newman v. Worcester County Department of Social Services green
scotus · 1997
12001–2001
McMillian v. Tate green
scotus · 1997
12001–2001
Paladino v. Adelphi University green
nyappdiv · 1982
12000–2000
State v. Frazier green
conn · 1981
12000–2000
Etlin v. Robb, Governor of Virginia, Et Al. green
scotus · 1982
12000–2000
Dawson v. New York green
scotus · 1982
12000–2000
Parsons v. Board of Zoning Appeals green
conn · 1953
11997–1997
State v. Roy green
conn · 1995
11996–1996

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199 (7) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-48 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54a (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 10-1 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 10-60 (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-265a (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54b (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54c (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 150 (1902–2025) NY 128 (1863–2025) IL 92 (1891–2026) PA 69 (1906–2026) TX 66 (1922–2023) OR 52 (1970–2025) MD 47 (1940–2025) WA 46 (1980–2026) CT 42 (1942–2024) FL 36 (1941–2025) NJ 36 (1938–2026) OH 35 (1985–2023) MI 33 (1921–2025) TN 25 (1977–2025) MO 25 (1901–2022) MA 22 (1876–2024) VA 20 (1887–2021) LA 20 (1963–2018) WI 19 (1946–2026) GA 19 (1979–2019) NC 19 (1950–2021) CO 16 (1963–2021) MN 14 (1922–2024) IN 14 (1891–2013) NE 13 (1910–2022) AZ 11 (1971–2024) AL 11 (1937–2004) UT 10 (1951–2026) IA 10 (1862–2023) HI 9 (1979–2022) DC 9 (1959–2011) RI 9 (1928–2018) AK 8 (1975–2023) OK 8 (1896–2006) DE 7 (1954–2020) MT 7 (1976–2021) WV 7 (1949–2019) WY 6 (1987–2017) MS 6 (1956–2024) SD 6 (1910–2019) AR 5 (1928–2001) ME 5 (1989–2017) KY 4 (2002–2026) KS 4 (1915–2021) VT 3 (1969–2016) NM 3 (1999–2025) NH 3 (1982–1995) ND 3 (1985–1998) SC 3 (1964–1992) NV 2 (1994–2020) ID 2 (1986–1993)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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