actionable claim (New York) · Go Syfert
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actionable claim in New York

45 New York opinions name it 8 courts 1957–2025 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (33)

CaseFollowedCited
Martinez v. City of New Yorkgreen
ny · 1999 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2006
2 sentences

2006To assert an actionable claim under Labor Law § 240 (1), a plaintiff must show that he was injured during “the erection [or] demolition ... of a building or structure” (Labor Law § 240 [1]; see Martinez v City of New York, 93 NY2d 322, 326 [1999]; Keenan v Just Kids Learning Ctr., 297 AD2d 708 [2002]).

2006To assert an actionable claim under Labor Law § 240 (1), a plaintiff must establish that he or she was injured during “the erection, demolition, repairing, altering, painting, cleaning or pointing of a building or structure” (Labor Law § 240 [1]; see Martinez v City of New York, 93 NY2d 322, 326 [1999]).

33
Cohen v. Kachroogreen
nyappdiv · 2014 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Again, in New York, violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct, do not, absent more, provide a basis for a legal malpractice claim against an attorney or firm ( Doscher at 699 ; Cohen at 513; Kallman at 1096 ; Arkin Kaplan LLP at 366 ; Weintraub at 254 ).

2024Again, in New York, violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct, do not, absent more, provide a basis for a legal malpractice claim against an attorney or firm ( Doscher at 699 ; Cohen at 513; Kallman at 1096 ; Arkin Kaplan LLP at 366 ; Weintraub at 254 ).

22
Nestor v. McDowellgreen
ny · 1993 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Corp. v Kalish , 22 Misc 3d 130 [A], 2009 NY Slip Op 50127[U] [App Term, 1st Dept [*4]2009] ["In the absence of any claim or showing that tenant's alleged [conduct] in any way affected other building residents, landlord failed to state an actionable claim for nuisance (internal citation omitted)."]) In Nestor v McDowell , 81 NY2d 410, 413 (1993), the lower court and the Appellate Division held that the installation of a washing machine in violation of the lease amounted to curable conduct under RPAPL 753 (4).

2024Corp. v Kalish , 22 Misc 3d 130 [A], 2009 NY Slip Op 50127[U] [App Term, 1st Dept [*4]2009] ["In the absence of any claim or showing that tenant's alleged [conduct] in any way affected other building residents, landlord failed to state an actionable claim for nuisance (internal citation omitted)."]) In Nestor v McDowell , 81 NY2d 410, 413 (1993), the lower court and the Appellate Division held that the installation of a washing machine in violation of the lease amounted to curable conduct under RPAPL 753 (4).

22
Deerfield Communications Corp. v. Chesebrough-Ponds, Inc.green
ny · 1986 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Instead, an actionable claim for fraudulent inducement must allege the "representation of present fact, not of future intent" ( Deerfield Communication Corp. v Chesebrough-Ponds, Inc. , 68 NY2d 954, 956 [1986] [internal quotation marks omitted]).

2021Instead, an actionable claim for fraudulent inducement must allege the "representation of present fact, not of future intent" ( Deerfield Communication Corp. v Chesebrough-Ponds, Inc. , 68 NY2d 954, 956 [1986] [internal quotation marks omitted]).

22
McRedmond v. Sutton Place Restaurant & Bar, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018With regard to the circumstances under which a corporate employer may be held vicariously liable for the discriminatory acts of its employees, the "City HRL imposes strict liability on employers for the acts of managers and supervisors . . . where . . . the offending employee exercised managerial or supervisory responsibility'" ( McRedmond v Sutton Place Rest. & Bar, Inc. , 95 AD3d 671, 673 [1st Dept 2012], quoting Zakrzewska v New School , 14 NY3d 469, 479 [2010], quoting Administrative Code § 8-107[13][b][1]).

2018With regard to the circumstances under which a corporate employer may be held vicariously liable for the discriminatory acts of its employees, the "City HRL imposes strict liability on employers for the acts of managers and supervisors . . . where . . . the offending employee exercised managerial or supervisory responsibility'" ( McRedmond v Sutton Place Rest. & Bar, Inc. , 95 AD3d 671, 673 [1st Dept 2012], quoting Zakrzewska v New School , 14 NY3d 469, 479 [2010], quoting Administrative Code § 8-107[13][b][1]).

22
Zakrzewska v. NEW SCHOOLgreen
ny · 2010 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018With regard to the circumstances under which a corporate employer may be held vicariously liable for the discriminatory acts of its employees, the "City HRL imposes strict liability on employers for the acts of managers and supervisors . . . where . . . the offending employee exercised managerial or supervisory responsibility'" ( McRedmond v Sutton Place Rest. & Bar, Inc. , 95 AD3d 671, 673 [1st Dept 2012], quoting Zakrzewska v New School , 14 NY3d 469, 479 [2010], quoting Administrative Code § 8-107[13][b][1]).

2018With regard to the circumstances under which a corporate employer may be held vicariously liable for the discriminatory acts of its employees, the "City HRL imposes strict liability on employers for the acts of managers and supervisors . . . where . . . the offending employee exercised managerial or supervisory responsibility'" ( McRedmond v Sutton Place Rest. & Bar, Inc. , 95 AD3d 671, 673 [1st Dept 2012], quoting Zakrzewska v New School , 14 NY3d 469, 479 [2010], quoting Administrative Code § 8-107[13][b][1]).

22
Rovello v. Orofino Realty Co.green
ny · 1976 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Giving plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference that can reasonably be drawn from the pleadings (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976]), as we must on a pre-answer motion to dismiss (see Arrington v New York Times Co., 55 NY2d 433, 442 [1982], cert denied 459 US 1146 [1983]), it appears that the inaction of counsel rendered the lapse of plaintiffs cause of action not merely possible — or even probable — but inevitable.

2014Giving plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference that can reasonably be drawn from the pleadings (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976]), as we must on a pre-answer motion to dismiss (see Arrington v New York Times Co., 55 NY2d 433, 442 [1982], cert denied 459 US 1146 [1983]), it appears that the inaction of counsel rendered the lapse of plaintiffs cause of action not merely possible — or even probable — but inevitable.

22
Arrington v. New York Times Co.green
ny · 1982 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Giving plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference that can reasonably be drawn from the pleadings (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976]), as we must on a pre-answer motion to dismiss (see Arrington v New York Times Co., 55 NY2d 433, 442 [1982], cert denied 459 US 1146 [1983]), it appears that the inaction of counsel rendered the lapse of plaintiffs cause of action not merely possible — or even probable — but inevitable.

2014Giving plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference that can reasonably be drawn from the pleadings (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976]), as we must on a pre-answer motion to dismiss (see Arrington v New York Times Co., 55 NY2d 433, 442 [1982], cert denied 459 US 1146 [1983]), it appears that the inaction of counsel rendered the lapse of plaintiffs cause of action not merely possible — or even probable — but inevitable.

22
Taylor v. City of New Yorkgreen
nysd · 2016 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025The Second Circuit has consistently recognized that hostile work environment claims differ from discrete acts of discrimination because they involve repeated conduct over time, the cumulative effect of which creates an actionable claim (see Taylor v. City of New York, 207 F. Supp. 3d 293, 302 [S.D.N.Y. 2016]).

11
Lisa L. Fitzgerald v. William Henderson, Postmaster General, United States Postal Servicegreen
ca2 · 2001 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025In particular, the doctrine allows courts to consider conduct that occurred outside the statutory limitations period when it is part of an ongoing and systematic practice of discrimination (see Fitzgerald v. Henderson, 251 F.3d 345, 359 [2d Cir. 2001][holding that “a continuing violation may be found where specific and related instances of discrimination are permitted to continue unremedied for so long as to amount to a discriminatory policy or practice”]). 156492/2024 WALLS, GABRIELLE vs.

11
Okoli v. Paul Hastings LLPgreen
nyappdiv · 2014 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022While "finger pointing and generalized yelling . . . is not the type of menacing conduct that may give rise to a reasonable apprehension of imminent harmful conduct needed to state an actionable claim of assault" ( Okoli v Paul Hastings LLP , 117 AD3d 539, 540 [1st Dept 2014]), the complaint alleges that defendant Drukier "encroached further upon her" while screaming an epithet.

11
Ramos v. Jake Realty Co.green
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Notwithstanding, a motion for summary [*2]judgment must be denied if there are issues of fact as to an actionable claim, even if the claim was not properly pleaded ( Ramos v Jake Realty Co. , 21 AD3d 744, 745 [1st Dept 2005]).

11
Marine Midland Bank v. John E. Russo Produce Co.green
ny · 1980 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019The SAC did not attribute specific misrepresentations or wrongdoing to most defendants ( see Marine Midland Bank v Russo Produce Co. , 50 NY2d 31, 44-45 [1980]; Fletcher v Dakota Inc., 99 AD3d 43 , 49 [1st Dept 2012]), but rather, impermissibly lumped those defendants together with the others against whom specific acts had been pleaded ( Jonas v National Life Ins.

11
City of New York v. Smokes-Spirits.Com, Inc.green
ny · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010To plead a deceptive act or practice, a plaintiff must allege “(1) consumer-oriented conduct that is (2) materially misleading and that (3) plaintiff suffered injury as a result of the allegedly deceptive act or practice” (City of New York v Smokes-Spirits.Com, Inc., 12 NY3d 616, 621 [2009]).

11
Blue Cross And Blue Shield Of New Jersey, Inc. v. Philip Morris Usa Inc.green
ca1 · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010A plaintiff need not be a consumer or someone standing in the shoes of a consumer to have an actionable claim (Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.J., Inc. v Philip Morris USA Inc., 344 F3d 211, 218 [2d Cir 2003]).

11
S. S. Silberblatt, Inc. v. Tax Commissiongreen
ny · 1959 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010(Silberblatt, 5 NY2d at 640.) Consequently, the court finds that the MRT is properly assessed against federal credit unions, including Hudson Valley, and that DTF’s motion to dismiss is granted because Hudson Valley has failed to state an actionable claim.

11
Carvel Corp. v. Noonangreen
ny · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009Co. v Matthew Bender & Co., 220 AD2d 488, 490 [2d Dept 1995]; Nassau Diagnostic Imaging & Radiation Oncology Assoc. v Winthrop-University Hosp., 197 AD2d 563, 563-564 [2d Dept 1993]). “[C]onduct constituting tortious interference with business relations is, by definition, conduct directed not at the plaintiff itself, but at the party with which the plaintiff has or seeks to have a relationship” (Carvel Corp. v Noonan, 3 NY3d 182, 192 [2004]).

11
Nassau Diagnostic Imaging & Radiation Oncology Associates v. Winthrop-University Hospitalgreen
nyappdiv · 1993 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Kogan v. Fortunato & Sons, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Zdenek Marek v. Old Navy (Apparel) Inc.green
nysd · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009With respect to Empire’s second cause of action for tortious interference with business relations, in order to state an actionable claim for tortious interference with business relations, a plaintiff must allege: (1) the existence of a business relation with a third party; (2) that the defendant, having knowledge of such relationship, intentionally interfered with it; (3) that the defendant either acted with the sole purpose of harming the plaintiff or by means that were dishonest, unfair, or improper; and (4) a resulting injury to the plaintiffs business relationship (see Zdenek Marek v Old N

11
71 Pierrepont Associates v. 71 Pierrepont Corp.green
nyappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009With respect to Empire’s second cause of action for tortious interference with business relations, in order to state an actionable claim for tortious interference with business relations, a plaintiff must allege: (1) the existence of a business relation with a third party; (2) that the defendant, having knowledge of such relationship, intentionally interfered with it; (3) that the defendant either acted with the sole purpose of harming the plaintiff or by means that were dishonest, unfair, or improper; and (4) a resulting injury to the plaintiffs business relationship (see Zdenek Marek v Old N

11
Johnson v. Botchmangreen
nyappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
McQuillan v. Kenyon & Kenyongreen
nyappdiv · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Petties v. New York State Department of Mental Retardationgreen
nyappdiv · 1983 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Leon v. Martinezgreen
ny · 1994 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Vilardi v. Berleygreen
nyappdiv · 1994 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Panek v. County of Albanygreen
ny · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Shapiro v. McNeillgreen
ny · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Brown v. City Of Oneontagreen
· 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp. v. Department of Environmental Resourcesgreen
scotus · 1977 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Rinaldi v. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc.green
ny · 1977 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Cohoes Memorial Hospital v. Department of Healthgreen
ny · 1979 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
Fritz v. Huntington Hospitalgreen
ny · 1976 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (32)

CaseCitedYears
Williams v. New York City Housing Authority green
nyappdiv · 2009
2 sentences

2018While a plaintiff need not demonstrate that the incidents of an employer's unwelcome sexual conduct were "severe and pervasive" in order to establish an actionable claim of sexual harassment under the City HRL, summary dismissal of a City HRL sexual harassment claim is available to employers in "truly insubstantial cases" where "the alleged discriminatory conduct in question . . . could only be reasonably interpreted . . . as representing no more than petty slights or trivial inconveniences" ( id. at 80 ).

2018While a plaintiff need not demonstrate that the incidents of an employer's unwelcome sexual conduct were "severe and pervasive" in order to establish an actionable claim of sexual harassment under the City HRL, summary dismissal of a City HRL sexual harassment claim is available to employers in "truly insubstantial cases" where "the alleged discriminatory conduct in question . . . could only be reasonably interpreted . . . as representing no more than petty slights or trivial inconveniences" ( id. at 80 ).

22018–2018
Cotton Belt Insurance v. United States green
scotus · 1983
2 sentences

2014Giving plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference that can reasonably be drawn from the pleadings (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976]), as we must on a pre-answer motion to dismiss (see Arrington v New York Times Co., 55 NY2d 433, 442 [1982], cert denied 459 US 1146 [1983]), it appears that the inaction of counsel rendered the lapse of plaintiffs cause of action not merely possible — or even probable — but inevitable.

2014Giving plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference that can reasonably be drawn from the pleadings (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976]), as we must on a pre-answer motion to dismiss (see Arrington v New York Times Co., 55 NY2d 433, 442 [1982], cert denied 459 US 1146 [1983]), it appears that the inaction of counsel rendered the lapse of plaintiffs cause of action not merely possible — or even probable — but inevitable.

22014–2014
Holtz v. Wildenstein & Co. green
nyappdiv · 1999
2 sentences

2014The physical conduct alleged by plaintiff, which amounts to finger pointing and generalized yelling in the context of a heated deposition, is inappropriate behavior, not to be condoned, but, without more, is not the type of menacing conduct that may give rise to a reasonable apprehension of imminent harmful conduct needed to state an actionable claim of assault (see Holtz v Wildenstein & Co., 261 AD2d 336 [1st Dept 1999]).

2014The physical conduct alleged by plaintiff, which amounts to finger pointing and generalized yelling in the context of a heated deposition, is inappropriate behavior, not to be condoned, but, without more, is not the type of menacing conduct that may give rise to a reasonable apprehension of imminent harmful conduct needed to state an actionable claim of assault (see Holtz v Wildenstein & Co., 261 AD2d 336 [1st Dept 1999]).

22014–2014
DeAngelis v. Lutheran Medical Center green
nyappdiv · 1981
1 sentence

2024Loss of consortium is only available to spouses (De Angelis v. Lutheran Medical Center, 84 AD2d 17 [2d Dept 1981]), and survivorship requires an actionable claim by the deceased prior to death, which is not applicable here.

12024–2024
Gould v. Rempel green
nyappdiv · 2012
1 sentence

2022These allegations describe the menacing physical act required to support the element of an apprehension of imminent harm of an assault claim ( Gould v Rempel , 99 AD3d 759 , 760 [2d Dept 2012]).

12022–2022
Fletcher v. Dakota, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 2012
1 sentence

2019The SAC did not attribute specific misrepresentations or wrongdoing to most defendants ( see Marine Midland Bank v Russo Produce Co. , 50 NY2d 31, 44-45 [1980]; Fletcher v Dakota Inc., 99 AD3d 43 , 49 [1st Dept 2012]), but rather, impermissibly lumped those defendants together with the others against whom specific acts had been pleaded ( Jonas v National Life Ins.

12019–2019
People v. Wait green
nyappdiv · 1996
1 sentence

2013These causes of action require that there be evidence that the defendants interfered with a specific contract or business relationship (see Business Networks of N.Y. v Complete Network Solutions, 265 AD2d 194 [1st Dept 1999]; Korn v Princz, 226 AD2d 278 [1996]).

12013–2013
Business Networks of New York, Inc. v. Complete Network Solutions Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1999
1 sentence

2013These causes of action require that there be evidence that the defendants interfered with a specific contract or business relationship (see Business Networks of N.Y. v Complete Network Solutions, 265 AD2d 194 [1st Dept 1999]; Korn v Princz, 226 AD2d 278 [1996]).

12013–2013
Supreme Associates, LLC v. Suozzi green
nyappdiv · 2009
1 sentence

2011Preliminarily, to the extent that the plaintiffs are arguing that the purported disconnect between “actual” assessed class value shares, and the current, statutory base proportion formulas alone creates any sort of constitutional infirmity (cf. Murray reply aff 1111 5, 7; complaint 1111 45-46), that claim (expressly pleaded here as the first, “due process” cause of action) has already been rejected by the Appellate Division — notwithstanding the allegedly aggravating impact of the Coleman reassessments (Supreme Assoc., LLC v Suozzi, 65 AD3d at 1220 ).

12011–2011
Suez Equity Investors, L.P. v. The Toronto-Dominion Bank green
ca2 · 2001
1 sentence

2011Plaintiff s allegation of negligent misrepresentation also fails because there is no allegation and no view of the evidence that would support a conclusion that the FedEx letter was incorrect at the time it was drafted (compare Suez Equity Invs., L.P. v Toronto-Dominion Bank, 250 F3d 87 , 94 [2d Cir 2001] [as inducement to investment, defendants altered report requested by plaintiff investors, deleting all of the patently negative information bearing on the financial health of the target health care financing venture]).

12011–2011
Continental Insurance v. Mercadante green
nyappdiv · 1927
1 sentence

2010Co. v Mercadante ( 222 App Div 181 [1927]), this Court held actionable a claim for fraudulent inducement to retain, rather than sell, a security.

12010–2010
Immuno AG. v. Moor-Jankowski green
ny · 1991
12007–2007
Immuno, AG v. Moor-Jankowski green
scotus · 1991
12007–2007
Keenan v. Just Kids Learning Center green
nyappdiv · 2002
12006–2006
Blue Cross & Blue Shield of New Jersey, Inc. v. Philip Morris USA Inc. green
ny · 2004
12005–2005
Luthi v. Long Island Resource Corp. green
nyappdiv · 1998
12002–2002
Joblon v. Solow green
ny · 1998
12002–2002
People ex rel. Carillo v. Basilone neutral
nysupct · 2000
12001–2001
Brown v. State of New York green
ny · 1996
12001–2001
Beatrice J. Feins v. American Stock Exchange, Inc. green
ca2 · 1996
11999–1999
Safecard Services, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co. green
scotus · 1983
11992–1992
Silsdorf v. Levine green
ny · 1983
11992–1992
Ugarriza v. Schmieder green
ny · 1979
11988–1988
Murphy v. American Home Products Corp. green
ny · 1983
11986–1986
Patrowich v. Chemical Bank green
nyappdiv · 1984
11985–1985
Amanuensis, Ltd. v. Brown green
nycivct · 1971
11983–1983
Jackson v. Rivera green
nycivct · 1971
11983–1983
Ridzon v. Mollenkopf green
scotus · 1978
11980–1980
Capasso v. Square Sanitarium, Inc. neutral
nyappdiv · 1955
11976–1976
Dunn v. Bloom neutral
nyappdiv · 1962
11975–1975
Sperry v. Florida Ex Rel. Florida Bar green
scotus · 1963
11965–1965
Thoma v. City of New York green
ny · 1934
11957–1957

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Labor Law § 240 (3) NY § N.Y. Labor Law § 241 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

OH 97 (1980–2026) CT 67 (1985–2024) CA 60 (1971–2025) NJ 51 (1964–2025) MI 50 (1937–2025) IL 45 (1960–2025) NY 45 (1957–2025) TX 35 (1984–2024) IN 33 (1991–2025) WA 28 (1975–2022) IA 27 (1956–2026) DE 20 (2004–2025) KS 19 (1977–2024) MA 18 (1981–2018) LA 18 (1974–2022) HI 18 (1982–2026) GA 17 (1983–2022) NC 17 (1991–2018) MS 16 (1987–2023) PA 16 (1949–2024) MO 16 (1993–2024) CO 14 (1925–2024) WI 14 (1983–2023) OK 13 (1949–2024) TN 12 (1950–2025) FL 11 (1989–2021) ME 11 (1934–2026) AZ 11 (1977–2024) VA 10 (2000–2026) VT 8 (1983–2025) AL 8 (1958–2007) KY 6 (1988–2023) MN 6 (1975–2025) NM 6 (1971–2026) OR 6 (1990–2023) DC 5 (1975–2011) UT 5 (1992–2014) ID 5 (2006–2021) SC 4 (1995–2013) MT 4 (1990–2012) AK 4 (1985–2022) WV 3 (2002–2021) SD 3 (1969–2000) MD 3 (1982–2018) RI 3 (1983–2005) WY 2 (1992–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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