wrongful death claim (Arizona) · Go Syfert
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wrongful death claim in Arizona

40 Arizona opinions name it 2 courts 1965–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Arizona courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (34)

CaseFollowedCited
Huebner v. Deuchlegreen
ariz · 1973 · cited in 4 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1985–2022
2 sentences

2022See DeCamacho, 234 Ariz. at 24-25, ¶¶ 24-27 (statutory beneficiary independently holds the wrongful death claim); Huebner v. Deuchle, 109 Ariz. 549, 549-50 (1973); A.R.S. §§ 12-611, -612. ¶10 Any express language in an arbitration agreement purporting to bind non-signatory statutory beneficiaries to arbitrate is unenforceable as to a wrongful death claim.

2014The superior court concluded that because the arbitration agreements pui-port-ed to bind “heirs,” Aspeitia’s children — who were not parties to the agreements — were required to arbitrate their wrongful-death claim. ¶ 25 A wrongful-death claim is “an original and distinct claim for the damages sustained by named statutory benefieiaries[; i]t is not derived from nor is it a continuation of claims which formerly existed in a decedent.” Huebner v. Deuchle, 109 Ariz. 549, 549-50 , 514 P.2d 470, 470-71 (1973).

34
In Re the Estate of Millimangreen
ariz · 1966 · cited in 4 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1975–2006
2 sentences

1993In In re Estate of Milliman, 101 Ariz. 54 , 415 P.2d 877 (1966), the court observed that the surviving spouse, *472 acting as a statutory trustee for the other beneficiaries, may compromise a wrongful death claim without bringing suit. 4 The court cautioned, however, that the surviving spouse must obtain the consent of the other beneficiaries to settle the action and, if any of the beneficiaries “were minors, a guardian would have to be appointed, and the court would have to approve the compromise.” Id. at 63 , 415 P.2d at 886 .

1993In In re Estate of Milliman, 101 Ariz. 54 , 415 P.2d 877 (1966), the court observed that the surviving spouse, *472 acting as a statutory trustee for the other beneficiaries, may compromise a wrongful death claim without bringing suit. 4 The court cautioned, however, that the surviving spouse must obtain the consent of the other beneficiaries to settle the action and, if any of the beneficiaries “were minors, a guardian would have to be appointed, and the court would have to approve the compromise.” Id. at 63 , 415 P.2d at 886 .

24
EDONNA v. Heckmangreen
arizctapp · 2011 · cited in 3 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2013–2023
2 sentences

2023Edonna concluded that an adoption eliminated a child’s standing to pursue a wrongful death claim for the death of a biological parent. 227 Ariz. 108, ¶¶ 1, 3, 5-6 .

2021Because the wrongful death claim is statutorily based, and because the statute’s plain language creates “a limited class of beneficiaries who may sue,” the question was whether the plaintiff was among them, and specifically whether he was the decedent’s “child.” Id. at 110 , ¶¶ 9-12.

23
Gipson v. Kaseygreen
ariz · 2007 · cited in 3 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2008–2017
2 sentences

2017Gipson v. Kasey, 214 Ariz. 141, 143, ¶ 9 (2007). 1Ella’s children brought a wrongful-death claim against BNSF.

2008Other tort claims ¶ 20 We next address Vasquez’s claims for wrongful handling of a dead body and infliction of emotional distress based on alleged negligence in “inspect[ing] or investigat[ing] the scene and related facts of the accident and the person of Angel Romo.” In granting summary judgment in favor of both defendants on those claims, the trial court ruled the county and state “owed no legal duty to [Vasquez] to identify the human remains of [the] decedent.” Contrary to that ruling, Vasquez argues, the county and state “owed a duty of care to Angel Romo and to [her].” “On appeal from a s

23
The ESTATE OF JOSEFA U. DeCAMACHO v. LA SOLANA CARE AND REHAB, INC.green
arizctapp · 2014 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2016–2022
2 sentences

2022See DeCamacho, 234 Ariz. at 24-25, ¶¶ 24-27 (statutory beneficiary independently holds the wrongful death claim); Huebner v. Deuchle, 109 Ariz. 549, 549-50 (1973); A.R.S. §§ 12-611, -612. ¶10 Any express language in an arbitration agreement purporting to bind non-signatory statutory beneficiaries to arbitrate is unenforceable as to a wrongful death claim.

2022Guthrie v. La Solana Care and Rehab, Inc., 234 Ariz. 18 (App. 2014) that a non-signatory to an arbitration agreement is not bound to arbitrate a wrongful death claim.

22
Summerfield v. Superior Court, Maricopa Cty.green
ariz · 1985 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2005–2011
2 sentences

2011See Summerfield, 144 Ariz. at 470-73 , 698 P.2d at 715-18 (concluding, “at a minimum, that statute and precedent have combined to produce a [wrongful death] cause of action with common law attributes”).

2011See Summerfield, 144 Ariz. at 470-73 , 698 P.2d at 715-18 (concluding, “at a minimum, that statute and precedent have combined to produce a [wrongful death] cause of action with common law attributes”).

22
Solomon v. Harmangreen
ariz · 1971 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1988–2011
2 sentences

2011See AR.S. § 12-612(A); Solomon, 107 Ariz. at 430 , 489 P.2d at 240 (finding that the estate may bring and benefit from a claim when none of the other beneficiaries named in A.R.S. § 12-612 survive).

2011See AR.S. § 12-612(A); Solomon, 107 Ariz. at 430 , 489 P.2d at 240 (finding that the estate may bring and benefit from a claim when none of the other beneficiaries named in A.R.S. § 12-612 survive).

22
Deer Valley Unified School District No. 97 v. Housergreen
ariz · 2007 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008This latter requirement ensures that claimants will not demand unfounded amounts that constitute “quick unrealistic exaggerated demands.” In tandem, these two statutory mandates ensure that government entities will be able to realistically consider a claim. 214 Ariz. 293, ¶ 9 , 152 P.3d at 493 (citation omitted). ¶ 14 According to the state, the Deer Valley court found, albeit in dicta, the claim letter in that case lacked “any facts supporting the claimed amounts for emotional distress and for damages to [plaintiff’s] reputation,” id. n. 3, even though her claim letter was more detailed and e

2008This latter requirement ensures that claimants will not demand unfounded amounts that constitute “quick unrealistic exaggerated demands.” In tandem, these two statutory mandates ensure that government entities will be able to realistically consider a claim. 214 Ariz. 293, ¶ 9 , 152 P.3d at 493 (citation omitted). ¶ 14 According to the state, the Deer Valley court found, albeit in dicta, the claim letter in that case lacked “any facts supporting the claimed amounts for emotional distress and for damages to [plaintiff’s] reputation,” id. n. 3, even though her claim letter was more detailed and e

22
In Re Estate of Winngreen
arizctapp · 2010 · cited in 4 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2014
2 sentences

2014Mary’s contends that under In re Estate of Winn, 225 Ariz. 275 , 237 P.3d 628 (App.2010), a wrongful death claim can never be predicated on an APSA claim.

2014Mary’s contends that under In re Estate of Winn, 225 Ariz. 275 , 237 P.3d 628 (App.2010), a wrongful death claim can never be predicated on an APSA claim.

14
Yollin v. City of Glendalegreen
arizctapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008According to the state, Vasquez was required to include a “description of the nature and quality of her relationship with her son and the emotional impact of his death on her.” Section 12-821.01(A), however, does not expressly require any such facts, but rather merely requires “a specific amount for which the claim can be settled and the facts supporting that amount.” And, unlike the second sentence of subsection A, which pertains to liability claims, the third sentence addressing the amount of damages claimed does not require such facts to be “sufficient to permit the public entity or public

2008According to the state, Vasquez was required to include a “description of the nature and quality of her relationship with her son and the emotional impact of his death on her.” Section 12-821.01(A), however, does not expressly require any such facts, but rather merely requires “a specific amount for which the claim can be settled and the facts supporting that amount.” And, unlike the second sentence of subsection A, which pertains to liability claims, the third sentence addressing the amount of damages claimed does not require such facts to be “sufficient to permit the public entity or public

12
Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Departmentgreen
arizctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., Ryan v. Napier, 245 Ariz. 54 , 62, ¶ 31 (2018) (permitting plaintiff to plead a negligence claim against a police officer for conduct “independent of the intentional use of force” or a claim alleged as an alternative to battery); Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Dep’t, 200 Ariz. 567, 572, ¶ 28 (App. 2001) (concluding that because A.R.S. § 12-820.02(A) did not apply to a claim for police officers’ failure to obtain medical care for arrestee, the officers were not immune from simple negligence under the statute and ordinary negligence claims could proceed); Austin v. City of Scottsdale

11
Austin v. City of Scottsdalegreen
ariz · 1984 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., Ryan v. Napier, 245 Ariz. 54 , 62, ¶ 31 (2018) (permitting plaintiff to plead a negligence claim against a police officer for conduct “independent of the intentional use of force” or a claim alleged as an alternative to battery); Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Dep’t, 200 Ariz. 567, 572, ¶ 28 (App. 2001) (concluding that because A.R.S. § 12-820.02(A) did not apply to a claim for police officers’ failure to obtain medical care for arrestee, the officers were not immune from simple negligence under the statute and ordinary negligence claims could proceed); Austin v. City of Scottsdale

11
Susan Ryan v. napier/kleingreen
ariz · 2018 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., Ryan v. Napier, 245 Ariz. 54 , 62, ¶ 31 (2018) (permitting plaintiff to plead a negligence claim against a police officer for conduct “independent of the intentional use of force” or a claim alleged as an alternative to battery); Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Dep’t, 200 Ariz. 567, 572, ¶ 28 (App. 2001) (concluding that because A.R.S. § 12-820.02(A) did not apply to a claim for police officers’ failure to obtain medical care for arrestee, the officers were not immune from simple negligence under the statute and ordinary negligence claims could proceed); Austin v. City of Scottsdale

11
Schoenrock v. Cigna Health Plan of Arizona, Inc.green
arizctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See A.R.S. § 12-611; see also Schoenrock v. Cigna Health Plan of Ariz., Inc., 148 Ariz. 548, 551 (App. 1985).

11
Dueñas v. Life Care Centers of America, Inc.green
arizctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022Dueñas, 236 Ariz. at 139, ¶¶ 27-29 ; DeCamacho, 234 Ariz. at 25-26, ¶¶ 27-33 .

2022Dueñas, 236 Ariz. at 138-39, ¶ 25 .

11
Stein v. Sonus USA, Inc.green
arizctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Stein v. Sonus USA, Inc., 214 Ariz. 200, 201, ¶ 3 (App. 2007). ¶6 Arizona’s wrongful death statute authorizes a surviving “child” of the deceased to bring a wrongful death claim.

11
Vasquez v. Stategreen
arizctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016A. Workers’ Compensation: Exclusive Remedy ¶ 7 Generally, a plaintiff may bring a wrongful death claim as an “independent claim for damages sustained by the decedent’s survivors.” Diaz v. Magma Copper Co., 190 Ariz. 544, 549 , 950 P.2d 1165 (App. *381 1997); see also Vasquez v. State, 220 Ariz. 304, 310, ¶ 16 , 206 P.3d 753 (App. 2008).

2016A. Workers’ Compensation: Exclusive Remedy ¶ 7 Generally, a plaintiff may bring a wrongful death claim as an “independent claim for damages sustained by the decedent’s survivors.” Diaz v. Magma Copper Co., 190 Ariz. 544, 549 , 950 P.2d 1165 (App. *381 1997); see also Vasquez v. State, 220 Ariz. 304, 310, ¶ 16 , 206 P.3d 753 (App. 2008).

11
Woodall v. AVALON CARE CENTER-FEDERAL WAYgreen
washctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Woodall, 231 P.3d 1252, ¶¶ 27, 29 (second and sixth alterations in Woodall) (internal quotations omitted). *25 ¶27 We conclude that an APSA claim is derivative of the decedent’s rights, whereas a wrongful death claim is independently held by the decedent’s statutory beneficiaries.

11
Frongillo v. Grimmettgreen
arizctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Hutton v. Davisgreen
arizctapp · 1976 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Hutton v. Davis, 26 Ariz.App. 215, 216 , 547 P.2d 486, 487 (1976).

2014Hutton v. Davis, 26 Ariz.App. 215, 216 , 547 P.2d 486, 487 (1976).

11
Bowslaugh v. Bowslaughgreen
ariz · 1979 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Girouard v. Skyline Steel, Inc.green
arizctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Sluder v. Marplegreen
kyctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Jennings v. Listergreen
ariz · 1921 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Stanley v. McCarvergreen
ariz · 2004 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Backus v. Stategreen
arizctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Jeter v. Mayo Clinic Arizonagreen
arizctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Barrio v. San Manuel Division Hospital for Magma Copper Co.green
ariz · 1984 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Gomez v. Levertongreen
arizctapp · 1973 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Brown v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurancegreen
ariz · 1989 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Pacheco v. Delgardogreen
ariz · 1935 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
Ash v. Stellagreen
fla · 1984 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
Armijo v. Tandyshred
nmctapp · 1982 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
Kensinger v. Kippengreen
minnctapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc.green
nysd · 1957 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Cornerstone Hospital of Southeast Arizona v. Ernest H. Blackburn green
arizctapp · 2012
2 sentences

2014Ariz., L.L.C. v. Marner, 231 Ariz. 67 , 290 P.3d 460 (App.2012), which was decided after the trial court’s decision in this case.

2014Ariz., L.L.C. v. Marner, 231 Ariz. 67 , 290 P.3d 460 (App.2012), which was decided after the trial court’s decision in this case.

22014–2014
Fernandez v. Romo green
ariz · 1982
2 sentences

1983In light of our supreme court's recent decision in Fernandez v. Romo, 132 Ariz. 447 , 646 P.2d 878 (1982), we find that the trial court did err.

1983In light of our supreme court's recent decision in Fernandez v. Romo, 132 Ariz. 447 , 646 P.2d 878 (1982), we find that the trial court did err.

21983–1983
Wheeler v. Hannerkam neutral
ariz · 1938
2 sentences

1970“Dockery v. Central Arizona L. & P. Co., 45 Ariz. 434 , 45 P.2d 656 , and Estate of Hannerkam, 51 Ariz. 447 , 77 P.2d 814 , cited by Farmers, wherein it was held that wrongful-death action is one pertaining to the estate of deceased, were decided under the statute as it existed prior to 1956.

1970“Dockery v. Central Arizona L. & P. Co., 45 Ariz. 434 , 45 P.2d 656 , and Estate of Hannerkam, 51 Ariz. 447 , 77 P.2d 814 , cited by Farmers, wherein it was held that wrongful-death action is one pertaining to the estate of deceased, were decided under the statute as it existed prior to 1956.

21966–1970
Dockery v. Central Arizona Light & Power Co. green
ariz · 1935
2 sentences

1970“Dockery v. Central Arizona L. & P. Co., 45 Ariz. 434 , 45 P.2d 656 , and Estate of Hannerkam, 51 Ariz. 447 , 77 P.2d 814 , cited by Farmers, wherein it was held that wrongful-death action is one pertaining to the estate of deceased, were decided under the statute as it existed prior to 1956.

1970“Dockery v. Central Arizona L. & P. Co., 45 Ariz. 434 , 45 P.2d 656 , and Estate of Hannerkam, 51 Ariz. 447 , 77 P.2d 814 , cited by Farmers, wherein it was held that wrongful-death action is one pertaining to the estate of deceased, were decided under the statute as it existed prior to 1956.

21966–1970
Quevedo v. Union Pac. R. neutral
ilnd · 1953
2 sentences

1965Co., 115 F. Supp. 25 (N.D.Ill. 1953), it was held that an order of the probate court approving a settlement was not binding upon the court entertaining the death action, on the ground that the probate court had no jurisdiction over the subject matter of the wrongful death claim or its settlement, but merely jurisdiction of the distribution of the proceeds thereof.

1965Co., 115 F.Supp. 25 (N.D.Ill.1953), it was held that an order of the -probate- court approving a settlement was not binding upon the court entertaining the death action, on the ground that the probate court had no jurisdiction over the subject matter of the wrongful death claim or its settlement, but merely jurisdiction of the distribution of the proceeds thereof.

21965–1965
City of Scottsdale v. Kokaska green
arizctapp · 1972
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., Ryan v. Napier, 245 Ariz. 54 , 62, ¶ 31 (2018) (permitting plaintiff to plead a negligence claim against a police officer for conduct “independent of the intentional use of force” or a claim alleged as an alternative to battery); Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Dep’t, 200 Ariz. 567, 572, ¶ 28 (App. 2001) (concluding that because A.R.S. § 12-820.02(A) did not apply to a claim for police officers’ failure to obtain medical care for arrestee, the officers were not immune from simple negligence under the statute and ordinary negligence claims could proceed); Austin v. City of Scottsdale

12026–2026
City of Phoenix v. Camfield green
ariz · 1965
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., Ryan v. Napier, 245 Ariz. 54 , 62, ¶ 31 (2018) (permitting plaintiff to plead a negligence claim against a police officer for conduct “independent of the intentional use of force” or a claim alleged as an alternative to battery); Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Dep’t, 200 Ariz. 567, 572, ¶ 28 (App. 2001) (concluding that because A.R.S. § 12-820.02(A) did not apply to a claim for police officers’ failure to obtain medical care for arrestee, the officers were not immune from simple negligence under the statute and ordinary negligence claims could proceed); Austin v. City of Scottsdale

12026–2026
Estate of Aten v. City of Tucson green
arizctapp · 1991
1 sentence

2026See, e.g., Ryan v. Napier, 245 Ariz. 54 , 62, ¶ 31 (2018) (permitting plaintiff to plead a negligence claim against a police officer for conduct “independent of the intentional use of force” or a claim alleged as an alternative to battery); Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Dep’t, 200 Ariz. 567, 572, ¶ 28 (App. 2001) (concluding that because A.R.S. § 12-820.02(A) did not apply to a claim for police officers’ failure to obtain medical care for arrestee, the officers were not immune from simple negligence under the statute and ordinary negligence claims could proceed); Austin v. City of Scottsdale

12026–2026
Spooner v. Phoenix green
arizctapp · 2018
1 sentence

2026These appellate opinions—spanning 60 years— are all consistent with Arizona’s policy of governmental tort liability for negligence. ¶14 But in 2018, Spooner v. City of Phoenix, 246 Ariz. 119 (App. 2018), took a wrong turn by appearing to recognize broad common law police officer immunity for negligence.2 Spooner, a wrongful arrest case, affirmed judgment as a matter of law for the City in a simple negligence case.

12026–2026
Quinn v. Cardenas green
arizctapp · 2023
1 sentence

2025Quinn, 256 Ariz. at 84 ¶ 29.

12025–2025
Diaz v. Magma Copper Co. green
arizctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2016A. Workers’ Compensation: Exclusive Remedy ¶ 7 Generally, a plaintiff may bring a wrongful death claim as an “independent claim for damages sustained by the decedent’s survivors.” Diaz v. Magma Copper Co., 190 Ariz. 544, 549 , 950 P.2d 1165 (App. *381 1997); see also Vasquez v. State, 220 Ariz. 304, 310, ¶ 16 , 206 P.3d 753 (App. 2008).

2016A. Workers’ Compensation: Exclusive Remedy ¶ 7 Generally, a plaintiff may bring a wrongful death claim as an “independent claim for damages sustained by the decedent’s survivors.” Diaz v. Magma Copper Co., 190 Ariz. 544, 549 , 950 P.2d 1165 (App. *381 1997); see also Vasquez v. State, 220 Ariz. 304, 310, ¶ 16 , 206 P.3d 753 (App. 2008).

12016–2016
Jeanes v. Arrow Insurance Company green
arizctapp · 1972
12014–2014
White v. Greater Arizona Bicycling Association green
arizctapp · 2007
12011–2011
Phraner v. Cote Mart, Inc. green
calctapp · 1997
12011–2011
Bothell v. Two Point Acres, Inc. green
arizctapp · 1998
12008–2008
Greenwald v. Ford Motor Co. green
arizctapp · 1999
12007–2007
St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co. v. Pennington green
ark · 1977
12007–2007
Hazine v. Montgomery Elevator Co. green
ariz · 1993
11993–1993
Kern Ex Rel. Kern v. St. Joseph Hospital, Inc. green
nm · 1985
11987–1987
Eastin v. Broomfield green
ariz · 1977
11987–1987
Landgraff v. Wagner green
arizctapp · 1976
11984–1984
Salladay v. Old Dominion Copper Mining Co. green
ariz · 1909
11982–1982
Salinas v. Kahn green
arizctapp · 1965
11970–1970

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-612 (21) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-611 (15) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-2101 (9) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-613 (8) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-542 (6) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-120.21 (5) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-561 (5) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 46-455 (5) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 14-3110 (4) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-821.01 (3) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 28-701 (3) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 46-451 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

OH 161 (1959–2025) IL 133 (1962–2026) TX 121 (1973–2026) CA 105 (1958–2026) NY 95 (1949–2026) LA 71 (1964–2024) MS 71 (1984–2026) GA 63 (1967–2026) FL 60 (1967–2025) MO 60 (1973–2024) AL 59 (1984–2025) MD 54 (1981–2026) IN 53 (1982–2026) PA 53 (1983–2025) AZ 40 (1965–2026) NM 38 (1970–2026) KY 37 (1990–2026) TN 35 (1996–2026) NC 34 (1971–2022) WA 34 (1974–2026) WI 33 (1979–2026) NJ 33 (1978–2026) MI 33 (1969–2022) OR 28 (1986–2026) CO 26 (1977–2026) WV 26 (1973–2021) IA 25 (1983–2026) MN 24 (1982–2026) MA 21 (1962–2024) CT 20 (1992–2024) AR 16 (1997–2022) KS 16 (1969–2026) VA 15 (1980–2024) UT 15 (1983–2026) MT 14 (1968–2026) OK 13 (1975–2024) SC 12 (2010–2025) SD 10 (1974–2022) ID 9 (1980–2024) WY 9 (1989–2021) ME 8 (1999–2025) HI 7 (1998–2025) NV 6 (1991–2023) AK 6 (1986–2020) DE 6 (1984–2026) DC 6 (1980–2006) ND 5 (1988–2019) NE 5 (1988–2024) RI 5 (1991–2019) VI 3 (2014–2026) VT 2 (2005–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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