first step analysis (New Mexico) · Go Syfert
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first step analysis in New Mexico

25 New Mexico opinions name it 2 courts 1997–2024 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Mexico courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Garzagreen
nm · 2009 · cited in 7 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2014–2023
2 sentences

2023A. Length of the Delay {5} The first step in our analysis is to determine whether the length of pretrial delay is “presumptively prejudicial.” State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 23 , 146 N.M. 499 , 212 P.3d 387 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

2023A. Length of the Delay {5} The first step in our analysis is to determine whether the length of pretrial delay is “presumptively prejudicial.” State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 23 , 146 N.M. 499 , 212 P.3d 387 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

27
Herron v. Stategreen
nm · 1991 · cited in 2 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2001–2024
2 sentences

2001Although acknowledging that unitary conduct is only the first step of the inquiry under the analysis set out in Herron v. State, 111 N.M. 357, 361 , 805 P.2d 624, 628 (1991), Defendant contends that the second step of that analysis requires a decision in his favor because the other factors (time between acts, location of acts, intervening events, distinctions in acts, defendant’s intent, and number of victims) all, with the exception of number of victims, support a finding of legislative intent to punish only once for the unitary act.

2001Although acknowledging that unitary conduct is only the first step of the inquiry under the analysis set out in Herron v. State, 111 N.M. 357, 361 , 805 P.2d 624, 628 (1991), Defendant contends that the second step of that analysis requires a decision in his favor because the other factors (time between acts, location of acts, intervening events, distinctions in acts, defendant’s intent, and number of victims) all, with the exception of number of victims, support a finding of legislative intent to punish only once for the unitary act.

22
Lewis L. Wayne v. United Statesgreen
cadc · 1963 · cited in 2 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019An objective review requires us to assess the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a "prudent and reasonable official [would] see a need to act to protect life or *190 property[.]" Wayne v. United States , 318 F.2d 205 , 212 (D.C.

2019An objective review requires us to assess the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a “prudent and reasonable official [would] see a need to act to protect life or property[.]” Wayne v. United States, 318 F.2d 205, 212 (D.C.

12
State v. Spearmangreen
nm · 2012 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Under that test, courts balance “(1) the length of delay in bringing the case to trial, (2) the reasons for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of the right to a speedy trial, and (4) the prejudice to the defendant caused by the delay.” State v. Serros, 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 5 , 366 P.3d 1121 . “[W]e give deference to the district court’s factual findings, but we review the weighing and the balancing of the Barker factors de novo.” Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 19 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). {21} The first step in our analysis is to determine whether the length

11
Sanabria v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021The purpose of this first step is to ascertain the legislative intent as to the unit of prosecution or, in other words, to determine what conduct the Legislature “has defined [as] a statutory offense” or “[w]hether a particular course of conduct involves one or more distinct offenses under the statute.” Sanabria v. United States, 437 U.S. 54, 69-70 (1978).

11
State v. Olssongreen
nm · 2014 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043 , ¶ 7. {13} Under the first step of our framework, we “must analyze the statute to determine whether the Legislature has defined the unit of prosecution and, if the statute spells out the unit of prosecution, then the court follows that language and the inquiry is complete.” Olsson, 2014-NMSC-012, ¶ 18 .

11
Albright v. Rodriguezgreen
ca10 · 1995 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019See Albright v. Rodriguez, 51 F.3d 1531, 1534 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating that where a defendant asserts qualified immunity, the plaintiff bears a heavy two-part burden).

11
Lion's Gate Water v. D'ANTONIOgreen
nm · 2009 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Lion’s Gate Water v. D’Antonio, 7 1 2009-NMSC-057, ¶ 17 , 147 N.M. 523 , 226 P.3d 622 (limiting the district court’s de 2 novo review of a State Engineer’s order to the issues presented before the State 3 Engineer).

2013See Lion’s Gate Water v. D’Antonio, 7 1 2009-NMSC-057, ¶ 17 , 147 N.M. 523 , 226 P.3d 622 (limiting the district court’s de 2 novo review of a State Engineer’s order to the issues presented before the State 3 Engineer).

11
Spears v. Canon De Carnue Land Grantgreen
nm · 1969 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Spears v. Canon de Carnue Land Grant, 80 N.M. 766, 768 , 461 P.2d 415, 417 (1969). {23} The first step of our analysis is to determine if Applicants made a prima facie showing that the water rights associated with the springs are less than the estimated yield of the springs.

2005Spears v. Canon de Carnue Land Grant, 80 N.M. 766, 768 , 461 P.2d 415, 417 (1969). {23} The first step of our analysis is to determine if Applicants made a prima facie showing that the water rights associated with the springs are less than the estimated yield of the springs.

11
Roth v. Thompsongreen
nm · 1992 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Roth, 113 N.M. at 334 , 825 P.2d at 1244 .

2005See Roth, 113 N.M. at 334 , 825 P.2d at 1244 .

11
State v. Frankgreen
nmctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001See Frank, 123 N.M. 734 , 945 P.2d 464 , 1997-NMCA-093, ¶ 8 . {12} The Tenth Circuit acknowledged that the second step of its Watchman test may require "some modification" because of Venetie.

2001See Frank, 123 N.M. 734 , 945 P.2d 464 , 1997-NMCA-093, ¶ 8 . {12} The Tenth Circuit acknowledged that the second step of its Watchman test may require "some modification" because of Venetie.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Mexico. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (12)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Bernal green
nm · 2006
2 sentences

2024“If the acts are not sufficiently distinct, then the rule of lenity 7 mandates an interpretation that the [L]egislature did not intend multiple 8 punishments, and a defendant cannot be punished for multiple crimes.” State v. 9 Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 14 , 140 N.M. 644 , 146 P.3d 289 . 10 {13} At the first step of our analysis, our Supreme Court has already determined 11 that Section 30-9-11 is ambiguous as to the unit of prosecution.

2024“If the acts are not sufficiently distinct, then the rule of lenity 7 mandates an interpretation that the [L]egislature did not intend multiple 8 punishments, and a defendant cannot be punished for multiple crimes.” State v. 9 Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 14 , 140 N.M. 644 , 146 P.3d 289 . 10 {13} At the first step of our analysis, our Supreme Court has already determined 11 that Section 30-9-11 is ambiguous as to the unit of prosecution.

32007–2024
State v. Sena green
nm · 2020
2 sentences

2024Id. {4} With respect to the first step of the analysis, we generally evaluate the conduct to determine whether “[s]ufficient indicia of distinctness” separate the illegal acts; if so, the conduct is not unitary, and there is no double jeopardy violation.

2021“To determine whether a defendant’s conduct was unitary, we consider such factors as whether acts were close in time and space, their similarity, the sequence in which they occurred, whether other events intervened, and the defendant’s goals for and mental state during each act.” Id. “[W]e have also looked to the elements of the charged offenses, the facts presented at trial, and the instructions given to the jury.” Sena, 2020-NMSC-011, ¶ 46 . {19} In this case, Defendant’s manslaughter conviction was not the result of a jury verdict; the jury deadlocked on the homicide charge and after the Ne

22021–2024
State v. Swick green
nm · 2012
2 sentences

2020State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 33 , 279 P.3d 747 (stating that “[i]f the unit of prosecution is not clear from the statute at issue, including its wording, history, purpose, and the quantum of punishment that is prescribed” then courts should move to the second step of the inquiry).

2015Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 33 .

22015–2020
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

2014The first step in our analysis is to determine whether the length of pretrial delay is ‘“presumptively prejudicial.’” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 23 (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at 533 ).

2014The first step in our analysis is to determine whether the length of pretrial delay is “‘presumptively prejudicial.’” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 23 (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at 533 ).

22014–2014
State v. Turner green
nmctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2008If we are unable to ascertain the unit of prosecution from the statutory language, "we move to the second step, in which we determine whether a defendant's acts are separated by sufficient `indicia of distinctness' to justify multiple punishments under the same statute." Id. {13} This Court recently conducted the first step of this analysis, in Turner, 2007-NMCA-105 , 142 N.M. 460 , 166 P.3d 1114 , concluding that "the language in the forgery statute is sufficiently ambiguous such that we cannot resolve the unit of prosecution simply by examining the language of the statute." Id. ¶ 28.

2008If we are unable to ascertain the unit of prosecution from the statutory language, "we move to the second step, in which we determine whether a defendant's acts are separated by sufficient `indicia of distinctness' to justify multiple punishments under the same statute." Id. {13} This Court recently conducted the first step of this analysis, in Turner, 2007-NMCA-105 , 142 N.M. 460 , 166 P.3d 1114 , concluding that "the language in the forgery statute is sufficiently ambiguous such that we cannot resolve the unit of prosecution simply by examining the language of the statute." Id. ¶ 28.

22007–2008
State v. Serros green
nm · 2015
1 sentence

2022Under that test, courts balance “(1) the length of delay in bringing the case to trial, (2) the reasons for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of the right to a speedy trial, and (4) the prejudice to the defendant caused by the delay.” State v. Serros, 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 5 , 366 P.3d 1121 . “[W]e give deference to the district court’s factual findings, but we review the weighing and the balancing of the Barker factors de novo.” Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 19 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). {21} The first step in our analysis is to determine whether the length

12022–2022
State v. Franco green
nm · 2005
1 sentence

2021If so, we then consider “whether the [L]egislature intended to create separately punishable offenses.” Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043 , ¶ 25. {18} At the first step of the analysis, our Supreme Court has said that “[t]he proper analytical framework is whether the facts presented at trial establish that the jury reasonably could have inferred independent factual bases for the charged offenses.” State v. Franco, 2005-NMSC-013, ¶ 7 , 137 N.M. 447 , 112 P.3d 1104 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

12021–2021
State v. Franco green
nm · 2005
2 sentences

2021If so, we then consider “whether the [L]egislature intended to create separately punishable offenses.” Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043 , ¶ 25. {18} At the first step of the analysis, our Supreme Court has said that “[t]he proper analytical framework is whether the facts presented at trial establish that the jury reasonably could have inferred independent factual bases for the charged offenses.” State v. Franco, 2005-NMSC-013, ¶ 7 , 137 N.M. 447 , 112 P.3d 1104 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

2021If so, we then consider “whether the [L]egislature intended to create separately punishable offenses.” Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043 , ¶ 25. {18} At the first step of the analysis, our Supreme Court has said that “[t]he proper analytical framework is whether the facts presented at trial establish that the jury reasonably could have inferred independent factual bases for the charged offenses.” State v. Franco, 2005-NMSC-013, ¶ 7 , 137 N.M. 447 , 112 P.3d 1104 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

12021–2021
State v. Ramirez green
nm · 2017
1 sentence

2021Defendant relies on State v. Ramirez, 2018-NMSC-003, ¶ 53 , 409 P.3d 902 , in which the New Mexico Supreme Court reasoned that “where a statute prohibits the doing of some act to a victim specified by a singular noun, ‘a person’ for example, then ‘the person’ is the unit of prosecution.” However, Defendant acknowledges that even if we measure the unit of prosecution in this way, the statute does not “explain how to determine whether or when a person has been the victim of more than one battery.” Consequently, it is evident that the unit of prosecution for aggravated battery is ambiguous at the

12021–2021
State v. Barr green
nmctapp · 1999
1 sentence

2007If we are unable to ascertain the unit of prosecution from the statutory language, “we move to the second step, in which we determine whether a defendant’s acts are separated by sufficient ‘indicia of distinctness’ to justify multiple punishments under the same statute.” Id. {26} Under the first step of analysis, we consider the language of the forgery statute.

12007–2007
Telephonic, Inc. v. Rosenblum green
nm · 1975
2 sentences

1999The determination of whether a party transacted business in the state, within the meaning of the long-arm statute, “must be determined by the facts in each case.” Telephonic, Inc., 88 N.M. at 534 , 543 P.2d at 827 .

1999The determination of whether a party transacted business in the state, within the meaning of the long-arm statute, “must be determined by the facts in each case.” Telephonic, Inc., 88 N.M. at 534 , 543 P.2d at 827 .

11999–1999
Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company v. Derrick Watchman green
ca10 · 1995
1 sentence

1997Watchman, 52 F.3d at 1543 .

11997–1997

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NM § N.M. Stat. § 30-16-10 (3) NM § N.M. Stat. § 31-18-15 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 204 (1986–2026) CA 193 (1983–2026) IL 156 (1981–2026) OH 111 (1986–2026) IA 53 (1983–2024) WI 46 (1981–2025) OR 33 (1985–2024) KS 33 (1998–2026) MD 29 (1912–2025) FL 29 (1984–2025) MO 28 (1984–2024) NJ 27 (1983–2025) MI 26 (2007–2026) MN 25 (1986–2026) NM 25 (1997–2024) PA 25 (1982–2025) UT 24 (1904–2026) IN 23 (1981–2025) WA 23 (1975–2026) TN 22 (1995–2026) CT 21 (1989–2025) NY 20 (1981–2022) ME 18 (2000–2026) NC 18 (1981–2026) LA 16 (1990–2024) GA 15 (1988–2025) VT 14 (1993–2017) CO 14 (1985–2026) DC 14 (1988–2026) VA 12 (1993–2025) MA 11 (1996–2025) ID 11 (1986–2025) RI 11 (1984–2025) NE 10 (1995–2025) KY 10 (1990–2025) MT 9 (1995–2015) WV 8 (1982–2019) DE 8 (1992–2024) NH 8 (1990–2024) SD 5 (2002–2018) AK 5 (1988–2019) AZ 5 (1979–2013) MS 5 (2001–2015) ND 5 (2004–2014) HI 4 (1994–2017) NV 3 (2000–2022) OK 3 (2018–2025) AL 2 (2001–2001) AR 2 (2011–2016) VI 2 (2014–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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