personal injury claim (Maryland) · Go Syfert
← Maryland issues

personal injury claim in Maryland

22 Maryland opinions name it 3 courts 1986–2022 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
Mummert v. Alizadehgreen
md · 2013 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Id. at 212 , 77 A.3d at 1051-52 .

2016Id. at 212 , 77 A.3d at 1051-52 .

13
Connors v. Oaksgreen
mdctspecapp · 1994 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Petitioner had also maintained that Grimshaw is neither persuasive nor dispositive “because although [the Court of Appeals] in Scribner overruled Grimshaw on the issue of when a personal injury claim arises, it is not clear whether Grimshaw’s holding as to when the underlying personal injury arises — is still good law.” According to the Cook opinion, Owens-Illinois further pointed out that Grimshaw cited Oaks for the proposition that “loss of consortium is not a separate action from the predicate personal injury, even though [the Court of Appeals], in Oaks, did not disturb the Court of Special

2005Although aware that Grimshaw considered when a loss of consortium claim arose in the context of the cap statute and a *486 latent disease, holding that it arose at the same time as the predicate personal injury claim, the petitioner maintains that it is neither persuasive nor dispositive: “[bjecause this Court in Scribner overruled Grimshaw on the issue of when a personal injury claim arises, it is not clear whether Grimshaw’s holding as to when the underlying personal injury arises — is still good law.” (Petitioner’s Brief at 23) Moreover, the petitioner points out that Grimshaw cited Oaks fo

12
Spangler v. McQuittygreen
md · 2016 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Accord Spangler v. McQuitty, 449 Md. at 59-61 , 141 A.3d at 172-73 , 2016 WL 3685198 , at *13-14 (reasoning that “the purpose of the wrongful death statute and Maryland’s long-standing jurisprudence” generally align with jurisdictions that regard a wrongful death action as independent of, rather than derivative of, a decedent’s personal injury claim).

2016Accord Spangler v. McQuitty, 449 Md. at 59-61 , 141 A.3d at 172-73 , 2016 WL 3685198 , at *13-14 (reasoning that “the purpose of the wrongful death statute and Maryland’s long-standing jurisprudence” generally align with jurisdictions that regard a wrongful death action as independent of, rather than derivative of, a decedent’s personal injury claim).

11
Taneia Galloway Vs. State Of Iowagreen
iowa · 2010 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013See Galloway v. State, 790 N.W.2d 252, 258 (Iowa 2010) (“Like a clear majority of other courts deciding such releases are unenforceable, we believe the strong policy in favor of protecting children must trump any competing interest of parents and tortfeasors in their freedom to contractually nullify a minor child’s personal injury claim before an injury occurs.”); see also Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349, 356 (Fla.2008) (“In holding that pre-injury releases executed by parents on behalf of minor children are unenforceable for participation in commercial activities, we are in agreement with the

11
Kirton v. Fieldsgreen
fla · 2008 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013See Galloway v. State, 790 N.W.2d 252, 258 (Iowa 2010) (“Like a clear majority of other courts deciding such releases are unenforceable, we believe the strong policy in favor of protecting children must trump any competing interest of parents and tortfeasors in their freedom to contractually nullify a minor child’s personal injury claim before an injury occurs.”); see also Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349, 356 (Fla.2008) (“In holding that pre-injury releases executed by parents on behalf of minor children are unenforceable for participation in commercial activities, we are in agreement with the

11
Newell v. Runnelsgreen
md · 2009 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See generally, Newell v. Runnels, 407 Md. 578 , 967 A.2d 729 (2009); Adler v. Am.

2010See generally, Newell v. Runnels, 407 Md. 578 , 967 A.2d 729 (2009); Adler v. Am.

11
Green v. N.B.S., Inc.green
md · 2009 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009We recently held in Green v. N.B.S., Inc., 409 Md. 528, 541 , 976 A.2d 279, 286 (2009), that the statutory cap on noneconomic damages, CJP § 11-108, applies to a personal injury claim brought under the CPA.

2009We recently held in Green v. N.B.S., Inc., 409 Md. 528, 541 , 976 A.2d 279, 286 (2009), that the statutory cap on noneconomic damages, CJP § 11-108, applies to a personal injury claim brought under the CPA.

11
Mills v. International Harvester Co.green
mdd · 1982 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Mills v. International Harvester Co., 554 F.Supp. 611, 613 (D.Md. 1982).

1998Mills v. International Harvester Co., 554 F.Supp. 611, 613 (D.Md.1982).

11
Kraus v. Board of County Road Commissionersgreen
miwd · 1964 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993Johnsbury, 92 Vt. 423, 433-434 , 105 A. 34, 38 (1918) (statutory requirement of notice to municipality of a personal injury action did not apply to a suit by the “next of kin of the decedent”); Kraus v. Board of County Road Comm’rs for County of Kent, 236 F.Supp. 677, 679 (W.D.Mich.1964), appeal denied, 364 F.2d 919 (6th Cir.1966) (same).

1993Johnsbury, 92 Vt. 423, 433-434 , 105 A. 34, 38 (1918) (statutory requirement of notice to municipality of a personal injury action did not apply to a suit by the "next of kin of the decedent"); Kraus v. Board of County Road Comm'rs for County of Kent, 236 F. Supp. 677, 679 (W.D.Mich. 1964), appeal denied, 364 F.2d 919 (6th Cir.1966) (same).

11
Bilbo v. Lewisgreen
texapp · 1931 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not “bodily injury damages”); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act “does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;” thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not "bodily injury damages"); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act "does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;" thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

11
Stormo v. City of Dell Rapidsgreen
sd · 1955 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not “bodily injury damages”); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act “does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;” thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not “bodily injury damages”); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act “does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;” thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

11
Daley v. United Services Automobile Ass'ngreen
md · 1988 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not “bodily injury damages”); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act “does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;” thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not “bodily injury damages”); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act “does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;” thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

11
Prouty v. City of Chicagogreen
ill · 1911 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not “bodily injury damages”); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act “does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;” thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

1993See, e.g., Daley v. United Services, 312 Md. 550, 554 , 541 A.2d 632, 634 (1988) (solatium damages claimed in a wrongful death action are not “bodily injury damages”); Prouty v. Chicago, 250 Ill. 222, 227 , 95 N.E. 147, 149-150 (1911) (wrongful death act “does not, in its language or in substance, create a cause of action for a personal injury;” thus a statute requiring notice to the state of a personal injury claim does not require notice of a claim for damages suffered by third persons by reason of death.); Stormo v. Dell Rapids, 75 S.D. 582, 588 , 70 N.W.2d 831, 834 (1955) (same); Bilbo v.

11
Bigelow v. Town of St. Johnsburygreen
· 1918 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993Johnsbury, 92 Vt. 423, 433-434 , 105 A. 34, 38 (1918) (statutory requirement of notice to municipality of a personal injury action did not apply to a suit by the “next of kin of the decedent”); Kraus v. Board of County Road Comm’rs for County of Kent, 236 F.Supp. 677, 679 (W.D.Mich.1964), appeal denied, 364 F.2d 919 (6th Cir.1966) (same).

1993Johnsbury, 92 Vt. 423, 433-434 , 105 A. 34, 38 (1918) (statutory requirement of notice to municipality of a personal injury action did not apply to a suit by the “next of kin of the decedent”); Kraus v. Board of County Road Comm’rs for County of Kent, 236 F.Supp. 677, 679 (W.D.Mich.1964), appeal denied, 364 F.2d 919 (6th Cir.1966) (same).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
Oaks v. Connors green
md · 1995
2 sentences

2010In evaluating the application of the Cap to a non-injured spouse's loss of consortium claim for her injured spouse, we reasoned that not applying the statutory Cap equally to a personal injury claim and a loss of consortium claim would allow the injured spouse to receive one and a half times more in non-economic damages than was intended by the Cap. 339 Md. at 38 , 660 A.2d at 430 .

2010In evaluating the application of the Cap to a non-injured spouse's loss of consortium claim for her injured spouse, we reasoned that not applying the statutory Cap equally to a personal injury claim and a loss of consortium claim would allow the injured spouse to receive one and a half times more in non-economic damages than was intended by the Cap. 339 Md. at 38 , 660 A.2d at 430 .

32002–2010
Linton v. Consumer Protection Division green
md · 2020
2 sentences

2022(Footnote omitted). 8 In Linton I, 467 Md. at 508 , 225 A.3d at 460 , we indicated that there are approximately 100 putative class members “who, between January 1, 2012 and July 6, 2016, transferred structured settlement payment rights obtained in settlement of a personal injury claim to Access.” 9 The complaint included the following seven counts: (1) negligence against Smith; (2) negligent misrepresentation against Smith; (3) negligent misrepresentation against Access; (4) fraud, misrepresentation, and deceit against Smith; (5) fraud, misrepresentation, and deceit against Access; (6) constru

2022(Footnote omitted). 8 In Linton I, 467 Md. at 508 , 225 A.3d at 460 , we indicated that there are approximately 100 putative class members “who, between January 1, 2012 and July 6, 2016, transferred structured settlement payment rights obtained in settlement of a personal injury claim to Access.” 9 The complaint included the following seven counts: (1) negligence against Smith; (2) negligent misrepresentation against Smith; (3) negligent misrepresentation against Access; (4) fraud, misrepresentation, and deceit against Smith; (5) fraud, misrepresentation, and deceit against Access; (6) constru

22022–2022
Jackson v. Dackman Co. green
md · 2011
2 sentences

2017Dackman held that the $17,000 available to a lead-poisoned child under the Act was a “totally inadequate” substitute for a personal injury claim and thus the immunity provided by the Act violated Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, 422 Md. at 381 , which guarantees “[t]hat every man, for any injury done to him in his person or property, ought to have remedy by the course of the Law of the land.” At the same time, however, the Court determined that the “immunity provisions” of the Act “are severable from those remaining portions of the Act which can be given effect.” Id. at 383 .

2017Dackman held that the $17,000 available to a lead-poisoned child under the Act was a “totally inadequate” substitute for a personal injury claim and thus the immunity provided by the Act violated Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, 422 Md. at 381 , which guarantees “[t]hat every man, for any injury done to him in his person or property, ought to have remedy by the course of the Law of the land.” At the same time, however, the Court determined that the “immunity provisions” of the Act “are severable from those remaining portions of the Act which can be given effect.” Id. at 383 .

22017–2017
Spevack v. Klein green
scotus · 1967
2 sentences

2018Id. at 82-83 (quoting Spevack , 385 U.S. at 514 , 87 S.Ct. 625 ).

2018Id. at 82-83 (quoting Spevack , 385 U.S. at 514 , 87 S.Ct. 625 ).

12018–2018
Armstrong v. Tanaka green
alaska · 2010
1 sentence

2018Id. at 82-83 (quoting Spevack , 385 U.S. at 514 , 87 S.Ct. 625 ).

12018–2018
Stewart v. United Electric Light & Power Co. green
md · 1906
2 sentences

2016See Mummert, 435 Md. at 219-20 , 77 A.3d at 1056 ; Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 46 cmt. b; Stewart, 104 Md. 332 , 65 A. 49, 53 .

2016See Mummert, 435 Md. at 219-20 , 77 A.3d at 1056 ; Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 46 cmt. b; Stewart, 104 Md. 332 , 65 A. 49, 53 .

12016–2016
Hawkins Ex Rel. Hawkins v. Peart red
utah · 2001
1 sentence

2013See Galloway v. State, 790 N.W.2d 252, 258 (Iowa 2010) (“Like a clear majority of other courts deciding such releases are unenforceable, we believe the strong policy in favor of protecting children must trump any competing interest of parents and tortfeasors in their freedom to contractually nullify a minor child’s personal injury claim before an injury occurs.”); see also Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349, 356 (Fla.2008) (“In holding that pre-injury releases executed by parents on behalf of minor children are unenforceable for participation in commercial activities, we are in agreement with the

12013–2013
Woodman v. Kera LLC green
mich · 2010
2 sentences

2013See Galloway v. State, 790 N.W.2d 252, 258 (Iowa 2010) (“Like a clear majority of other courts deciding such releases are unenforceable, we believe the strong policy in favor of protecting children must trump any competing interest of parents and tortfeasors in their freedom to contractually nullify a minor child’s personal injury claim before an injury occurs.”); see also Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349, 356 (Fla.2008) (“In holding that pre-injury releases executed by parents on behalf of minor children are unenforceable for participation in commercial activities, we are in agreement with the

2013See Galloway v. State, 790 N.W.2d 252, 258 (Iowa 2010) (“Like a clear majority of other courts deciding such releases are unenforceable, we believe the strong policy in favor of protecting children must trump any competing interest of parents and tortfeasors in their freedom to contractually nullify a minor child’s personal injury claim before an injury occurs.”); see also Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349, 356 (Fla.2008) (“In holding that pre-injury releases executed by parents on behalf of minor children are unenforceable for participation in commercial activities, we are in agreement with the

12013–2013
Doyle v. Bowdoin College green
me · 1979
1 sentence

2013See Galloway v. State, 790 N.W.2d 252, 258 (Iowa 2010) (“Like a clear majority of other courts deciding such releases are unenforceable, we believe the strong policy in favor of protecting children must trump any competing interest of parents and tortfeasors in their freedom to contractually nullify a minor child’s personal injury claim before an injury occurs.”); see also Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349, 356 (Fla.2008) (“In holding that pre-injury releases executed by parents on behalf of minor children are unenforceable for participation in commercial activities, we are in agreement with the

12013–2013
Penunuri v. Sundance Partners, Ltd. green
utah · 2013
1 sentence

2013See Galloway v. State, 790 N.W.2d 252, 258 (Iowa 2010) (“Like a clear majority of other courts deciding such releases are unenforceable, we believe the strong policy in favor of protecting children must trump any competing interest of parents and tortfeasors in their freedom to contractually nullify a minor child’s personal injury claim before an injury occurs.”); see also Kirton v. Fields, 997 So.2d 349, 356 (Fla.2008) (“In holding that pre-injury releases executed by parents on behalf of minor children are unenforceable for participation in commercial activities, we are in agreement with the

12013–2013
Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Cook green
md · 2005
2 sentences

2006Although aware that Grimshaw considered when a loss of consortium claim arose in the context of the cap statute and a latent disease, holding that it arose at the same time as the predicate personal injury claim, the petitioner maintains that it is neither persuasive nor dispositive. 386 Md. at 484-86 , 872 A.2d 969 (emphasis supplied).

2006Although aware that Grimshaw considered when a loss of consortium claim arose in the context of the cap statute and a latent disease, holding that it arose at the same time as the predicate personal injury claim, the petitioner maintains that it is neither persuasive nor dispositive. 386 Md. at 484-86 , 872 A.2d 969 (emphasis supplied).

12006–2006
Deems v. Western Maryland Railway Co. green
md · 1967
2 sentences

2006In Deems v. Western Maryland Railway, 247 Md. 95, 108-09 , 231 A.2d 514 (1967), Judge Oppenheimer discussed the symbiotic relationship between the underlying personal injury claim and the derivative claim alleging damage to the marital relationship itself.

2006In Deems v. Western Maryland Railway, 247 Md. 95, 108-09 , 231 A.2d 514 (1967), Judge Oppenheimer discussed the symbiotic relationship between the underlying personal injury claim and the derivative claim alleging damage to the marital relationship itself.

12006–2006
Blake v. Blake green
md · 1996
2 sentences

2000Blake, 341 Md. at 348-49 , 670 A.2d 472 .

2000Blake, 341 Md. at 348-49 , 670 A.2d 472 .

12000–2000
Frazier v. Waterman Steamship Corp. green
md · 1969
2 sentences

1995Similarly, in Frazier v. Waterman Steamship Corp., 206 Md. 434 , 112 A.2d 221 , a personal injury claim by a stevedore against the owner of a vessel claimed to be unseaworthy, the principal factual issue was whether the stevedore was caused to slip and fall through a hatch from one deck to another because there was grease on the upper deck.

1995Similarly, in Frazier v. Waterman Steamship Corp., 206 Md. 434 , 112 A.2d 221 , a personal injury claim by a stevedore against the owner of a vessel claimed to be unseaworthy, the principal factual issue was whether the stevedore was caused to slip and fall through a hatch from one deck to another because there was grease on the upper deck.

11995–1995
Kraus v. Board Of County Road Commissioners For The County Of Kent green
ca6 · 1966
2 sentences

1993Johnsbury, 92 Vt. 423, 433-434 , 105 A. 34, 38 (1918) (statutory requirement of notice to municipality of a personal injury action did not apply to a suit by the “next of kin of the decedent”); Kraus v. Board of County Road Comm’rs for County of Kent, 236 F.Supp. 677, 679 (W.D.Mich.1964), appeal denied, 364 F.2d 919 (6th Cir.1966) (same).

1993Johnsbury, 92 Vt. 423, 433-434 , 105 A. 34, 38 (1918) (statutory requirement of notice to municipality of a personal injury action did not apply to a suit by the "next of kin of the decedent"); Kraus v. Board of County Road Comm'rs for County of Kent, 236 F. Supp. 677, 679 (W.D.Mich. 1964), appeal denied, 364 F.2d 919 (6th Cir.1966) (same).

11993–1993
Attorney Grievance Commission v. Velasquez green
md · 1984
2 sentences

1986Comm’n v. Velasquez, 301 Md. 450 , 483 A.2d 354 (1984), Velasquez had received a check in the amount of $2,522.40 from GEICO on November 22, 1982, representing settlement of a client’s personal injury claim.

1986Comm’n v. Velasquez, 301 Md. 450 , 483 A.2d 354 (1984), Velasquez had received a check in the amount of $2,522.40 from GEICO on November 22, 1982, representing settlement of a client’s personal injury claim.

11986–1986
Summers v. Freishtat green
md · 1975
11986–1986

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MD § Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 11-108 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 114 (1979–2026) CA 86 (1953–2025) IL 82 (1912–2021) NY 76 (1962–2026) MO 62 (1967–2025) NJ 51 (1961–2025) PA 43 (1923–2026) OH 42 (1992–2025) FL 40 (1961–2026) GA 38 (1969–2024) IN 37 (1949–2026) MS 36 (1978–2026) LA 34 (1957–2020) KY 30 (1912–2025) CO 29 (1981–2025) AZ 29 (1967–2022) WA 28 (1988–2026) CT 25 (1973–2022) MN 25 (1917–2024) WI 23 (1964–2026) VA 22 (1962–2025) AL 22 (1961–2025) MD 22 (1986–2022) WV 21 (1986–2023) IA 19 (1980–2025) OR 18 (1970–2024) NC 18 (1984–2019) MA 16 (1983–2023) MI 16 (1966–2026) TN 15 (1913–2023) KS 14 (1972–2026) DE 12 (1985–2024) UT 11 (1983–2022) NE 10 (1989–2024) RI 10 (1972–2018) ND 10 (1989–2023) SC 10 (1971–2024) NM 9 (1975–2024) ME 9 (1984–2007) SD 8 (1975–2026) MT 7 (1984–2014) DC 6 (1982–2020) VT 5 (1998–2015) NH 4 (2007–2023) AR 4 (1988–2020) OK 4 (1972–2025) AK 3 (1991–2023) NV 3 (1996–2023) HI 2 (1987–2016) VI 2 (2009–2015) WY 2 (1998–2004)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check