personal injury claim (New York) · Go Syfert
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personal injury claim in New York

76 New York opinions name it 9 courts 1962–2026 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (43)

CaseFollowedCited
Molinari v. Conforti & Eisele, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 1976 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Finally, despite the court’s pretrial ruling precluding defendants from questioning plaintiff about a personal injury claim she had filed in connection with a prior accident, defense counsel, over objection, asked plaintiff if she had been involved in any “legal action” related to her “neck and/or back condition.” Because evidence of prior accidents and lawsuits related thereto “may not [be used to] . . . demonstrate that the plaintiff is litigious and therefore unworthy of belief” (Molinari v Conforti & Eisele, 54 AD2d 1113, 1114 [1976]), it was error for the court to allow that questioning.

2016Finally, despite the court’s pretrial ruling precluding defendants from questioning plaintiff about a personal injury claim she had filed in connection with a prior accident, defense counsel, over objection, asked plaintiff if she had been involved in any “legal action” related to her “neck and/or back condition.” Because evidence of prior accidents and lawsuits related thereto “may not [be used to] . . . demonstrate that the plaintiff is litigious and therefore unworthy of belief” (Molinari v Conforti & Eisele, 54 AD2d 1113, 1114 [1976]), it was error for the court to allow that questioning.

23
Charles Cerlan, Inc. v. Woodbridge Fordgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1984 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022In this case, where the cause of action arose in New York (where the accident occurred), no New Jersey Superior Court is available "in the county in which the cause of action arose." What the majority overlooks, however, is that venue is not a jurisdictional matter under New Jersey law; if a defendant objects to venue, its remedy is to move for a change of venue, not for dismissal, and the objection to venue is waived if it is not timely asserted (New Jersey Rules of Court R. 4:3-3[b]; see Ciaglia v Ciaglia , 106 NJL 479, 479, 148 A 761, 761 [NJ Ct E & A 1930] [improper venue "was not a ground

2022In this case, where the cause of action arose in New York (where the accident occurred), no New Jersey Superior Court is available "in the county in which the cause of action arose." What the majority overlooks, however, is that venue is not a jurisdictional matter under New Jersey law; if a defendant objects to venue, its remedy is to move for a change of venue, not for dismissal, and the objection to venue is waived if it is not timely asserted (New Jersey Rules of Court R. 4:3-3[b]; see Ciaglia v Ciaglia , 106 NJL 479, 479, 148 A 761, 761 [NJ Ct E & A 1930] [improper venue "was not a ground

22
Heslin v. County of Greenegreen
ny · 2010 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021However, the Court of Appeals addressed this argument in Heslin and rejected it, noting that "unlike a wrongful death claim that directly compensates a decedent's distributees for their own damages, a personal injury claim is designed to compensate the decedent for injuries suffered and is personal to the deceased - in other words, it is a claim assumed by the estate" ( 14 NY3d at 76 ).

2021However, the Court of Appeals addressed this argument in Heslin and rejected it, noting that "unlike a wrongful death claim that directly compensates a decedent's distributees for their own damages, a personal injury claim is designed to compensate the decedent for injuries suffered and is personal to the deceased - in other words, it is a claim assumed by the estate" ( 14 NY3d at 76 ).

22
Espinal v. City of New Yorkgreen
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020This indemnification includes "the costs . . . incurred in defending [themselves]" against a personal injury claim, and "reasonable attorneys' fees" ( Espinal v City of New York , 107 AD3d 411, 412 [1st Dept 2013]).

2020This indemnification includes "the costs . . . incurred in defending [themselves]" against a personal injury claim, and "reasonable attorneys' fees" ( Espinal v City of New York , 107 AD3d 411, 412 [1st Dept 2013]).

22
Label v. Labelgreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Accordingly, the defendant waived any claim for equitable distribution she may have had to those funds (see Label v Label, 70 AD3d 898, 899-900 [2010]).

2013Accordingly, the defendant waived any claim for equitable distribution she may have had to those funds (see Label v Label, 70 AD3d 898, 899-900 [2010]).

22
Cameron v. Camerongreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Although the governing statute provides that compensation for personal injury constitutes separate property {see Domestic Relations Law § 236 [B] [1] [d] [2]), here, Supreme Court noted the complete lack of any evidence upon which the funds might have been allocated as between the husband’s personal injury claim and the wife’s consortium claim, and the substantial evidence supporting the legal presumption that the parties wished to treat the proceeds as joint assets of the marriage (see Cameron v Cameron, 22 AD3d 911, 912 [2005]; Garner v Garner, 307 AD2d 510, 512 [2003], lv denied 100 NY2d 51

2012Although the governing statute provides that compensation for personal injury constitutes separate property {see Domestic Relations Law § 236 [B] [1] [d] [2]), here, Supreme Court noted the complete lack of any evidence upon which the funds might have been allocated as between the husband’s personal injury claim and the wife’s consortium claim, and the substantial evidence supporting the legal presumption that the parties wished to treat the proceeds as joint assets of the marriage (see Cameron v Cameron, 22 AD3d 911, 912 [2005]; Garner v Garner, 307 AD2d 510, 512 [2003], lv denied 100 NY2d 51

22
Garner v. Garnergreen
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Although the governing statute provides that compensation for personal injury constitutes separate property {see Domestic Relations Law § 236 [B] [1] [d] [2]), here, Supreme Court noted the complete lack of any evidence upon which the funds might have been allocated as between the husband’s personal injury claim and the wife’s consortium claim, and the substantial evidence supporting the legal presumption that the parties wished to treat the proceeds as joint assets of the marriage (see Cameron v Cameron, 22 AD3d 911, 912 [2005]; Garner v Garner, 307 AD2d 510, 512 [2003], lv denied 100 NY2d 51

2012Although the governing statute provides that compensation for personal injury constitutes separate property {see Domestic Relations Law § 236 [B] [1] [d] [2]), here, Supreme Court noted the complete lack of any evidence upon which the funds might have been allocated as between the husband’s personal injury claim and the wife’s consortium claim, and the substantial evidence supporting the legal presumption that the parties wished to treat the proceeds as joint assets of the marriage (see Cameron v Cameron, 22 AD3d 911, 912 [2005]; Garner v Garner, 307 AD2d 510, 512 [2003], lv denied 100 NY2d 51

22
Huffer v. Kozitzagreen
minnctapp · 1985 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1985–1989
2 sentences

1989(See, e.g., Barni v Kutner, 45 Del 550, 76 A2d 801 ; Huffer v Kozitza, 361 NW2d 451, 454 [Minn], affd 375 NW2d 480 ; Ryter v Brennan, 291 So 2d 55 [Fla], cert denied 297 So 2d 836; Stapleton u Palmore, 250 Ga 259, 297 SE2d 270 ; Kotsiris v Ling, 451 SW2d 411 [Ky]; Whittlesey v Miller, 572 SW2d 665 , supra; Layne v Huffman, 42 Ohio St 2d 287, 327 NE2d 767 .) Courts in other jurisdictions, however, hold that the loss of consortium claim of one spouse must be joined with the personal injury claim of the other spouse.

1985Three jurisdictions have construed Millington (supra) as barring the deprived spouse’s action for loss of consortium only where the action by the impaired spouse was concluded by judgment or settlement prior to the effective date of a court decision recognizing a claim for loss of consortium by either spouse (see, Rodriguez v Bethelehem Steel Corp., 12 Cal 3d 382, 525 P2d 669, 686 [1974]; Diaz v Lilly & Co., 364 Mass 153, 302 NE2d 555, 564 [1973]; Swartz v United States Steel Corp., 293 Ala 439, 304 So 2d 881, 886 [1974]; see also, Huffer v Kozitza, 361 NW2d 451, 454 [Ct App, Minn 1985]).

22
Badolato v. Rosenberggreen
nyappdiv · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Hosp., 28 Misc 3d 127[A] , 2010 NY Slip Op 51180[U] , *2, 2010 NY Misc LEXIS 2855 , *3 [App Term, 2d Dept, 2d, 11th & 13th Jud Dists, Jul. 7, 2010]; see Badolato v Rosenberg, 67 AD3d 937, 938 [2d Dept 2009]).

11
Dyer v. Trachtmangreen
mich · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026Thus, for example, the relationship between a doctor performing a medical examination on behalf of an insurance company for the purpose of evaluating a personal injury claim, and the person whom he or she is examining, may fairly be called a “‘limited physician-patient relationship,’” which may only give rise to a medical malpractice cause of action where the physician performed the examination in a manner that directly caused physical harm to the examinee (Bazakos v Lewis, 12 NY3d 631, 635 [2009], citing Dyer v Trachtman, 470 Mich 45, 49-50 , 679 NW2d 311, 314-315 [2004]) or where the physici

2026Thus, for example, the relationship between a doctor performing a medical examination on behalf of an insurance company for the purpose of evaluating a personal injury claim, and the person whom he or she is examining, may fairly be called a “‘limited physician-patient relationship,’” which may only give rise to a medical malpractice cause of action where the physician performed the examination in a manner that directly caused physical harm to the examinee (Bazakos v Lewis, 12 NY3d 631, 635 [2009], citing Dyer v Trachtman, 470 Mich 45, 49-50 , 679 NW2d 311, 314-315 [2004]) or where the physici

11
Bazakos v. Lewisgreen
ny · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Thus, for example, the relationship between a doctor performing a medical examination on behalf of an insurance company for the purpose of evaluating a personal injury claim, and the person whom he or she is examining, may fairly be called a “‘limited physician-patient relationship,’” which may only give rise to a medical malpractice cause of action where the physician performed the examination in a manner that directly caused physical harm to the examinee (Bazakos v Lewis, 12 NY3d 631, 635 [2009], citing Dyer v Trachtman, 470 Mich 45, 49-50 , 679 NW2d 311, 314-315 [2004]) or where the physici

11
Kefalas v. Valiotisgreen
nyappdiv · 2021 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Under relevant principles of interpretation, the language of the settlement agreement demonstrates the parties' intent to preserve General Casualty's obligation to indemnify QPS Development with respect to the plaintiff's personal injury claim ( see generally Kefalas v Valiotis , 197 AD3d 698, 702 ).

2025Under relevant principles of interpretation, the language of the settlement agreement demonstrates the parties' intent to preserve General Casualty's obligation to indemnify QPS Development with respect to the plaintiff's personal injury claim ( see generally Kefalas v Valiotis , 197 AD3d 698, 702).

11
Gaglia v. Nashgreen
nyappdiv · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Co. , 172 AD3d 1336 , [*2]1338 [2d Dept 2019]; Gaglia v Nash , 8 AD3d 992, 993 [4th Dept 2004]).

11
George v. Mt. Sinai Hospitalgreen
ny · 1979 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Accordingly, the personal injury causes of action, which the decedent could have brought when he was alive, existed before the appointment and qualification of an administrator ( see Boffee , 171 AD at 394 ; see also George , 47 NY2d at 176 ).

11
Besser v. E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 1989 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022"The new Statute of Limitations provide[d] that a personal injury claim arising out of the latent effects of exposure to any substance or combination of substances accrues on the earlier of the date of discovery of the injury by the plaintiff or from the date when through the exercise of reasonable diligence the injury should have been discovered" ( id. [internal quotation marks omitted]; see CPLR 214-c[2]). "[T]he revival statute provided a one-year window period to sue for persons who were or would have been barred by operation of the preexisting last exposure rule" ( Besser v Squibb & Sons

2022"The new Statute of Limitations provide[d] that a personal injury claim arising out of the latent effects of exposure to any substance or combination of substances accrues on the earlier of the date of discovery of the injury by the plaintiff or from the date when through the exercise of reasonable diligence the injury should have been discovered" ( id. [internal quotation marks omitted]; see CPLR 214-c[2]). "[T]he revival statute provided a one-year window period to sue for persons who were or would have been barred by operation of the preexisting last exposure rule" ( Besser v Squibb & Sons

11
Waggoner v. Carusogreen
nyappdiv · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018The record presents an issue of fact as to whether defendant continuously represented plaintiff in connection with a personal injury claim based on the accident, such as to toll the statute of limitations during that time ( see Glamm v Allen , 57 NY2d 87, 94 [1982]; Waggoner v Caruso , 68 AD3d 1, 6-7 [1st Dept 2009]).

11
Lytell v. Lorussogreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018The complaint adequately alleged that the plaintiff was "left with the reasonable impression" that the defendants were, "in fact, actively addressing [his] legal needs" until that date ( Shumsky v Eisenstein , 96 NY2d at 169 ; see Lytell v Lorusso , 74 AD3d 905, 907 ).

11
Matter of Ny County Des Litig.green
ny · 1997 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Mapfre Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Manoogreen
nyappdiv · 2016 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Co. of N.Y. v Manoo , 140 AD3d 468, 470 [1st Dept 2016]; see Unitrin Advantage Ins.

11
Caronia v. Philip Morris USA, Inc.green
ny · 2013 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018However, where, as here, the personal injury claim is premised upon damages "caused by the latent effects of exposure to any substance or combination of substances, in any form, upon or within the body or upon or within property," the three-year statute of limitations runs "from the date of discovery of the injury by the plaintiff or from the date when through the exercise of reasonable diligence such injury should have been discovered by the plaintiff, whichever is earlier" (CPLR 214-c [2]; accord Caronia v Philip Morris USA, Inc. , 22 NY3d 439, 448 [2013]; Vasilatos v Dzamba , 148 AD3d 1275,

11
Vasilatos v. Dzambagreen
nyappdiv · 2017 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Glamm v. Allengreen
ny · 1982 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Wendy Litwack v. Plaza Realty Investors, Inc.green
ny · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Baker v. Bronx Lebanon Hospital Centergreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Decker v. Selskygreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
In Re the Accounting of Menggreen
ny · 1919 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
In Re Emergency Beacon Corp.green
nysb · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
In Re Bennett Funding Group, Inc.green
nynb · 1997 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Mazzilli v. City of New Yorkgreen
nyappdiv · 1989 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Sherrill v. Pettifordgreen
nyappdiv · 1991 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Karbassi v. Karbassigreen
nyappdiv · 1994 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Hidalgo v. New York City Health & Hospitals Corp.green
nyappdiv · 1994 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Wilson v. Quarantagreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
In Re Piecuilgreen
nywb · 1992 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Miller v. County of Sullivangreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Scott v. City of New Yorkgreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Steinberg v. Village of Garden Citygreen
nyappdiv · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
In re Romergreen
nyappdiv · 1942 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Goulding v. Solomongreen
nycivct · 1984 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
DeLarco v. DeWittgreen
nyappdiv · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (37)

CaseCitedYears
Millington v. Southeastern Elevator Co. green
ny · 1968
2 sentences

1996Co., 22 NY2d 498 ; Champagne v State Farm Mut.

1985Three jurisdictions have construed Millington (supra) as barring the deprived spouse’s action for loss of consortium only where the action by the impaired spouse was concluded by judgment or settlement prior to the effective date of a court decision recognizing a claim for loss of consortium by either spouse (see, Rodriguez v Bethelehem Steel Corp., 12 Cal 3d 382, 525 P2d 669, 686 [1974]; Diaz v Lilly & Co., 364 Mass 153, 302 NE2d 555, 564 [1973]; Swartz v United States Steel Corp., 293 Ala 439, 304 So 2d 881, 886 [1974]; see also, Huffer v Kozitza, 361 NW2d 451, 454 [Ct App, Minn 1985]).

21985–1996
Ward v. Spitzer green
ny · 2009
1 sentence

2025Under the circumstances, the court properly determined that there was no writing signed by both parties reflecting an agreement on all material terms ( see generally Velazquez , 13 NY3d at 895 ).

12025–2025
Perez v. Paramount Communications, Inc. green
ny · 1999
2 sentences

2025Contrary to the Supreme Court's determination, the statute of limitations for the plaintiff's personal injury claim against Gioffre had not expired, as the plaintiff moved for leave to amend the complaint within the three-year limitations period and included a copy of the proposed pleadings ( see Perez v Paramount Communications , 92 NY2d at 754 ; Schlapa v Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc. , 174 AD3d at 936).

2025The plaintiff's claim against Gioffre therefore was timely, and the court should have granted the plaintiff's motion for leave to amend the complaint to add Gioffre as a defendant ( see Perez v Paramount Communications , 92 NY2d at 754 ).

12025–2025
Malamut v. Malamut green
nyappdiv · 1984
1 sentence

2024In contrast, a personal injury claim is a survival action brought or continued on behalf of the decedent's estate for the injuries sustained by the decedent ( see Mingone , 100 AD2d at 899 , citing EPTL § 11-3.2).

12024–2024
Boffe v. Consolidated Telegraph & Electrical Subway Co. green
nyappdiv · 1916
1 sentence

2024Accordingly, the personal injury causes of action, which the decedent could have brought when he was alive, existed before the appointment and qualification of an administrator ( see Boffee , 171 AD at 394 ; see also George , 47 NY2d at 176 ).

12024–2024
Zuckerman v. City of New York green
ny · 1980
1 sentence

2024She did not submit an affidavit setting forth her version of the initial conversations with defendants or any other interactions that would support her attorney's contentions that she was under a reasonable impression that defendants had agreed to represent her on a personal injury claim or that the law firm did not clearly disclaim representation ( see Zuckerman v New York , 49 NY2d 557 [1980] [an attorney affirmation is insufficient to put before the court facts of which she has no knowledge]; cf .

12024–2024
Keyes v. City of New York green
nyappdiv · 2011
1 sentence

2019Furthermore, there is no evidence in the record that the respondent's insurer acquired actual knowledge of the petitioner's personal injury claim within 90 days after the claim accrued or a reasonable time thereafter ( see Matter of Keyes v City of New York , 89 AD3d 1086, 1086 ; Matter of Spaulding v Cobleskill-Richmondville Cent.

12019–2019
Lemma v. Off Track Betting Corp. green
nyappdiv · 2000
1 sentence

2019School Dist. , 289 AD2d 860, 861 ; Lemma v Off Track Betting Corp. , 272 AD2d 669, 671 ).

12019–2019
Spaulding v. Cobleskill-Richmondville Central School District green
nyappdiv · 2001
1 sentence

2019School Dist. , 289 AD2d 860, 861 ; Lemma v Off Track Betting Corp. , 272 AD2d 669, 671 ).

12019–2019
Lichtenstein v. State green
ny · 1999
12018–2018
Thomas v. State green
nyappdiv · 2008
12018–2018
Muller v. Sturman green
nyappdiv · 1981
12018–2018
Shumsky v. Eisenstein green
ny · 2001
12018–2018
Baker v. Levitin green
nyappdiv · 1995
1 sentence

2018Here, the defendants satisfied their initial burden by demonstrating that the plaintiff's legal malpractice cause of action accrued on July 23, 2011, when the statute of limitations on the personal injury claim expired, which was more than three years before the commencement of this action ( see Shumsky v Eisenstein , 96 NY2d 164, 166 ; Baker v Levitin , 211 AD2d 507, 507 ).

12018–2018
Hargrove v. State of New York green
nyappdiv · 2016
12018–2018
Putter v. North Shore University Hospital green
ny · 2006
1 sentence

2018Hosp., 7 NY3d 548, 552-553 ).

12018–2018
Kambousi Restaurant, Inc. v. Burlington Insurance green
nyappdiv · 2009
12016–2016
In re the Estate of Warsaski green
nysurct · 2002
12015–2015
McCabe v. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. green
ny · 2004
12012–2012
DiGuglielmo v. Travelers Property Casualty green
nyappdiv · 2004
12012–2012
Ruhland v. John W. Cowper Co. neutral
nyappdiv · 1979
12011–2011
Ruhland v. JOHN W. COWPER CO., INC. neutral
ny · 1980
12011–2011
Hammond v. GMAC Ins. Group green
ny · 2009
12010–2010
Ratka v. St. Francis Hospital green
ny · 1978
12010–2010
Mangini v. McClurg green
ny · 1969
12010–2010
Hernandez v. New York City Health and Hospitals Corp. green
ny · 1991
12010–2010
Finke v. City of Glen Cove green
nyappdiv · 2008
12008–2008
McNeil v. Tomlin green
nyappdiv · 1981
12008–2008
Hill v. Jones green
nyappdiv · 1985
12008–2008
Treutlein v. Gutierrez neutral
nyappdiv · 1987
12008–2008
Gardner v. Tully neutral
nyappdiv · 1996
12008–2008
Labozzetta v. Fabbro green
nyappdiv · 2005
12008–2008
Velasquez v. Gallelli green
nyappdiv · 2007
12008–2008
People v. Pagan green
nyappdiv · 2000
12008–2008
Kramer v. Herrera neutral
nyappdiv · 1992
12007–2007
Edelson v. Placeway Construction Corp. green
nyappdiv · 2006
12007–2007
Searle v. City of New Rochelle green
nyappdiv · 2002
12007–2007

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Insurance Law § 5102 (6) NY § N.Y. Domestic Relations Law § 236 (4) NY § N.Y. General Obligations Law § 5-322.1 (3) NY § N.Y. Labor Law § 200 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 114 (1979–2026) CA 86 (1953–2025) IL 82 (1912–2021) NY 76 (1962–2026) MO 62 (1967–2025) NJ 51 (1961–2025) PA 43 (1923–2026) OH 42 (1992–2025) FL 40 (1961–2026) GA 38 (1969–2024) IN 37 (1949–2026) MS 36 (1978–2026) LA 34 (1957–2020) KY 30 (1912–2025) CO 29 (1981–2025) AZ 29 (1967–2022) WA 28 (1988–2026) CT 25 (1973–2022) MN 25 (1917–2024) WI 23 (1964–2026) VA 22 (1962–2025) AL 22 (1961–2025) MD 22 (1986–2022) WV 21 (1986–2023) IA 19 (1980–2025) OR 18 (1970–2024) NC 18 (1984–2019) MA 16 (1983–2023) MI 16 (1966–2026) TN 15 (1913–2023) KS 14 (1972–2026) DE 12 (1985–2024) UT 11 (1983–2022) NE 10 (1989–2024) RI 10 (1972–2018) ND 10 (1989–2023) SC 10 (1971–2024) NM 9 (1975–2024) ME 9 (1984–2007) SD 8 (1975–2026) MT 7 (1984–2014) DC 6 (1982–2020) VT 5 (1998–2015) NH 4 (2007–2023) AR 4 (1988–2020) OK 4 (1972–2025) AK 3 (1991–2023) NV 3 (1996–2023) HI 2 (1987–2016) VI 2 (2009–2015) WY 2 (1998–2004)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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