intermediate standard in Colorado

21 Colorado opinions name it 2 courts 1982–2003 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Colorado courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

Case	Followed	Cited
Industrial Claim Appeals Office v. Romerogreen colo · 1996 · cited in 3 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1997–1999 2 sentences 1999See id.; Romero, 912 P.2d at 66 . 1997See id.	2	3
Austin v. Litvakgreen colo · 1984 · cited in 2 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1985–1988 2 sentences 1988See Austin v. Litvak, 682 P.2d 41 (Colo.1984); R.McG. v. J.W., 200 Colo. 345 , 615 P.2d 666 (1980). . 1988See Austin v. Litvak, 682 P.2d 41 (Colo.1984); R.McG. v. J.W., 200 Colo. 345 , 615 P.2d 666 (1980). [5] The East Cleveland ordinance provided as follows: "Family" means a number of individuals related to the nominal head of the household or to the spouse of the nominal head of the household living as a single housekeeping unit in a single dwelling unit, but limited to the following: (a) Husband or wife of the nominal head of the household. (b) Unmarried children of the nominal head of the household or of the spouse of the nominal head of the household, provided, however, that such unmarried ch	2	2
Lujan v. Colorado State Board of Educationgreen colo · 1982 · cited in 2 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1984–2002 2 sentences 2002In the absence of a suspect class, an abridgement of a fundamental right, or a special classification triggering an intermediate standard of review, an equal protection challenge must be analyzed under the rational basis standard of review. 7 Id.; Lujan v. Colo. State Bd. of Educ., 649 P.2d 1005, 1016 (Colo.1982). 1984Lujan, 649 P.2d at 1015 n. 9.	1	2
Commonwealth v. Countermangreen pa · 1998 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003 2 sentences 2003Id. at 304. 2003Id. at 304.	1	1
COLO. SOC. OF COMM. & INST. PSYCH. v. Lammgreen colo · 1987 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996 1 sentence 1996Id; Colorado Soc’y of Community & Institutional Psychologists, Inc. v. Lamm, 741 P.2d 707, 711 (Colo.1987).	1	1
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.green scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 2 sentences 1995See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432 , 105 S.Ct. 3249 , 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985) (citing Murgia with approval in concluding that persons who are mentally retarded are not such a class as to mandate the application of the intermediate standard). 1995See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432 , 105 S.Ct. 3249 , 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985) (citing Murgia with approval in concluding that persons who are mentally retarded are not such a class as to mandate the application of the intermediate standard).	1	1
Carson v. Maurerred nh · 1980 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 2 sentences 1995See Carson v. Maurer, 120 N.H. 925 , 424 A.2d 825 (1980) (because right to recover for personal injuries is an important right, intermediate standard will be used in reviewing “tort reform” legislation). 1995See Carson v. Maurer, 120 N.H. 925 , 424 A.2d 825 (1980) (because right to recover for personal injuries is an important right, intermediate standard will be used in reviewing “tort reform” legislation).	1	1
Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgiagreen scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 2 sentences 1995See Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307 , 96 S.Ct. 2562 , 49 L.Ed.2d 520 (1976) (state does not violate Fourteenth Amendment by requiring state police to retire at age 50). 1995See Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307 , 96 S.Ct. 2562 , 49 L.Ed.2d 520 (1976) (state does not violate Fourteenth Amendment by requiring state police to retire at age 50).	1	1
Evans v. Romergreen colo · 1993 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 1 sentence 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982).	1	1
Trujillo v. City of Albuquerquegreen nm · 1990 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992 2 sentences 1992See Trujillo v. City of Albuquerque, 110 N.M. 621 , 798 P.2d 571, 577-78 (1990), and Condemarin v. University Hospital, 775 P.2d 348, 352-56 (Utah 1989). 1992See Trujillo v. City of Albuquerque, 110 N.M. 621 , 798 P.2d 571, 577-78 (1990), and Condemarin v. University Hospital, 775 P.2d 348, 352-56 (Utah 1989).	1	1
Condemarin v. University Hospitalgreen utah · 1989 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992 2 sentences 1992See Trujillo v. City of Albuquerque, 110 N.M. 621 , 798 P.2d 571, 577-78 (1990), and Condemarin v. University Hospital, 775 P.2d 348, 352-56 (Utah 1989). 1992See Trujillo v. City of Albuquerque, 110 N.M. 621 , 798 P.2d 571, 577-78 (1990), and Condemarin v. University Hospital, 775 P.2d 348, 352-56 (Utah 1989).	1	1
Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violencegreen scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990 2 sentences 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 . 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 .	1	1
People v. Childs, Jr.green colo · 1980 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985	1	1
Trimble v. Gordongreen scotus · 1977 · cited in 1 Colorado opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Colorado. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

Case	Cited	Years
Lalli v. Lalli green scotus · 1978 2 sentences 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982). 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982).	3	1983–1994
Craig v. Boren green scotus · 1976 2 sentences 1984E.g., Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380 , 99 S.Ct. 1760 , 60 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979); Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 , 97 S.Ct. 451 , 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976). 1984E.g., Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380 , 99 S.Ct. 1760 , 60 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979); Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 , 97 S.Ct. 451 , 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976).	3	1983–1984
Foley v. Connelie green scotus · 1978 2 sentences 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982). 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982).	2	1982–1994
Caban v. Mohammed green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1991E.g., Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380 , 99 S.Ct. 1760 , 60 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979); Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); R. 1991E.g., Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380 , 99 S.Ct. 1760 , 60 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979); Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); R.	2	1984–1991
R.Mcg. v. J.W. green colo · 1980 2 sentences 1988See Austin v. Litvak, 682 P.2d 41 (Colo.1984); R.McG. v. J.W., 200 Colo. 345 , 615 P.2d 666 (1980). [5] The East Cleveland ordinance provided as follows: "Family" means a number of individuals related to the nominal head of the household or to the spouse of the nominal head of the household living as a single housekeeping unit in a single dwelling unit, but limited to the following: (a) Husband or wife of the nominal head of the household. (b) Unmarried children of the nominal head of the household or of the spouse of the nominal head of the household, provided, however, that such unmarried ch 1988See Austin v. Litvak, 682 P.2d 41 (Colo.1984); R.McG. v. J.W., 200 Colo. 345 , 615 P.2d 666 (1980). [5] The East Cleveland ordinance provided as follows: "Family" means a number of individuals related to the nominal head of the household or to the spouse of the nominal head of the household living as a single housekeeping unit in a single dwelling unit, but limited to the following: (a) Husband or wife of the nominal head of the household. (b) Unmarried children of the nominal head of the household or of the spouse of the nominal head of the household, provided, however, that such unmarried ch	2	1982–1988
Scholz v. Metropolitan Pathologists, P.C. green colo · 1993 1 sentence 2002In Scholz, we held that the HCAA must be reviewed under the rational basis test because it "does not infringe on a fundamental right, nor does it create a classification based on race, religion, national origin, or gender." Scholz, 851 P.2d at 906 .	1	2002–2002
Sigman Ex Rel. Sigman v. Seafood Ltd. Partnership I green colo · 1991 2 sentences 1995Rather, the appropriate standard of review is the rational basis test, see Sigman v. Seafood Limited Partnership I, 817 P.2d 527 (Colo.1991), since prejudgment interest is considered to be an item of damages. 1995Rather, the appropriate standard of review is the rational basis test, see Sigman v. Seafood Limited Partnership I, 817 P.2d 527 (Colo. 1991), since prejudgment interest is considered to be an item of damages.	1	1995–1995
Lemon v. Kurtzman red scotus · 1971 2 sentences 1995Id. at 612-13 , 91 S.Ct. at 2111-12 . 1995Id. at 612-13 , 91 S.Ct. at 2111-12 .	1	1995–1995
Heninger v. Charnes green colo · 1980 2 sentences 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982). 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982).	1	1994–1994
Von Zuckerstein v. Argonne National Laboratory green scotus · 1993 1 sentence 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982).	1	1994–1994
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan green scotus · 1982 2 sentences 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982). 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982).	1	1994–1994
Graham v. Ervin green · 1920 1 sentence 1994Evans v. Romer, 854 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 419 , 126 L.Ed.2d 365 (1993); Heninger v. Chames, 200 Colo. 194 , 613 P.2d 884 (1980). [2] The United States Supreme Court has adopted an intermediate standard of review for specific classifications such as alienage, Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291 , 98 S.Ct. 1067 , 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); illegitimacy, Lalli v. Lalli, 439 U.S. 259, 265 , 99 S.Ct. 518, 523 , 58 L.Ed.2d 503 (1978); and gender, Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724 , 102 S.Ct. 3331, 3336 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1982).	1	1994–1994
Orr v. Orr green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1991E.g., Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380 , 99 S.Ct. 1760 , 60 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979); Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); R. 1991E.g., Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380 , 99 S.Ct. 1760 , 60 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979); Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); R.	1	1991–1991
Members of the City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 . 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 .	1	1990–1990
Schad v. Borough of Mount Ephraim green scotus · 1981 2 sentences 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 . 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 .	1	1990–1990
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 . 1990City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 46-47 , 106 S.Ct. 925, 928-29 , 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 , 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 , 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 , 104 S.Ct. 2118, 2130 , 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984); Schad, 452 U.S. at 68-71 , 101 S.Ct. at 2182-84 .	1	1990–1990
Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools green scotus · 1988 2 sentences 1989Because the strict scrutiny standard is not appropriate and because there is no classification triggering an intermediate standard of review, see, e.g., Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, — U.S.-,-, 108 S.Ct. 2481, 2487 , 101 L.Ed.2d 399 (1988); Tas-sian, 731 P.2d at 675 , the rational basis standard is the applicable standard of review. 1989Because the strict scrutiny standard is not appropriate and because there is no classification triggering an intermediate standard of review, see, e.g., Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, — U.S.-,-, 108 S.Ct. 2481, 2487 , 101 L.Ed.2d 399 (1988); Tas-sian, 731 P.2d at 675 , the rational basis standard is the applicable standard of review.	1	1989–1989
Tassian v. People green colo · 1987 2 sentences 1989Because the strict scrutiny standard is not appropriate and because there is no classification triggering an intermediate standard of review, see, e.g., Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, — U.S.-,-, 108 S.Ct. 2481, 2487 , 101 L.Ed.2d 399 (1988); Tas-sian, 731 P.2d at 675 , the rational basis standard is the applicable standard of review. 1989Because the strict scrutiny standard is not appropriate and because there is no classification triggering an intermediate standard of review, see, e.g., Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 108 S.Ct. 2481, 2487 , 101 L.Ed.2d 399 (1988); Tassian, 731 P.2d at 675 , the rational basis standard is the applicable standard of review.	1	1989–1989
Skafte v. Rorex green · 1976	1	1982–1982
National Classification Committee v. United States green scotus · 1977	1	1982–1982
Skafte v. Rorex green scotus · 1977	1	1982–1982

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CO § Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-4-102 (5) CO § Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-42-103 (4) CO § Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-4-106 (3) CO § Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-40-201 (3) CO § Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-42-105 (3) CO § Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-42-111 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 532 (1981–2026) PA 54 (1978–2025) CA 45 (1978–2026) UT 45 (1930–2025) IL 45 (1986–2024) LA 43 (1920–2020) ND 39 (1974–2018) IN 39 (1888–2026) WA 28 (1917–2026) OH 28 (1992–2021) GA 24 (1993–2026) DE 23 (1980–2026) CT 22 (1985–2025) KS 22 (1987–2024) CO 21 (1982–2003) MD 18 (1981–2022) NC 17 (1984–2025) NJ 16 (1972–2017) FL 14 (1963–2018) ID 14 (1982–1999) NY 13 (1949–2025) OK 11 (1980–2024) HI 10 (1996–2025) TN 9 (1959–2010) WI 8 (1996–2020) OR 8 (1983–2020) NM 7 (1988–2023) AZ 7 (1988–2011) ME 6 (1984–2015) DC 6 (1978–1997) IA 6 (2009–2023) SC 5 (1996–2022) MI 5 (1978–2015) MO 4 (1980–2016) KY 3 (1954–2010) WV 3 (1995–2024) VA 3 (1995–2004) MA 3 (1975–1990) VI 2 (2013–2026) MN 2 (1987–2011) SD 2 (1991–1993) MS 2 (1984–2013) MT 2 (1995–2005) NV 2 (2020–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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