omnibus clause (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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omnibus clause in Pennsylvania

21 Pennsylvania opinions name it 6 courts 1935–2018 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
Brower v. Employers' Liability Assurance Co.green
pa · 1935 · cited in 6 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1939–2000
2 sentences

1955In Brower, to use v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company, Ltd., 318 Pa. 440 , 177 A. 826 , Mr. Justice Kephart, speaking for the Court, at p. 444 said: “For liability to attach in any event under an omnibus clause of this type, the operator must be shown to have obtained possession of the car lawfully and with the per *177 mission, express or implied, of the named assured; if there is a complete lack of permission to use the car for any purpose, the operator is clearly not within the coverage of the policy: Morin v. Travelers Ins.

1955In Brower, to use v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company, Ltd., 318 Pa. 440 , 177 A. 826 , Mr. Justice Kephart, speaking for the Court, at p. 444 said: “For liability to attach in any event under an omnibus clause of this type, the operator must be shown to have obtained possession of the car lawfully and with the per *177 mission, express or implied, of the named assured; if there is a complete lack of permission to use the car for any purpose, the operator is clearly not within the coverage of the policy: Morin v. Travelers Ins.

36
Esmond v. LISCIOgreen
pasuperct · 1966 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1987–2000
2 sentences

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

22
Conrad v. Duffingreen
pasuperct · 1945 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1987–2000
2 sentences

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

22
Commonwealth v. Chasegreen
pa · 2008 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Under Pennsylvania law, “Stops based on reasonable suspicion are allowed for a stated investigatory purpose: ‘to secure such other information as the officer may reasonably believe to be necessary to enforce the provisions of this title.’” Commonwealth v. Chase, 960 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa. 2008) (quoting 75 Pa.C.S. § 6308(b)).

11
Commonwealth v. Widmergreen
pa · 2000 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Com. v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 752 (Pa 2000).

11
Patton v. Pattongreen
pa · 1964 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013Patton v. Patton, 418 Pa. 566 , 198 A.2d 578, 582 (1964) (quoting 7 Appleman, Insurance Law & Practice § 4354 at 243).

11
Maryland Casualty Company v. Marshbankgreen
ca3 · 1955 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See also, Maryland Casualty Co. v. Marshbank, 226 F.2d 637 (3d Cir. 1955).

11
Matits v. Nationwide Mutual Insurancegreen
nj · 1960 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
2 sentences

1981Further, the omnibus clause covered use by a person within the “permission, express or implied, of the policy holder.” Under the New Jersey law once: a person is given permission to use a motor vehicle in the first instance, any subsequent use short of theft or the like while it remains in his possession, though not within the contemplation of the parties, is a permissive use within the terms of a standard omnibus clause in an automobile liability insurance policy. *140 Matits v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, 33 N.J. 488 , 166 A.2d 345, 349 (1960).

1981Further, the omnibus clause covered use by a person within the “permission, express or implied, of the policy holder.” Under the New Jersey law once: a person is given permission to use a motor vehicle in the first instance, any subsequent use short of theft or the like while it remains in his possession, though not within the contemplation of the parties, is a permissive use within the terms of a standard omnibus clause in an automobile liability insurance policy. *140 Matits v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, 33 N.J. 488 , 166 A.2d 345, 349 (1960).

11
Butler v. Bonner & Barnewall, Inc.green
nj · 1970 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
2 sentences

1981See also Butler v. Bonner and Barnewall, Inc., 56 N.J. 567 , 267 A.2d 527 (1970).

1981See also Butler v. Bonner and Barnewall, Inc., 56 N.J. 567 , 267 A.2d 527 (1970).

11
Krebsbach v. Millergreen
wis · 1963 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977And see Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., 377 F.2d 328, 330 (8th Cir. 1967); Krebsbach v. Miller, 22 Wis.2d 171, 175 , 125 N.W.2d 408, 410 (1963). -B- Most courts, however, have chosen to soften what has been characterized as “the initial appearance of harshness and rigidity of this general rule.” Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., supra. Their technique has been to examine “the initial grant of permission [in order to determine whether it] was broad enough to include an implied grant to the permittee [Samuel Melanovich] to give another [Craig Calabria] use of the automobile and thus render the latte

1977And see Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., 377 F.2d 328, 330 (8th Cir. 1967); Krebsbach v. Miller, 22 Wis.2d 171, 175 , 125 N.W.2d 408, 410 (1963). -B- Most courts, however, have chosen to soften what has been characterized as “the initial appearance of harshness and rigidity of this general rule.” Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., supra. Their technique has been to examine “the initial grant of permission [in order to determine whether it] was broad enough to include an implied grant to the permittee [Samuel Melanovich] to give another [Craig Calabria] use of the automobile and thus render the latte

11
Larry Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Companygreen
ca8 · 1967 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977And see Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., 377 F.2d 328, 330 (8th Cir. 1967); Krebsbach v. Miller, 22 Wis.2d 171, 175 , 125 N.W.2d 408, 410 (1963). -B- Most courts, however, have chosen to soften what has been characterized as “the initial appearance of harshness and rigidity of this general rule.” Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., supra. Their technique has been to examine “the initial grant of permission [in order to determine whether it] was broad enough to include an implied grant to the permittee [Samuel Melanovich] to give another [Craig Calabria] use of the automobile and thus render the latte

1977And see Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., 377 F.2d 328, 330 (8th Cir. 1967); Krebsbach v. Miller, 22 Wis.2d 171, 175 , 125 N.W.2d 408, 410 (1963). -B- Most courts, however, have chosen to soften what has been characterized as “the initial appearance of harshness and rigidity of this general rule.” Gillen v. Globe Indemnity Co., supra. Their technique has been to examine “the initial grant of permission [in order to determine whether it] was broad enough to include an implied grant to the permittee [Samuel Melanovich] to give another [Craig Calabria] use of the automobile and thus render the latte

11
Fuller v. Oregongreen
scotus · 1974 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
1 sentence

1976The statutory safeguards noted by the court in Fuller included specification of what costs could be included, application to convicted defendants only, requirement of a determination of ability to pay prior to issuance of an order, guidelines for the court’s determination, provision for petition for remission of payment or amount due at any time, and requirement of an opportunity to show nonintentional nonpayment or lack of bad faith prior to being held in contempt. 417 U.S. at 43, n. 5 , and 44-46. 28 .

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (24)

CaseCitedYears
Morin v. Travelers Insurance green
nh · 1932
2 sentences

1977Co., 85 N.H. 471 , 160 A. 482 ; Globe Indemnity Co. v. Nodlere, 69 F. [2d] 955.

1977Co., 85 N.H. 471 , 160 A. 482 ; Globe Indemnity Co. v. Nodlere, 69 F. [2d] 955.

31935–1977
Federal Kemper Insurance v. Neary green
pa · 1987
2 sentences

1988Co. v. Neary, 366 Pa.Super. at 139-40 , 530 A.2d at 931 : Under an omnibus clause of an automobile insurance policy which designates as insured any person using the insured vehicle with the permission of the owner, the permission necessary to elevate the user to the status of an additional insured may be express or implied....

1988Co. v. Neary, 366 Pa.Super. at 139-40 , 530 A.2d at 931 : Under an omnibus clause of an automobile insurance policy which designates as insured any person using the insured vehicle with the permission of the owner, the permission necessary to elevate the user to the status of an additional insured may be express or implied....

21988–2000
Beatty v. Hoff green
pa · 1955
2 sentences

1965The dissenting opinion in that case describes the reasoning of the majority as “pure semantics in derogation of my conception of the reasonable meaning and purpose of the omnibus clause.” Appellant relies on Volk v. Cacchione, 395 Pa. 636 , 150 A. 2d 849 (1959), and Beatty v. Hoff, 382 Pa. 173 , 114 A. 2d 173 (1955), although neither of these cases involved a specific exclusion from the permitted use.

1965The dissenting opinion in that case describes the reasoning of the majority as “pure semantics in derogation of my conception of the reasonable meaning and purpose of the omnibus clause.” Appellant relies on Volk v. Cacchione, 395 Pa. 636 , 150 A. 2d 849 (1959), and Beatty v. Hoff, 382 Pa. 173 , 114 A. 2d 173 (1955), although neither of these cases involved a specific exclusion from the permitted use.

21965–1977
Crawford v. Washington green
scotus · 2004
1 sentence

2006Id.

12006–2006
Belas v. Melanovich green
pasuperct · 1977
2 sentences

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

12000–2000
Adamski v. Allstate Insurance Co. green
pasuperct · 1999
1 sentence

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

12000–2000
Adamski v. Miller green
pasuperct · 1994
2 sentences

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

2000Brower v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Company Ltd., 318 Pa. 440, 444 , 177 A. 826, 828 (1935); Conrad v. Duffin, 158 Pa. Super. 305, 309 , 44 A.2d 770, 772 (1945); Esmond v. Liscio, 209 Pa. Super. 200, 206 , 224 A.2d 793, 796 (1966); Belas v. Melanovich, 247 Pa. Super. 313 , 372 A.2d 478 (1977); Federal Kemper Insurance Company v. Neary, 366 Pa. Super. 135 , 530 A.2d 929 (1987); Adamski v. Miller, 434 Pa. Super. 355 , 643 A.2d 680 (1994), aff’d, 738 A.2d 1033 (Pa. Super 1999).

12000–2000
Nationwide Mutual Insurance v. Cummings green
pasuperct · 1994
2 sentences

2000Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company v. Cummings, 438 Pa. Super. 586 , 652 A.2d 1338 (1994); Gift v. Nationwide Insurance Company, 1998 WL 164997 (E.D.

2000Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company v. Cummings, 438 Pa. Super. 586 , 652 A.2d 1338 (1994); Gift v. Nationwide Insurance Company, 1998 WL 164997 (E.D.

12000–2000
Exner v. Safeco Insurance Co. of America green
pa · 1961
2 sentences

1994Co. of America, 402 Pa. *361 473, 167 A.2d 703 (1961) (holding that for purposes of an omnibus clause in an automobile policy, permission given to a driver by the insured may be either express or implied).

1994Co. of America, 402 Pa. 473 , 167 A.2d 703 (1961) (holding that for purposes of an omnibus clause in an automobile policy, permission given to a driver by the insured may be either express or implied).

11994–1994
McDonald v. Keystone Insurance green
pasuperct · 1983
2 sentences

1986Co., 313 Pa.Super. 404 , 459 A.2d 1292 (1983), the argument that defendant insurer is es-topped from raising the defense of non-permission because the insurer failed to warn him of the limitation makes no sense as applied to this case.

1986Co., 313 Pa.Super. 404 , 459 A.2d 1292 (1983), the argument that defendant insurer is es-topped from raising the defense of non-permission because the insurer failed to warn him of the limitation makes no sense as applied to this case.

11986–1986
Unsatisfied Claim & Judgment Fd. Bd. v. Clifton green
njsuperctappdiv · 1971
2 sentences

1981S.A. 39:6-46(a) coverage issued to an insured must extend to “any other person using or responsible for the use of any such motor vehicle with the express or implied consent of the insured ...” The case of Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund Board, 117 N.J.Super. 5 , 283 A.2d 350 (1971) involved a declaratory judgment proceeding to determine the validity of an exclusionary clause in an automobile liability policy and its effect on the omnibus clause of the policy.

1981S.A. 39:6-46(a) coverage issued to an insured must extend to “any other person using or responsible for the use of any such motor vehicle with the express or implied consent of the insured ...” The case of Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund Board, 117 N.J.Super. 5 , 283 A.2d 350 (1971) involved a declaratory judgment proceeding to determine the validity of an exclusionary clause in an automobile liability policy and its effect on the omnibus clause of the policy.

11981–1981
Imperial Food Products v. Tomarelli green
pacommwct · 1977
2 sentences

1977If the disease is, in fact, “dermatitis,” there is no substantial evidence in the record to satisfy the statutory requirement that the incidence- of dermatitis is substantially greater among those engaged in the kind of work she did than it is among the general public. 4 See Imperial Food Products v. Tomarelli, 28 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 150 , 367 A.2d 732 (1977).

1977If the disease is, in fact, “dermatitis,” there is no substantial evidence in the record to satisfy the statutory requirement that the incidence- of dermatitis is substantially greater among those engaged in the kind of work she did than it is among the general public. 4 See Imperial Food Products v. Tomarelli, 28 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 150 , 367 A.2d 732 (1977).

11977–1977
Hamm v. Camerota green
wash · 1955
2 sentences

1967Co., 273 F. 2d 53 (8th Cir.); West v. McNamara, 159 Ohio St. 187 , 111 N.E. 2d 909 ; Hamm v. Camerota, 48 Wash. 2d 34 , 290 P. 2d 713 ; 160 A.L.R. p. 1195 et seq.; 5 A.L.R. 2d 666 .” (Emphasis supplied) Appellant argues, however, that the holding in Bailey results only from the fact that the daughter had never consented to the boyfriend’s use of the car; that if the boyfriend in Bailey had received permission from the daughter, who had free use of the automobile, he would have been an additional insured under the omnibus clause, despite the absence of any direct contact between him and the nam

1967Co., 273 F. 2d 53 (8th Cir.); West v. McNamara, 159 Ohio St. 187 , 111 N.E. 2d 909 ; Hamm v. Camerota, 48 Wash. 2d 34 , 290 P. 2d 713 ; 160 A.L.R. p. 1195 et seq.; 5 A.L.R. 2d 666 .” (Emphasis supplied) Appellant argues, however, that the holding in Bailey results only from the fact that the daughter had never consented to the boyfriend’s use of the car; that if the boyfriend in Bailey had received permission from the daughter, who had free use of the automobile, he would have been an additional insured under the omnibus clause, despite the absence of any direct contact between him and the nam

11967–1967
Hooper v. Maryland Casualty Co. green
nc · 1951
2 sentences

1967Hooper v. Casualty Co., 233 N.C. 154, 158 , 63 S.E. 2d 128 .

1967Hooper v. Casualty Co., 233 N.C. 154, 158 , 63 S.E. 2d 128 .

11967–1967
Elsie Peterson and Arthur S. Peterson v. Sunshine Mutual Insurance Company, a Foreign Corporation green
ca8 · 1959
2 sentences

1967Co., 273 F. 2d 53 (8th Cir.); West v. McNamara, 159 Ohio St. 187 , 111 N.E. 2d 909 ; Hamm v. Camerota, 48 Wash. 2d 34 , 290 P. 2d 713 ; 160 A.L.R. p. 1195 et seq.; 5 A.L.R. 2d 666 .” (Emphasis supplied) Appellant argues, however, that the holding in Bailey results only from the fact that the daughter had never consented to the boyfriend’s use of the car; that if the boyfriend in Bailey had received permission from the daughter, who had free use of the automobile, he would have been an additional insured under the omnibus clause, despite the absence of any direct contact between him and the nam

1967The court further stated: “One reasonably may believe that the use and operation of the [first brother’s] automobile by [the third brother] without the knowledge, consent, or permission of [the first brother], and with only the consent of the [second brother], who, at the time of the accident, was not a passenger in and had neither possession nor control of the antomobile, did not make [the third brother] an additional insured within the meaning of the omnibus clause of the policy.” 273 F. 2d at 56 .

11967–1967
Hawley v. Indemnity Insurance Co. of North America green
nc · 1962
2 sentences

1967The leading case in North Carolina which considers the omnibus clause is Hawley v. Indemnity Insurance Company of North America, 257 N.C. 381 , 126 S.E. 2d 161 (1962).

1967The leading case in North Carolina which considers the omnibus clause is Hawley v. Indemnity Insurance Company of North America, 257 N.C. 381 , 126 S.E. 2d 161 (1962).

11967–1967
INDEMNITY INS. CO., ETC. v. Metropolitan Cas. Ins. Co. green
nj · 1960
2 sentences

1965Appellee relies heavily on Indemnity Insurance Company of North America v. Metropolitan Casualty Company of New York, 33 N.J. 507 , 166 A. 2d 355 (1960), which holds that “use” as distinguished from “operation” determines the question of coverage under an omnibus clause like the one before us and permitted recovery although the operation was by one specifically excluded by the named insured.

1965Appellee relies heavily on Indemnity Insurance Company of North America v. Metropolitan Casualty Company of New York, 33 N.J. 507 , 166 A. 2d 355 (1960), which holds that “use” as distinguished from “operation” determines the question of coverage under an omnibus clause like the one before us and permitted recovery although the operation was by one specifically excluded by the named insured.

11965–1965
Volk v. Cacchione green
pa · 1959
2 sentences

1965The dissenting opinion in that case describes the reasoning of the majority as “pure semantics in derogation of my conception of the reasonable meaning and purpose of the omnibus clause.” Appellant relies on Volk v. Cacchione, 395 Pa. 636 , 150 A. 2d 849 (1959), and Beatty v. Hoff, 382 Pa. 173 , 114 A. 2d 173 (1955), although neither of these cases involved a specific exclusion from the permitted use.

1965The dissenting opinion in that case describes the reasoning of the majority as “pure semantics in derogation of my conception of the reasonable meaning and purpose of the omnibus clause.” Appellant relies on Volk v. Cacchione, 395 Pa. 636 , 150 A. 2d 849 (1959), and Beatty v. Hoff, 382 Pa. 173 , 114 A. 2d 173 (1955), although neither of these cases involved a specific exclusion from the permitted use.

11965–1965
Smith v. Cassida green
pa · 1961
11964–1964
Janney v. Scranton Life Insurance green
pa · 1934
11964–1964
Topkis v. Rosenzweig green
pa · 1938
11964–1964
Ehrlich v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. green
pa · 1946
11964–1964
Derk v. Zerbe Township green
pa · 1936
11948–1948
First National Bank v. Singer green
pa · 1936
11948–1948

Where else courts name it

MN 178 (1914–2026) LA 134 (1927–2023) WV 76 (1942–2025) IL 67 (1943–2023) WA 56 (1940–2026) NJ 55 (1957–2019) MO 53 (1947–2014) MT 50 (1980–2026) OR 37 (1912–2026) MD 32 (1969–2021) IN 31 (1957–2018) CA 30 (1926–2015) NY 27 (1932–2023) TX 25 (1945–2022) AK 21 (1970–2016) PA 21 (1935–2018) AR 20 (1968–2026) AZ 20 (1963–2016) MS 19 (1961–2013) VA 18 (1947–2017) NE 15 (1966–2002) WI 14 (1901–2021) KS 14 (1947–2000) OH 12 (1947–2025) AL 12 (1929–1994) IA 10 (1925–2013) NC 10 (1962–1986) SC 9 (1961–2013) MI 7 (1960–2002) NM 7 (1963–1995) VT 7 (1965–2012) TN 7 (1952–2005) GA 6 (1968–1994) FL 6 (1960–2001) OK 6 (2002–2023) SD 5 (1994–2010) KY 5 (1967–2025) NV 4 (1970–1995) CT 4 (1960–2006) MA 4 (1946–2013) HI 4 (1968–1995) NH 4 (1978–2005) CO 3 (1953–1996) RI 2 (1990–1990) PR 2 (1938–1955) WY 2 (1962–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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