voluntary waiver (Nebraska) · Go Syfert
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voluntary waiver in Nebraska

17 Nebraska opinions name it 2 courts 1973–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Nebraska courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

CaseFollowedCited
Missouri v. Seibertgreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See Missouri v. Seibert , 542 U.S. 600 , 124 S.Ct. 2601 , 159 L.Ed.2d 643 (2004).

2018See Missouri v. Seibert , 542 U.S. 600 , 124 S.Ct. 2601 , 159 L.Ed.2d 643 (2004).

22
State v. Bluegreen
neb · 1986 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1986–1990
2 sentences

1990See, also, State v. Blue, 223 Neb. 379 , 391 N.W.2d 102 (1986); State v. Miles, 202 Neb. 126 , 274 N.W.2d 153 (1979).

1990See, also, State v. Blue, 223 Neb. 379 , 391 N.W.2d 102 (1986); State v. Miles, 202 Neb. 126 , 274 N.W.2d 153 (1979).

22
State v. Kennedygreen
neb · 1986 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020A voluntary waiver, knowingly and intelligently made, must affirmatively appear from the record, before a court may conclude that a defendant has waived a right constitutionally guaranteed or granted by statute.” State v. Kennedy, 224 Neb. 164, 170 , 396 N.W.2d 722, 726 (1986) (citations omitted). -5- In the present action, Lockett waived his right to a PSR after being informed of this right by the district court.

2020A voluntary waiver, knowingly and intelligently made, must affirmatively appear from the record, before a court may conclude that a defendant has waived a right constitutionally guaranteed or granted by statute.” State v. Kennedy, 224 Neb. 164, 170 , 396 N.W.2d 722, 726 (1986) (citations omitted). -5- In the present action, Lockett waived his right to a PSR after being informed of this right by the district court.

11
State v. Chittygreen
neb · 1998 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000STANDARD OF REVIEW In State v. Chitty, 253 Neb. 753, 754 , 571 N.W.2d 794, 795-96 (1998), the Nebraska Supreme Court stated: A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, apart from determinations of reasonable suspicion to conduct investigatory stops and probable cause to perform warrantless searches, is to be upheld on appeal unless its findings of fact are clearly erroneous.

2000STANDARD OF REVIEW In State v. Chitty, 253 Neb. 753, 754 , 571 N.W.2d 794, 795-96 (1998), the Nebraska Supreme Court stated: A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, apart from determinations of reasonable suspicion to conduct investigatory stops and probable cause to perform warrantless searches, is to be upheld on appeal unless its findings of fact are clearly erroneous.

11
State v. Zerkelgreen
alaskactapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App. 1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 605 A.2d 510 (Vt. 1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So. 2d 790 (La. 1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So. 2d 1260 (Fla. App. 1992). “ ‘[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is “characteristically free of the punitive criminal element.” ’ ” State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the “purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

11
Durfee v. Ressgreen
neb · 1957 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

11
State v. Savardgreen
me · 1995 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App. 1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 605 A.2d 510 (Vt. 1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So. 2d 790 (La. 1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So. 2d 1260 (Fla. App. 1992). “ ‘[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is “characteristically free of the punitive criminal element.” ’ ” State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the “purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Nebraska. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

CaseCitedYears
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2016In addition, the court found that any statements made by Turner and Bond either were volunteered without custodial inquiry or followed the voluntary waiver of rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S. Ct. 1602 , 16 L.

2016In addition, the court found that any statements made by Turner and Bond either were volunteered without custodial inquiry or followed the voluntary waiver of rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S. Ct. 1602 , 16 L.

22016–2016
State v. Miles green
neb · 1979
2 sentences

1990See, also, State v. Blue, 223 Neb. 379 , 391 N.W.2d 102 (1986); State v. Miles, 202 Neb. 126 , 274 N.W.2d 153 (1979).

1990See, also, State v. Blue, 223 Neb. 379 , 391 N.W.2d 102 (1986); State v. Miles, 202 Neb. 126 , 274 N.W.2d 153 (1979).

21986–1990
State v. Warlick green
neb · 2021
1 sentence

2025A criminal defend­ant has a constitutional right to waive the assistance of counsel and conduct his or her own defense under the Sixth 5 State v. Warlick, 308 Neb. 656 , 956 N.W.2d 269 (2021). 6 Brief for appellee at 20 (quoting U.S. v. Allison, 264 Fed.

12025–2025
United States v. Allison green
ca5 · 2008
1 sentence

2025A criminal defend­ant has a constitutional right to waive the assistance of counsel and conduct his or her own defense under the Sixth 5 State v. Warlick, 308 Neb. 656 , 956 N.W.2d 269 (2021). 6 Brief for appellee at 20 (quoting U.S. v. Allison, 264 Fed.

12025–2025
State v. Valdez green
neb · 2020
1 sentence

2020A waiver is the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a known right, privilege, or claim, and may be demonstrated 20 Monge, supra note 16 . 21 Id., 524 U.S. at 724 . 22 See, id.; Salas, supra note 19. 23 Wilson, supra note 19 . 24 Id. 25 Scott, supra note 19 . - 449 - Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets 305 Nebraska Reports STATE v. VALDEZ Cite as 305 Neb. 441 by or inferred from a person’s conduct. 26 A voluntary waiver, knowingly and intelligently made, must affirmatively appear from the record. 27 To establish a waiver of a legal right, there must be a clear, unequivocal, and decisi

12020–2020
Monge v. California green
scotus · 1998
2 sentences

2020A waiver is the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a known right, privilege, or claim, and may be demonstrated 20 Monge, supra note 16 . 21 Id., 524 U.S. at 724 . 22 See, id.; Salas, supra note 19. 23 Wilson, supra note 19 . 24 Id. 25 Scott, supra note 19 . - 449 - Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets 305 Nebraska Reports STATE v. VALDEZ Cite as 305 Neb. 441 by or inferred from a person’s conduct. 26 A voluntary waiver, knowingly and intelligently made, must affirmatively appear from the record. 27 To establish a waiver of a legal right, there must be a clear, unequivocal, and decisi

2020A waiver is the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a known right, privilege, or claim, and may be demonstrated 20 Monge, supra note 16 . 21 Id., 524 U.S. at 724 . 22 See, id.; Salas, supra note 19. 23 Wilson, supra note 19 . 24 Id. 25 Scott, supra note 19 . - 449 - Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets 305 Nebraska Reports STATE v. VALDEZ Cite as 305 Neb. 441 by or inferred from a person’s conduct. 26 A voluntary waiver, knowingly and intelligently made, must affirmatively appear from the record. 27 To establish a waiver of a legal right, there must be a clear, unequivocal, and decisi

12020–2020
State v. Cotton green
neb · 2018
1 sentence

2018And do you wish to go to trial today? [Cotton]: Yes, sir.” (ii) Cotton’s Waiver Was Effective [26,27] A waiver is the voluntary and intentional relin- quishment of a known right, privilege, or claim, and may be demonstrated by or inferred from a person’s conduct.53 There is no formalistic litany required to establish that a waiver was knowingly and intelligently made; instead, when considering whether a defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his or her right to counsel, we review the totality of the circumstances appearing in the record.54 A voluntary waiver, knowingly and

12018–2018
State v. Figeroa green
neb · 2009
2 sentences

2018And do you wish to go to trial today? [Cotton]: Yes, sir.” (ii) Cotton’s Waiver Was Effective [26,27] A waiver is the voluntary and intentional relin- quishment of a known right, privilege, or claim, and may be demonstrated by or inferred from a person’s conduct.53 There is no formalistic litany required to establish that a waiver was knowingly and intelligently made; instead, when considering whether a defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his or her right to counsel, we review the totality of the circumstances appearing in the record.54 A voluntary waiver, knowingly and

2018And do you wish to go to trial today? [Cotton]: Yes, sir.” (ii) Cotton’s Waiver Was Effective [26,27] A waiver is the voluntary and intentional relin- quishment of a known right, privilege, or claim, and may be demonstrated by or inferred from a person’s conduct.53 There is no formalistic litany required to establish that a waiver was knowingly and intelligently made; instead, when considering whether a defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his or her right to counsel, we review the totality of the circumstances appearing in the record.54 A voluntary waiver, knowingly and

12018–2018
Sutton v. State green
neb · 1957
2 sentences

2016He simply sought to withdraw the voluntary waiver at his mere will, which he had no right or power to do.” Id. at 527 , 80 N.W.2d at 476 .

2016He simply sought to withdraw the voluntary waiver at his mere will, which he had no right or power to do.” Id. at 527 , 80 N.W.2d at 476 .

12016–2016
Levine v. Supreme Court of Wisconsin green
wiwd · 1988
1 sentence

2013In response to the petition, the Board of 23 Levine v. Supreme Court of Wisconsin, 679 F. Supp. 1478 (W.D.

12013–2013
Butler v. DEPT OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND CORRECTIONS green
la · 1992
2 sentences

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App. 1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 605 A.2d 510 (Vt. 1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So. 2d 790 (La. 1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So. 2d 1260 (Fla. App. 1992). “ ‘[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is “characteristically free of the punitive criminal element.” ’ ” State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the “purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

11996–1996
State v. Strong green
vt · 1992
2 sentences

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

11996–1996
Freeman v. State green
fladistctapp · 1992
2 sentences

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App. 1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 605 A.2d 510 (Vt. 1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So. 2d 790 (La. 1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So. 2d 1260 (Fla. App. 1992). “ ‘[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is “characteristically free of the punitive criminal element.” ’ ” State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the “purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

11996–1996
Moser v. Richmond County Board of Commissioners green
ga · 1993
2 sentences

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

1996See, State v. Zerkel, 900 P.2d 744 (Alaska App.1995); Moser v. Richmond County Bd. of Commrs., 263 Ga. 63 , 428 S.E.2d 71 (1993); State v. Strong, 158 Vt. 56 , 605 A.2d 510 (1992); Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety & Corr., 609 So.2d 790 (La.1992); Freeman v. State, 611 So.2d 1260 (Fla.App.1992). "`[R]evocation of a voluntary privilege is "characteristically free of the punitive criminal element."'" State v. Savard, 659 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Me. 1995). (b) Historically Remedial In 1957, this court held that the "purpose of the revocation [of a license] is to protect the public, and not to punish the

11996–1996
State v. Bishop green
neb · 1987
2 sentences

1988State v. Bishop, 224 Neb. 522 , 399 N.W.2d 271 (1987), cert. denied 484 U.S. 924 , 108 S. Ct. 285 , 98 L.

1988State v. Bishop, 224 Neb. 522 , 399 N.W.2d 271 (1987), cert. denied 484 U.S. 924 , 108 S. Ct. 285 , 98 L.

11988–1988
Kehoe v. United States green
scotus · 1987
1 sentence

1988State v. Bishop, 224 Neb. 522 , 399 N.W.2d 271 (1987), cert. denied 484 U.S. 924 , 108 S. Ct. 285 , 98 L.

11988–1988
Brown v. Commissioner green
scotus · 1987
1 sentence

1988State v. Bishop, 224 Neb. 522 , 399 N.W.2d 271 (1987), cert. denied 484 U.S. 924 , 108 S. Ct. 285 , 98 L.

11988–1988
Board of Education v. Tye green
scotus · 1987
1 sentence

1988State v. Bishop, 224 Neb. 522 , 399 N.W.2d 271 (1987), cert. denied 484 U.S. 924 , 108 S. Ct. 285 , 98 L.

11988–1988
Patton v. United States red
scotus · 1930
2 sentences

1987State v. Miles, supra. See, also, Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276 , 50 S. Ct. 253 , 74 L.

1987State v. Miles, supra. See, also, Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276 , 50 S. Ct. 253 , 74 L.

11987–1987
Seaton v. State neutral
neb · 1921
2 sentences

1973In that same case it should be noted this court specifically approved the following language from Seaton v. State, 106 Neb. 833 , 184 N. W. 890 : “It is the duty of a trial court to see that defendants in criminal cases are tried by a jury such that not even the suspicion of bias (leaning) or prejudice (prejudgment) can attach to any member thereof.

1973In that same case it should be noted this court specifically approved the following language from Seaton v. State, 106 Neb. 833 , 184 N. W. 890 : “It is the duty of a trial court to see that defendants in criminal cases are tried by a jury such that not even the suspicion of bias (leaning) or prejudice (prejudgment) can attach to any member thereof.

11973–1973
State v. Eggers green
neb · 1963
2 sentences

1973The failure to object at that time should certainly not be treated as a voluntary waiver of the constitutional right to be tried by an impartial jury. '■ In State v. Eggers, 175 Neb. 79 , 120 N. W. 2d 541 , we; held that by passing the jurors for cause the defendant waived any objection to their selection as jurors and that the defendant is not permitted to change his mind after an unfavorable verdict.

1973The failure to object at that time should certainly not be treated as a voluntary waiver of the constitutional right to be tried by an impartial jury. '■ In State v. Eggers, 175 Neb. 79 , 120 N. W. 2d 541 , we; held that by passing the jurors for cause the defendant waived any objection to their selection as jurors and that the defendant is not permitted to change his mind after an unfavorable verdict.

11973–1973

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-106 (3) NE § Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2006 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 45 (1887–2022) PA 42 (1888–2024) TX 40 (1977–2026) WA 40 (1968–2025) CA 38 (1932–2025) MA 37 (1917–2025) FL 33 (1962–2021) CO 32 (1982–2026) SC 28 (1979–2026) GA 22 (1910–2021) IN 22 (1973–2020) ND 21 (1993–2025) IL 21 (1974–2025) MO 19 (1973–2018) LA 19 (1958–2021) OH 19 (1928–2024) MD 18 (1975–2018) AZ 18 (1974–2022) NE 17 (1973–2025) NJ 17 (1969–2026) NM 14 (1969–2019) RI 14 (1996–2019) OR 13 (1979–2025) KS 13 (1976–2024) MN 13 (1961–2026) TN 12 (1999–2026) ID 12 (1977–2025) KY 12 (1972–2024) MS 11 (1984–2014) AL 10 (1953–2017) MI 10 (1970–2020) NC 10 (1972–2023) HI 10 (1904–2015) SD 10 (1977–2019) VA 9 (1991–2024) CT 9 (1988–2022) UT 8 (1969–2012) DC 8 (1976–2015) WI 8 (1987–2023) IA 8 (1977–2023) OK 7 (1923–2013) AR 6 (1892–2014) MT 6 (1922–2021) WV 5 (1912–2016) AK 5 (1980–2006) VT 4 (1993–2016) ME 4 (1970–2003) NH 3 (1983–1991) WY 3 (1937–2025) VI 2 (1998–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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