voluntary waiver (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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voluntary waiver in Connecticut

9 Connecticut opinions name it 2 courts 1988–2022 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (5)

CaseFollowedCited
Thomas McKee v. David Harris, Superintendent, Green Haven Correctional Facility, Stormville, New Yorkgreen
ca2 · 1981 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See, e.g., McKee v. Harris, 649 F.2d 927, 931 (2d Cir. 1981) (‘‘the very essence of a voluntary waiver is that it be the product of a free and meaningful choice’’), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 917 , 102 S. Ct. 1773 , 72 L.

11
Conner v. Andersongreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See, e.g., McKee v. Harris, 649 F.2d 927, 931 (2d Cir. 1981) (‘‘the very essence of a voluntary waiver is that it be the product of a free and meaningful choice’’), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 917 , 102 S. Ct. 1773 , 72 L.

11
Tyler v. Tylergreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See, e.g., McKee v. Harris, 649 F.2d 927, 931 (2d Cir. 1981) (‘‘the very essence of a voluntary waiver is that it be the product of a free and meaningful choice’’), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 917 , 102 S. Ct. 1773 , 72 L.

11
Pousson v. Estellegreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See, e.g., McKee v. Harris, 649 F.2d 927, 931 (2d Cir. 1981) (‘‘the very essence of a voluntary waiver is that it be the product of a free and meaningful choice’’), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 917 , 102 S. Ct. 1773 , 72 L.

11
Smith v. O'GRADYgreen
scotus · 1941 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (24)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Hackett green
connappct · 1988
2 sentences

2022Questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact receive plenary review.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Crawford v. Commissioner of Correction, 294 Conn. 165, 174 , 982 A.2d 620 (2009). ‘‘The applica- tion of the habeas court’s factual findings to the perti- nent legal standard . . . presents a mixed question of law and fact . . . .’’ Duperry v. Solnit, 261 Conn. 309, 335 , 803 A.2d 287 (2002). ‘‘The constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a ju

2022Questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact receive plenary review.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Crawford v. Commissioner of Correction, 294 Conn. 165, 174 , 982 A.2d 620 (2009). ‘‘The applica- tion of the habeas court’s factual findings to the perti- nent legal standard . . . presents a mixed question of law and fact . . . .’’ Duperry v. Solnit, 261 Conn. 309, 335 , 803 A.2d 287 (2002). ‘‘The constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a ju

22009–2022
Duperry v. Solnit green
conn · 2002
2 sentences

2022Questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact receive plenary review.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Crawford v. Commissioner of Correction, 294 Conn. 165, 174 , 982 A.2d 620 (2009). ‘‘The applica- tion of the habeas court’s factual findings to the perti- nent legal standard . . . presents a mixed question of law and fact . . . .’’ Duperry v. Solnit, 261 Conn. 309, 335 , 803 A.2d 287 (2002). ‘‘The constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a ju

2022Questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact receive plenary review.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Crawford v. Commissioner of Correction, 294 Conn. 165, 174 , 982 A.2d 620 (2009). ‘‘The applica- tion of the habeas court’s factual findings to the perti- nent legal standard . . . presents a mixed question of law and fact . . . .’’ Duperry v. Solnit, 261 Conn. 309, 335 , 803 A.2d 287 (2002). ‘‘The constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a ju

12022–2022
Crawford v. Commissioner of Correction green
conn · 2009
2 sentences

2022Questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact receive plenary review.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Crawford v. Commissioner of Correction, 294 Conn. 165, 174 , 982 A.2d 620 (2009). ‘‘The applica- tion of the habeas court’s factual findings to the perti- nent legal standard . . . presents a mixed question of law and fact . . . .’’ Duperry v. Solnit, 261 Conn. 309, 335 , 803 A.2d 287 (2002). ‘‘The constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a ju

2022Questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact receive plenary review.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Crawford v. Commissioner of Correction, 294 Conn. 165, 174 , 982 A.2d 620 (2009). ‘‘The applica- tion of the habeas court’s factual findings to the perti- nent legal standard . . . presents a mixed question of law and fact . . . .’’ Duperry v. Solnit, 261 Conn. 309, 335 , 803 A.2d 287 (2002). ‘‘The constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a ju

12022–2022
Paulsen v. Manson green
conn · 1987
2 sentences

2019A factual basis inquiry ... is merely one way of satisfying the constitutional requirement that a plea be voluntary and intelligent." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Paulsen v. Manson , 203 Conn. 484 , 490-91, 525 A.2d 1315 (1987). "[T]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily ... requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant must be aware of and have an under-standing of a

2019A factual basis inquiry ... is merely one way of satisfying the constitutional requirement that a plea be voluntary and intelligent." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Paulsen v. Manson , 203 Conn. 484 , 490-91, 525 A.2d 1315 (1987). "[T]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily ... requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant must be aware of and have an under-standing of a

12019–2019
State v. Heyliger green
connappct · 2009
2 sentences

2019A factual basis inquiry ... is merely one way of satisfying the constitutional requirement that a plea be voluntary and intelligent." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Paulsen v. Manson , 203 Conn. 484 , 490-91, 525 A.2d 1315 (1987). "[T]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily ... requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant must be aware of and have an under-standing of a

2019A factual basis inquiry ... is merely one way of satisfying the constitutional requirement that a plea be voluntary and intelligent." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Paulsen v. Manson , 203 Conn. 484 , 490-91, 525 A.2d 1315 (1987). "[T]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily ... requires not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant must be aware of and have an under-standing of a

12019–2019
State v. Smith green
connappct · 2007
2 sentences

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

12018–2018
State v. Moye green
connappct · 2010
2 sentences

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

12018–2018
State v. Smith green
conn · 2007
1 sentence

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

12018–2018
State v. Pagan green
conn · 2007
1 sentence

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

12018–2018
Greenan v. Greenan green
conn · 2010
1 sentence

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

12018–2018
State v. Moore green
conn · 2010
1 sentence

2018I’m sorry about the confusion yesterday.’’ The defendant also tes- tified during the October 27, 2015 canvass as to his familiarity with the criminal justice system, having pleaded guilty to assault in the first degree years ear- lier.11 See State v. Moye, 119 Conn. App. 143, 164 , 986 A.2d 1134 (‘‘[t]he constitutional stricture that a plea of guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily . . . requires . . . that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 907 , 995 A.2d 638 (2010); State v. Smit

12018–2018
United States v. Farias green
ca9 · 2010
1 sentence

2017In response, the defendant relies on several cases from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, namely, United States v. Farias , 618 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2010), United States v. Royal , 43 Fed.Appx. 42 (9th Cir. 2002) (unpublished opinion), and Armant v. Marquez , 772 F.2d 552 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied sub nom.

12017–2017
United States v. Royal green
ca9 · 2002
1 sentence

2017In response, the defendant relies on several cases from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, namely, United States v. Farias , 618 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2010), United States v. Royal , 43 Fed.Appx. 42 (9th Cir. 2002) (unpublished opinion), and Armant v. Marquez , 772 F.2d 552 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied sub nom.

12017–2017
Jerome M. Armant v. Joe Marquez green
ca9 · 1985
1 sentence

2017In response, the defendant relies on several cases from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, namely, United States v. Farias , 618 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2010), United States v. Royal , 43 Fed.Appx. 42 (9th Cir. 2002) (unpublished opinion), and Armant v. Marquez , 772 F.2d 552 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied sub nom.

12017–2017
Moore v. Michigan green
scotus · 1957
2 sentences

2015Moore v. Michigan, 355 U.S. 155, 164 , [ 78 S. Ct. 191 ], 2 L.

2015Moore v. Michigan, 355 U.S. 155, 164 , [ 78 S. Ct. 191 ], 2 L.

12015–2015
State v. Gore green
conn · 2008
2 sentences

2011I The defendant first claims that his sixth amendment 8 right to a trial by jury was violated because he did not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waive his right to a jury determination that an extended period of incarceration was in the public interest under § 53a-40 (j). 9 *298 Specifically, the defendant argues that, according to State v. Bell, 283 Conn. 748 , 931 A.2d 198 (2007), and State v. Gore, 288 Conn. 770 , 955 A.2d 1 (2008), he is entitled to a new trial on the part B information and that we should remand the case for further proceedings on the part B information with direc

2011I The defendant first claims that his sixth amendment 8 right to a trial by jury was violated because he did not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waive his right to a jury determination that an extended period of incarceration was in the public interest under § 53a-40 (j). 9 *298 Specifically, the defendant argues that, according to State v. Bell, 283 Conn. 748 , 931 A.2d 198 (2007), and State v. Gore, 288 Conn. 770 , 955 A.2d 1 (2008), he is entitled to a new trial on the part B information and that we should remand the case for further proceedings on the part B information with direc

12011–2011
State v. Bell green
conn · 2007
2 sentences

2011I The defendant first claims that his sixth amendment 8 right to a trial by jury was violated because he did not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waive his right to a jury determination that an extended period of incarceration was in the public interest under § 53a-40 (j). 9 *298 Specifically, the defendant argues that, according to State v. Bell, 283 Conn. 748 , 931 A.2d 198 (2007), and State v. Gore, 288 Conn. 770 , 955 A.2d 1 (2008), he is entitled to a new trial on the part B information and that we should remand the case for further proceedings on the part B information with direc

2011I The defendant first claims that his sixth amendment 8 right to a trial by jury was violated because he did not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waive his right to a jury determination that an extended period of incarceration was in the public interest under § 53a-40 (j). 9 *298 Specifically, the defendant argues that, according to State v. Bell, 283 Conn. 748 , 931 A.2d 198 (2007), and State v. Gore, 288 Conn. 770 , 955 A.2d 1 (2008), he is entitled to a new trial on the part B information and that we should remand the case for further proceedings on the part B information with direc

12011–2011
State v. Loyd neutral
conn · 1987
1 sentence

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

11988–1988
Buturla v. St. Onge neutral
conn · 1987
1 sentence

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

11988–1988
State v. Morico green
conn · 1988
1 sentence

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

11988–1988
State v. Patterson green
conn · 1988
1 sentence

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

11988–1988
State v. Loyd neutral
connappct · 1986
1 sentence

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

11988–1988
State v. Patterson neutral
connappct · 1988
2 sentences

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

1988Ed. 2d 274 (1969); requires “not only that there be a voluntary waiver during a plea canvass of the right to a jury trial, the right of confrontation and the right against self-incrimination, but also that the defendant ‘must be aware of and have an understanding of all of the elements of the crime or crimes with which he is charged. . . .’ State v. Loyd, [ 8 Conn. App. 491 , 494B, 513 A.2d 193 (1986), cert. denied, 203 Conn. 801 , 522 A.2d 293 (1987)].” State v. Patterson, 14 Conn. App. 159, 160 , 540 A.2d 703 , cert. denied, 208 Conn. 813 , 546 A.2d 281 (1988). “ ‘[T]he plea could not be vol

11988–1988
Henderson v. Morgan green
scotus · 1976
2 sentences

1988Ed. 859 (1941)].’ Henderson v. Morgan, [ 426 U.S. 637, 645 , 96 S. Ct. 2253 , 49 L.

1988Ed. 859 (1941)].’ Henderson v. Morgan, [ 426 U.S. 637, 645 , 96 S. Ct. 2253 , 49 L.

11988–1988

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-48 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 45 (1887–2022) PA 42 (1888–2024) TX 40 (1977–2026) WA 40 (1968–2025) CA 38 (1932–2025) MA 37 (1917–2025) FL 33 (1962–2021) CO 32 (1982–2026) SC 28 (1979–2026) GA 22 (1910–2021) IN 22 (1973–2020) ND 21 (1993–2025) IL 21 (1974–2025) MO 19 (1973–2018) LA 19 (1958–2021) OH 19 (1928–2024) MD 18 (1975–2018) AZ 18 (1974–2022) NE 17 (1973–2025) NJ 17 (1969–2026) NM 14 (1969–2019) RI 14 (1996–2019) OR 13 (1979–2025) KS 13 (1976–2024) MN 13 (1961–2026) TN 12 (1999–2026) ID 12 (1977–2025) KY 12 (1972–2024) MS 11 (1984–2014) AL 10 (1953–2017) MI 10 (1970–2020) NC 10 (1972–2023) HI 10 (1904–2015) SD 10 (1977–2019) VA 9 (1991–2024) CT 9 (1988–2022) UT 8 (1969–2012) DC 8 (1976–2015) WI 8 (1987–2023) IA 8 (1977–2023) OK 7 (1923–2013) AR 6 (1892–2014) MT 6 (1922–2021) WV 5 (1912–2016) AK 5 (1980–2006) VT 4 (1993–2016) ME 4 (1970–2003) NH 3 (1983–1991) WY 3 (1937–2025) VI 2 (1998–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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