list factors (Illinois) · Go Syfert
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list factors in Illinois

104 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1978–2026 28 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (26)

CaseFollowedCited
Eddings v. Oklahomagreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019
2 sentences

2019“During a postconviction sentencing hearing, a trial court should scrutinize the following factors before sentencing a juvenile offender: (a) the character and history of the juvenile offender and the specific circumstances of the crime; (b) the background and emotional and mental development of the juvenile offender; (c) the offender’s age and characteristics that go along with it including 27 No. 1-11-0580 immaturity and ability to appreciate risks; (d) the juvenile’s family and home environment; (e) the circumstances of the crime, the extent to which the juvenile was involved, and the exten

2019“During a postconviction sentencing hearing, a trial court should scrutinize the following factors before sentencing a juvenile offender: (a) the character and history of the juvenile offender and the specific circumstances of the crime; (b) the background and emotional and mental development of the juvenile offender; (c) the offender’s age and characteristics that go along with it including 27 No. 1-11-0580 immaturity and ability to appreciate risks; (d) the juvenile’s family and home environment; (e) the circumstances of the crime, the extent to which the juvenile was involved, and the exten

44
In Re Marriage of Diehlgreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017In re Marriage of Diehl, 221 Ill.

2017In re Marriage of Diehl, 221 Ill.

33
La Salle National Bank v. County of Cookgreen
ill · 1957 · cited in 7 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1991–2021
2 sentences

2001Our supreme court has developed a list of factors to be considered in determining the validity of a municipal ordinance: (1) the existing uses and zoning of nearby property; (2) the extent to which property values are diminished by the zoning restrictions; (3) the extent to which the destruction of property values promotes the health, safety, morals, or general welfare of the public; (4) the relative gain to the public as compared to the hardship imposed on the plaintiff; (5) the suitability of the property for the zoned purposes; (6) the length of time the property has remained vacant as zone

1994App. 3d at 872 ; see also La Salle, 12 Ill. 2d at 46-47 ; Sinclair, 19 Ill. 2d at 378 .) The list of factors is not exclusive; no one factor controls, and validity is to be determined on the facts and circumstances of each case.

27
Sinclair Pipe Line Co. v. Village of Richton Parkgreen
ill · 1960 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1993–2021
2 sentences

2021These factors are from two cases—Sinclair Pipe Line Co., 19 Ill. 2d at 378 , and La Salle National Bank of Chicago, 12 Ill. 2d at 46 -47—and are as follows: (1) the existing uses and zoning of nearby property; (2) the extent to which property values are diminished by the particular zoning restrictions; (3) the extent to which the destruction of property values of the plaintiff promotes the health, safety, morals, or general welfare of the public; (4) the relative gain to the public as compared to the hardship imposed on the individual property owner; (5) the suitability of the subject property

1993App. 3d at 976 ; see also La Salle, 12 Ill. 2d at 46-47 (reciting factors 1 to 6); Sinclair, 19 Ill. 2d at 378 (recognizing factors 7 to 8).) The list of factors is not exclusive; no one factor controls, and validity is to be determined on the facts and circumstances of each ordinance.

24
Chesler v. Peoplegreen
illappct · 1999 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2014
2 sentences

2014“The factors include: the strength of the State’s case against the petitioner; the State’s reasons for wishing to retain the records; the petitioner’s age, criminal record and employment history; the length of time between the arrest and the expungement petition; and the adverse consequences the petitioner may suffer if expungement is not granted.” Chesler v. People, 309 Ill.

2014“The factors include: the strength of the State’s case against the petitioner; the State’s reasons for wishing to retain the records; the petitioner’s age, criminal record and employment history; the length of time between the arrest and the expungement petition; and the adverse consequences the petitioner may suffer if expungement is not granted.” Chesler v. People, 309 Ill.

23
In re Marriage of Johnsongreen
illappct · 2016 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See *982 In re Marriage of Johnson , 2016 IL App (5th) 140479 , ¶ 94, 400 Ill.Dec. 96 , 47 N.E.3d 1061 (citing 750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2012) ).

2018See *982 In re Marriage of Johnson , 2016 IL App (5th) 140479 , ¶ 94, 400 Ill.Dec. 96 , 47 N.E.3d 1061 (citing 750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2012) ).

22
In Re JJCgreen
illappct · 1998 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011This court has described a station adjustment as "a verbal warning from the police." People v. Clark, 119 Ill.2d 1, 9 , 115 Ill.Dec. 613 , 518 N.E.2d 138 (1987); see also In re J.J.C., 294 Ill.App.3d 227, 238 , 228 Ill.Dec. 751 , 689 N.E.2d 1172 (1998) ("[S]tation adjustments are merely verbal warnings from the police, occurring when a juvenile is brought into the police station, but later released when the police have decided not to refer the matter to juvenile court."). "`Station adjustments' involve situations where the police, after taking the juvenile to the police station, decide that th

2011This court has described a station adjustment as "a verbal warning from the police." People v. Clark, 119 Ill.2d 1, 9 , 115 Ill.Dec. 613 , 518 N.E.2d 138 (1987); see also In re J.J.C., 294 Ill.App.3d 227, 238 , 228 Ill.Dec. 751 , 689 N.E.2d 1172 (1998) ("[S]tation adjustments are merely verbal warnings from the police, occurring when a juvenile is brought into the police station, but later released when the police have decided not to refer the matter to juvenile court."). "`Station adjustments' involve situations where the police, after taking the juvenile to the police station, decide that th

22
State v. Sousagreen
nh · 2004 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007The Supreme Court of New Hampshire in State v. Sousa, 151 N.H. 297, 303-04 , 855 A.2d 1284, 1290 (2004), recently provided a list of factors to be considered when evaluating whether an anonymous tip gives rise to reasonable suspicion and wrote as follows: “First, whether there is a ‘sufficient quantity of information’ such as the vehicle’s make, model, license plate number, location and bearing, and ‘similar innocent details’ so that the officer may be certain that the vehicle stopped is the one the tipster identified. [Citation.] Second, the time interval between the police receiving the tip

2007The Supreme Court of New Hampshire in State v. Sousa, 151 N.H. 297, 303-04 , 855 A.2d 1284, 1290 (2004), recently provided a list of factors to be considered when evaluating whether an anonymous tip gives rise to reasonable suspicion and wrote as follows: “First, whether there is a ‘sufficient quantity of information’ such as the vehicle’s make, model, license plate number, location and bearing, and ‘similar innocent details’ so that the officer may be certain that the vehicle stopped is the one the tipster identified. [Citation.] Second, the time interval between the police receiving the tip

22
People v. Howardgreen
illappct · 2007 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Howard, 372 Ill.

2007Howard, 372 Ill.App.3d at 511-12 , 310 Ill.Dec. 148 , 865 N.E.2d 472 (Fitzgerald Smith, J., dissenting), citing People v. Wells, 294 Ill.App.3d 405 , 228 Ill.Dec. 886 , 690 N.E.2d 645 (1998); Chesler, 309 Ill.App.3d at 152-53 , 242 Ill.Dec. 884 , 722 N.E.2d 668 .

22
People v. Murraygreen
ill · 1990 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Murray, 137 Ill.2d at 390 , 148 Ill.Dec. 7 , 560 N.E.2d 309 .

2005See Murray, 137 Ill. 2d at 390 .

22
Baker v. Millergreen
ill · 1994 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
22
People v. Cobbgreen
ill · 1983 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
22
Wyatt L. Bear Cloud v. The State of Wyominggreen
wyo · 2013 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019
2 sentences

2019“During a postconviction sentencing hearing, a trial court should scrutinize the following factors before sentencing a juvenile offender: (a) the character and history of the juvenile offender and the specific circumstances of the crime; (b) the background and emotional and mental development of the juvenile offender; (c) the offender’s age and characteristics that go along with it including 27 No. 1-11-0580 immaturity and ability to appreciate risks; (d) the juvenile’s family and home environment; (e) the circumstances of the crime, the extent to which the juvenile was involved, and the exten

2019“During a postconviction sentencing hearing, a trial court should scrutinize the following factors before sentencing a juvenile offender: (a) the character and history of the juvenile offender and the specific circumstances of the crime; (b) the background and emotional and mental development of the juvenile offender; (c) the offender’s age and characteristics that go along with it including 27 No. 1-11-0580 immaturity and ability to appreciate risks; (d) the juvenile’s family and home environment; (e) the circumstances of the crime, the extent to which the juvenile was involved, and the exten

14
People v. Buffergreen
ill · 2019 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2023
2 sentences

2023The list of factors “is taken from and is consistent with Miller’s discussion of a juvenile defendant’s youth and its attendant characteristics.” Buffer, 2019 IL 122327 , ¶ 36. ¶ 37 In January 2017, House Bill 531 (100th Ill.

2022See Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 36 .

13
In re Custody of G.L.green
illappct · 2017 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See In re Custody of G.L., 2017 IL App (1st) 163171 at ¶ 42 .

2023“Although a trial court must consider all relevant factors when determining the best interests of a child, it is not required to make an explicit finding or reference to each factor.” In re Custody of G.L., 2017 IL App (1st) 163171, ¶ 43 .

12
People v. Clarkgreen
ill · 1987 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011This court has described a station adjustment as "a verbal warning from the police." People v. Clark, 119 Ill.2d 1, 9 , 115 Ill.Dec. 613 , 518 N.E.2d 138 (1987); see also In re J.J.C., 294 Ill.App.3d 227, 238 , 228 Ill.Dec. 751 , 689 N.E.2d 1172 (1998) ("[S]tation adjustments are merely verbal warnings from the police, occurring when a juvenile is brought into the police station, but later released when the police have decided not to refer the matter to juvenile court."). "`Station adjustments' involve situations where the police, after taking the juvenile to the police station, decide that th

2011This court has described a station adjustment as "a verbal warning from the police." People v. Clark, 119 Ill.2d 1, 9 , 115 Ill.Dec. 613 , 518 N.E.2d 138 (1987); see also In re J.J.C., 294 Ill.App.3d 227, 238 , 228 Ill.Dec. 751 , 689 N.E.2d 1172 (1998) ("[S]tation adjustments are merely verbal warnings from the police, occurring when a juvenile is brought into the police station, but later released when the police have decided not to refer the matter to juvenile court."). "`Station adjustments' involve situations where the police, after taking the juvenile to the police station, decide that th

12
People v. Parkergreen
illappct · 2024 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
People v. Johnsongreen
illappct · 2024 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
People v. Staceygreen
ill · 2000 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
People v. Cosbygreen
ill · 2008 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
People v. Rueggergreen
illappct · 1975 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
In Re Marriage of Eckertgreen
ill · 1988 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
People v. M.D.green
ill · 1984 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
People v. Spanngreen
illappct · 2002 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
People v. Herrongreen
ill · 2005 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
In Matter of Mental Condition of Virgil D.green
wis · 1994 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (52)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Taylor green
ill · 2011
2 sentences

2021Our supreme court has stressed, however, that “this list of factors is nonexclusive.” People v. Taylor, 2011 IL 110067, ¶ 35 .

2021Our supreme court has stressed, however, that “this list of factors is nonexclusive.” People v. Taylor, 2011 IL 110067, ¶ 35 .

62021–2022
Miller v. Alabama green
scotus · 2012
2 sentences

2020Buffer, 2019 IL 122327 , ¶ 36 (discussing Miller, 567 U.S. at 477-78 ).

2019“During a postconviction sentencing hearing, a trial court should scrutinize the following factors before sentencing a juvenile offender: (a) the character and history of the juvenile offender and the specific circumstances of the crime; (b) the background and emotional and mental development of the juvenile offender; (c) the offender’s age and characteristics that go along with it including 27 No. 1-11-0580 immaturity and ability to appreciate risks; (d) the juvenile’s family and home environment; (e) the circumstances of the crime, the extent to which the juvenile was involved, and the exten

52015–2020
People v. Bush green
ill · 2005
2 sentences

2009Our supreme court noted that “[djefendant mistakenly believes that the list of factors identified in Robinson is both exhaustive and inflexible.” Bush, 214 Ill. 2d at 327 .

2009Our supreme court noted that "[d]efendant mistakenly believes that the list of factors identified in Robinson is both exhaustive and inflexible." Bush, 214 Ill.2d at 327 , 292 Ill.Dec. 926 , 827 N.E.2d 455 .

42006–2009
In Re Marriage of Susan green
illappct · 2006
2 sentences

2026Id.; In re Marriage of Susan, 367 Ill.

2024Id.; Susan, 367 Ill.

32022–2026
People v. McNeal green
ill · 1997
2 sentences

2012Our supreme court has cautioned that this list of factors is not “exhaustive,” and the factors “are merely guidelines rather than cardinal maxims to be applied rigidly in each case.” Id.

2000This list of factors is not exhaustive (McNeal, 175 Ill. 2d at 345 , 677 N.E.2d at 847 ), and all factors may not be present in every case (People v. Cobb, 97 Ill. 2d 465, 484 , 455 N.E.2d 31, 39 (1983)).

32000–2012
People v. Wells green
illappct · 1998
2 sentences

2007Howard, 372 Ill.App.3d at 511-12 , 310 Ill.Dec. 148 , 865 N.E.2d 472 (Fitzgerald Smith, J., dissenting), citing People v. Wells, 294 Ill.App.3d 405 , 228 Ill.Dec. 886 , 690 N.E.2d 645 (1998); Chesler, 309 Ill.App.3d at 152-53 , 242 Ill.Dec. 884 , 722 N.E.2d 668 .

2007Howard, 372 Ill.App.3d at 511-12 , 310 Ill.Dec. 148 , 865 N.E.2d 472 (Fitzgerald Smith, J., dissenting), citing People v. Wells, 294 Ill.App.3d 405 , 228 Ill.Dec. 886 , 690 N.E.2d 645 (1998); Chesler, 309 Ill.App.3d at 152-53 , 242 Ill.Dec. 884 , 722 N.E.2d 668 .

31999–2007
In re Marriage of Heroy green
ill · 2017
2 sentences

2024The court should “apply a list of factors to determine whether one party should be required to contribute to the attorney fees of the other, including the criteria used to divide marital property and award maintenance.” Id.

2024The court should “apply a list of factors to determine whether one party should be required to contribute to the attorney fees of the other, including the criteria used to divide marital property and award maintenance.” Id.

22024–2024
McGrath v. Fahey green
ill · 1988
2 sentences

2021Id. at 90 . ¶ 52 Although the employer-employee relationship can, in some cases, aggravate the nature of the defendant’s conduct, such that it might be considered extreme and outrageous, that is not always the case.

2020Id. at 90 . ¶ 52 Although the employer-employee relationship can, in some cases, aggravate the nature of the defendant’s conduct, such that it might be considered extreme and outrageous, that is not always the case.

22020–2021
Whipple v. Village of North Utica green
illappct · 2017
2 sentences

2021Whipple v. Village of North Utica, 2017 IL App (3d) 150547, ¶ 22 . ¶ 40 The parties disagree about the applicability of a list of factors that courts have at times applied to determine whether an ordinance violates substantive due process.

2021Whipple v. Village of North Utica, 2017 IL App (3d) 150547, ¶ 22 . ¶ 40 The parties disagree about the applicability of a list of factors that courts have at times applied to determine whether an ordinance violates substantive due process.

22021–2021
Lake Environmental, Inc. v. Arnold green
ill · 2015
2 sentences

2018Id.

2017Id.

22017–2018
First Illinois Bank of Wilmette v. Valentine green
illappct · 1993
2 sentences

2017Valentine, 250 Ill.

2017Valentine, 250 Ill.

22017–2017
Hartney Fuel Company v. Hamer green
illappct · 2012
2 sentences

2013Instead, subsection (c)(1) continues with the certain and definitive “seller incurs” sentence: “If the purchase order is accepted at the seller’s place of business within the county or by someone who is working out of that place of business and who does not conduct the business of selling elsewhere within the meaning of subsections (g) and (h) of this Section, or if a purchase order that is an acceptance of the seller’s complete and unconditional offer to sell is received by the seller’s place of business within the home rule county or by someone working out of that place of business, the sell

2013Instead, subsection (c)(1) continues with the certain and definitive “seller incurs” sentence: “If the purchase order is accepted at the seller’s place of business within the county or by someone who is working out of that place of business and who does not conduct the -16- business of selling elsewhere within the meaning of subsections (g) and (h) of this Section, or if a purchase order that is an acceptance of the seller’s complete and unconditional offer to sell is received by the seller’s place of business within the home rule county or by someone working out of that place of business, the

22013–2013
Napleton v. Village of Hinsdale green
ill · 2008
2 sentences

2009The supreme court explained: "The difference between a facial and an as-applied zoning challenge is significant: a zoning ordinance that may be valid in its general aspects may nevertheless be invalid as to a specific parcel of property because the balance of hardships--the gain to the public in general against the detriment to the individual owner--overwhelmingly burdens the -35- No. 2--08--0105 individual owner. [Citation.] In light of this possibility, the La Salle opinion set forth a list of factors that may be relevant in an as-applied challenge to assist in balancing the gain to the publ

2009The supreme court explained: “The difference between a facial and an as-applied zoning challenge is significant: a zoning ordinance that may be valid in its general aspects may nevertheless be invalid as to a specific parcel of property because the balance of hardships—the gain to the public in general against the detriment to the individual owner— overwhelmingly burdens the individual owner. [Citation.] In light of this possibility, the La Salle opinion set forth a list of factors that may be relevant in an as-applied challenge to assist in balancing the gain to the public against the specifi

22009–2009
United States v. Mendenhall green
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

2005Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554 , 64 L.

2005Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554 , 64 L.

22005–2005
Rozny v. Marnul green
ill · 1969
2 sentences

2005The complete list of factors mentioned by the Rozny court is as follows: "As is apparent from the foregoing discussion, the factors we consider relevant to our holding are: (1) The express, unrestricted and wholly voluntary 'absolute guarantee for accuracy' appearing on the face of the inaccurate plat; (2) Defendant's knowledge that this plat would be used and relied on by others than the person ordering it, including plaintiffs; (3) The fact that potential liability in this case is restricted to a comparatively small group, and that, ordinarily, only one member of that group will suffer loss;

2005The complete list of factors mentioned by the Rozny court is as follows: “As is apparent from the foregoing discussion, the factors we consider relevant to our holding are: (1) The express, unrestricted and wholly voluntary ‘absolute guarantee for accuracy’ appearing on the face of the inaccurate plat; (2) Defendant’s knowledge that this plat would be used and relied on by others than the person ordering it, including plaintiffs; (3) The fact that potential liability in this case is restricted to a comparatively small group, and that, ordinarily, only one member of that group will suffer loss;

22005–2005
People v. Williams green
ill · 1994
2 sentences

2004Williams, 161 Ill. 2d at 26 , 641 N.E.2d at 306 .

2004Williams, 161 Ill. 2d at 26 , 641 N.E.2d at 306 .

22004–2004
City of Highland Park v. Lee green
illappct · 1997
22003–2003
Stanton v. Republic Bank of S. Chicago green
ill · 1991
21996–1997
Rodriguez v. Henderson green
illappct · 1991
21993–1994
In Re DT green
ill · 2004
12024–2024
People v. Stock green
illappct · 2023
12024–2024
People v. Roberts green
ill · 2005
12023–2023
First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp. green
ill · 1976
12022–2022
In re J.C. green
illappct · 2020
12022–2022
In Re Marriage of Herrin green
illappct · 1994
12021–2021
State v. Henderson green
nj · 2011
12020–2020
Horlacher v. Cohen green
illappct · 2017
12020–2020
In re Marriage of Kavchak green
illappct · 2018
12020–2020
In re Marriage of Fatkin green
ill · 2019
12020–2020
In re Marriage of Micheli green
illappct · 2014
12020–2020
City of Chicago v. Korshak green
illappct · 1990
12019–2019
People v. Boose green
ill · 1977
12013–2013
Racich v. County of Boone green
illappct · 1993
12001–2001
Com. v. WP green
pasuperct · 1992
11998–1998
In re Custody of Townsend green
ill · 1981
11996–1996
Phelps v. Chicago Transit Authority green
illappct · 1991
11993–1993
People v. Doe neutral
illappct · 1978
11992–1992
In Re Marriage of Fahy green
illappct · 1991
11991–1991
Country Squire Homeowners Ass'n v. Crest Hill Development Corp. green
illappct · 1986
11991–1991
Herbster v. North American Co. for Life & Health Insurance green
illappct · 1986
11991–1991

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 720 ILCS 570/401 (10) IL § 750 ILCS 5/504 (9) IL § 750 ILCS 5/510 (8) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-619 (7) IL § 750 ILCS 5/508 (6) IL § 20 ILCS 2630/5 (5) IL § 720 ILCS 5/9-1 (5) IL § 725 ILCS 5/122-1 (5) IL § 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1 (5) IL § 750 ILCS 5/602.7 (5) IL § 705 ILCS 405/5-105 (4) IL § 750 ILCS 5/603.10 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 255 (1933–2025) TN 143 (1997–2026) CA 133 (1975–2026) IL 104 (1978–2026) OH 104 (1975–2026) MI 68 (1983–2026) PA 67 (1959–2026) MS 55 (1986–2025) LA 43 (1978–2026) WA 37 (1986–2024) UT 32 (1987–2025) OR 31 (1905–2025) MN 30 (1978–2025) MD 30 (1981–2025) IN 30 (1979–2026) WI 29 (1999–2023) CO 27 (1977–2026) NY 26 (1969–2025) AL 26 (1976–2025) KS 25 (1989–2025) FL 23 (1977–2025) MA 22 (1980–2020) ID 22 (1985–2026) IA 21 (1992–2026) NJ 20 (1983–2025) SC 16 (2008–2022) NV 16 (2009–2020) DC 16 (1980–2017) KY 15 (1968–2026) ME 15 (2004–2026) SD 15 (1990–2026) MO 14 (1975–2025) NC 14 (1984–2017) AK 13 (1972–2020) OK 13 (1986–2023) WY 12 (1989–2025) NE 12 (1999–2024) AZ 12 (1986–2025) WV 11 (1994–2024) MT 11 (1994–2010) CT 11 (1996–2025) AR 10 (1993–2015) NM 10 (1983–2024) VA 10 (1990–2017) ND 9 (1981–2021) GA 9 (1985–2024) RI 9 (1992–2023) VT 8 (1984–2016) NH 6 (2019–2023) DE 5 (1987–2025) VI 3 (2009–2025) HI 2 (2003–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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