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16 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1927–2026 4 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Pelham v. Griesheimergreen2 sentences2000Still, "even under the California balancing test, the predominant inquiry has generally resolved to one criterion: Were the services intended to benefit the plaintiff?" Pelham, 64 Ill.Dec. 544 , 440 N.E.2d at 100 (emphasis ours) (citing R. 2000Still, “even under the California balancing test, the predominant inquiry has generally resolved to one criterion: Were the services intended to benefit the plaintiff?” Pelham, 440 N.E.2d at 100 (emphasis added) (citing Ronald E. | 2 | 2 |
Trask v. Butlergreen2 sentences2002Instead of an initial inquiry into the extent the transaction is intended to affect the third party, the court held that the threshold inquiry is "[t]he extent to which the transaction was intended to benefit the plaintiff." Trask, 123 Wash.2d at 843 , 872 P.2d 1080 (emphasis added). 2002Instead of an initial inquiry into the extent the transaction is intended to affect the third party, the court held that the threshold inquiry is “[t]he extent to which the transaction was intended to benefit the plaintiff.” Trask, 123 Wn.2d at 843 (emphasis added). | 1 | 2 |
Christensen v. Munsengreen2 sentences2026See Christensen v. Munsen, 123 Wn.2d 234 , 867 P.2d 626 (1994) (upholding the modified instruction and reiterating the same limitations). 2026See Christensen v. Munsen, 123 Wn.2d 234 , 867 P.2d 626 (1994) (upholding the modified instruction and reiterating the same limitations). | 1 | 1 |
State v. Jeffersongreen1 sentence2021The relevant objective observer for this analysis “is aware of the history of explicit race discrimination in America and aware of how that impacts our current decision making in nonexplicit, or implicit, unstated, ways.” Jefferson, 192 Wn.2d at 249-50. | 1 | 1 |
Keyes v. Ahrenstedtgreen2 sentences1944See Keyes v. Ahrenstedt, 156 Wash. 526 , 287 Pac. 35 . 1944See Keyes v. Ahrenstedt, 156 Wash. 526 , 287 Pac. 35 . | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Gorre v. City of Tacoma
green
2 sentences2025Gorre v. City of Tacoma, 184 Wn.2d 30, 36 , 357 P.3d 625 (2015). 2025Gorre v. City of Tacoma, 184 Wn.2d 30, 36 , 357 P.3d 625 (2015). | 7 | 2016–2025 |
Puget Sound Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Erickson
neutral
2 sentences1937The case of Puget Sound Savings & Loan Ass’n v. Erickson, 138 Wash. 578 , 244 Pac. 972 , also cited by respondent, illustrates the application of the modified rule. 1937The case of Puget Sound Savings & Loan Ass’n v. Erickson, 138 Wash. 578 , 244 Pac. 972 , also cited by respondent, illustrates the application of the modified rule. | 1 | 1937–1937 |
Hendry v. Bird
neutral
2 sentences1927Eespondent relies upon Hendry v. Bird, 135 Wash. 174 , 237 Pac. 317 , 240 Pac. 565 , as announcing a modified rule. 1927Eespondent relies upon Hendry v. Bird, 135 Wash. 174 , 237 Pac. 317 , 240 Pac. 565 , as announcing a modified rule. | 1 | 1927–1927 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.