kind claim (Oregon) · Go Syfert
← Oregon issues

kind claim in Oregon

71 Oregon opinions name it 2 courts 1908–2024 8 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Oregon courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Oberg v. Honda Motor Co.green
or · 1995 · cited in 9 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1996–2009
2 sentences

2009"A jury's award of punitive damages shall not be disturbed when it is within the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award in the light of the record as a whole; the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award depends, in turn, on the statutory and common law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue." Id. at 549 , 888 P.2d 8 ; see also ORS 31.730(2) (providing similar language).

2009"A jury's award of punitive damages shall not be disturbed when it is within the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award in the light of the record as a whole; the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award depends, in turn, on the statutory and common law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue." Id. at 549 , 888 P.2d 8 ; see also ORS 31.730(2) (providing similar language).

29
State v. Noblesgreen
orctapp · 2020 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See State v. Nobles, 306 Or App 1, 5 , 473 P3d 1108 (2020) (subsequently addressing the merits of the same substan- tive legal dispute).

2023See State v. Nobles, 306 Or App 1, 5 , 473 P3d 1108 (2020) (subsequently addressing the merits of the same substan- tive legal dispute).

22
State v. Murphygreen
orctapp · 2022 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See State v. Murphy, 319 Or App 330, 339 , 510 P3d 269 (2022) (gravity of harm in plain error posture may be assessed by whether there was little likelihood that error affected verdict).

2023See State v. Murphy, 319 Or App 330, 339 , 510 P3d 269 (2022) (gravity of harm in plain error posture may be assessed by whether there was little likelihood that error affected verdict).

22
State v. Roodgreen
orctapp · 1994 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See, e.g., Rood, 129 Or App at 426 (trial court ordered three consecutive 60-day sentences but written judgment imposed 18 months’ incarceration); Slawson, 123 Or App at 576 (trial court orally pronounced 36 months’ post-prison supervision but written judgment imposed 60 months).

2010See, e.g., Rood, 129 Or.App. at 426 , 879 P.2d 886 (trial court ordered three consecutive 60-day sentences but written judgment imposed 18 months' incarceration); Slawson, 123 Or.App. at 576 , 860 P.2d 876 (trial court orally pronounced 36 months' post-prison supervision but written judgment imposed 60 months).

22
Beard v. Banksgreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2006–2007
2 sentences

2007See Beard v. Banks, 542 US 406, 417-18 , 124 S Ct 2504 , 159 L Ed 2d 494 (2004) (describing second Teague exception).

2007See Beard v. Banks, 542 US 406, 417-18 , 124 S Ct 2504 , 159 L Ed 2d 494 (2004) (describing second Teague exception).

22
Parrott v. Carr Chevrolet, Inc.green
or · 2001 · cited in 3 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2001–2002
2 sentences

2002The Court said that the Gore guideposts, together with the Oregon statutory standard, establish five criteria that a court should consider in determining the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award: 16 “(1) the statutory and common-law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue * * *; (2) the state interests that a punitive damages award is designed to serve * * *; (3) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct * * *; (4) the disparity between the punitive damages award and the actual or potential harm inflicted * * *;

2001It summarized its conclusions: “A jury’s punitive damages award is not ‘grossly excessive’—and, therefore, will not be disturbed on review—if it is within the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award in light of the record as a whole. * * * [T]he range that a rational juror would be entitled to award depends on the following: (1) the statutory and common-law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue * * *; (2) the state interests that a punitive damages award is designed to serve * * *; (3) the degree of reprehensibility of the defend

13
State v. Slawsongreen
orctapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See, e.g., Rood, 129 Or App at 426 (trial court ordered three consecutive 60-day sentences but written judgment imposed 18 months’ incarceration); Slawson, 123 Or App at 576 (trial court orally pronounced 36 months’ post-prison supervision but written judgment imposed 60 months).

2010See, e.g., Rood, 129 Or.App. at 426 , 879 P.2d 886 (trial court ordered three consecutive 60-day sentences but written judgment imposed 18 months' incarceration); Slawson, 123 Or.App. at 576 , 860 P.2d 876 (trial court orally pronounced 36 months' post-prison supervision but written judgment imposed 60 months).

12
State v. Milesgreen
orctapp · 2023 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See, e.g., State v. Miles, 326 Or App 410, 423 , 533 P3d 368 (2023) (“[A]lthough the trial court plainly erred by failing to consider whether defendant was at least criminally negligent of the risk of serious physical injury when he tackled C—who was naked and handcuffed— as she attempted to escape, it is not the kind of error that we can correct because the error is harmless.”).

2024See, e.g., State v. Miles, 326 Or App 410, 423 , 533 P3d 368 (2023) (“[A]lthough the trial court plainly erred by failing to consider whether defendant was at least criminally negligent of the risk of serious physical injury when he tackled C—who was naked and handcuffed— as she attempted to escape, it is not the kind of error that we can correct because the error is harmless.”).

11
Chavez v. Stategreen
· 2019 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See Chavez, 364 Or at 669 (explaining that the 1959 state post-conviction act simplified the procedure for bringing a state collateral challenge to a criminal convic- tion by replacing state common-law writs, such as habeas corpus and coram nobis, with a single statutory cause of action).

11
Goddard v. Farmers Insurancegreen
or · 2008 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009Under that standard of review, the court's duty is "not to redecide the historical facts as decided by the jury, but to decide where, for purposes of the Gore guideposts, the conduct at issue falls on the scale of conduct that does or might warrant imposition of punitive damages." Goddard, 344 Or. at 262 , 179 P.3d 645 (emphasis added).

2009Under that standard of review, the court's duty is "not to redecide the historical facts as decided by the jury, but to decide where, for purposes of the Gore guideposts, the conduct at issue falls on the scale of conduct that does or might warrant imposition of punitive damages." Goddard, 344 Or. at 262 , 179 P.3d 645 (emphasis added).

11
Bekins v. Cuppgreen
or · 1976 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agencygreen
scotus · 2002 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Curtis v. MRI IMAGING SERVICES IIgreen
or · 1998 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Erlandson v. Pullengreen
orctapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Stevens v. Bisphamgreen
or · 1993 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
State v. Wagnergreen
or · 1988 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
State v. Wilsongreen
or · 1943 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
Securities & Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corp.green
scotus · 1947 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Oregon. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (62)

CaseCitedYears
Gideon v. Wainwright green
scotus · 1963
2 sentences

2020The test for whether a holding constitutes a water- shed rule “is a demanding one, so much so that [the United States Supreme] Court has yet to announce a new rule of criminal procedure capable of meeting it.” Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 US ___ , ___, 140 S Ct 1390, 1407 , 206 L Ed 2d 583 (2020).1 1 The United States Supreme Court “has pointed only to the right to counsel recognized in Gideon v. Wainright, 372 US 335 , 83 S Ct 792 , 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963), as the kind of rule that would qualify.” Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or 1, 9 , 125 P3d 1260 (2006).

2020The test for whether a holding constitutes a water- shed rule “is a demanding one, so much so that [the United States Supreme] Court has yet to announce a new rule of criminal procedure capable of meeting it.” Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 US ___ , ___, 140 S Ct 1390, 1407 , 206 L Ed 2d 583 (2020).1 1 The United States Supreme Court “has pointed only to the right to counsel recognized in Gideon v. Wainright, 372 US 335 , 83 S Ct 792 , 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963), as the kind of rule that would qualify.” Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or 1, 9 , 125 P3d 1260 (2006).

32006–2020
State v. J. C. N.-V. green
or · 2016
2 sentences

2019Although the court ultimately concluded that *626 the waiver analysis under ORS 419C.349(3) is more focused than it is under the parallel Kent criteria from which the legislature drew ORS 419C.349(3), the court characterized the statute as a "commitment to the kind of inquiry contemplated by the Kent criterion." Id. at 585 , 380 P.3d 248 .

2019Although the court ultimately concluded that *626 the waiver analysis under ORS 419C.349(3) is more focused than it is under the parallel Kent criteria from which the legislature drew ORS 419C.349(3), the court characterized the statute as a "commitment to the kind of inquiry contemplated by the Kent criterion." Id. at 585 , 380 P.3d 248 .

32016–2019
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore green
scotus · 1996
2 sentences

2001The court reiterated its previously announced standard for post-verdict judicial review: “ ‘[T]he standard for post-verdict judicial review of an award of punitive damages is as follows: A jury’s award of *48 punitive damages shall not be disturbed when it is within the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award in the light of the record as a whole; the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award depends, in turn, on the statutory and common law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue.’ ” Id. at 548 (quoting Honda Motor Co

2001The court reiterated its previously announced standard for post-verdict judicial review: “ ‘[T]he standard for post-verdict judicial review of an award of punitive damages is as follows: A jury’s award of *48 punitive damages shall not be disturbed when it is within the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award in the light of the record as a whole; the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award depends, in turn, on the statutory and common law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue.’ ” Id. at 548 (quoting Honda Motor Co

31998–2001
Liberty v. State, Department of Transportation green
or · 2006
2 sentences

2023Liberty, 342 Or at 20 .

2023Liberty, 342 Or at 20 .

22023–2023
In re Sisk green
scotus · 1996
2 sentences

2001The court reiterated its previously announced standard for post-verdict judicial review: “ ‘[T]he standard for post-verdict judicial review of an award of punitive damages is as follows: A jury’s award of *48 punitive damages shall not be disturbed when it is within the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award in the light of the record as a whole; the range that a rational juror would be entitled to award depends, in turn, on the statutory and common law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue.’ ” Id. at 548 (quoting Honda Motor Co

2000On review of a claim that a punitive damage award is excessive, we examine “statutory and common law factors that allow an award of punitive damages for the specific kind of claim at issue.” Oberg v. Honda Motors Co., 320 Or 544, 549 , 888 P2d 8 (1995), cert den 517 US 1219 (1996).

22000–2001
Jack v. HUNT ET UX. green
or · 1953
2 sentences

1987As the court held in Jack v. Hunt et ux, supra, 200 Or at 269 : “We are of the opinion that in matters of this kind the rule should be less strict than that of absolute and indispensable necessity.

1971This leaves for consideration the factor of “the extent of necessity of the easement to the claimant.” *122 We have previously held in Dressler v. Isaacs, supra, at 598: “Reasonable need for the use of an easement is a flexible concept which may be described by an infinite range of circumstances; at one extreme it could mean that without the claimed right no effective use could be made of the alleged dominant estate, and at the other extreme it could mean that the use of that estate would be less convenient only. * * # As also held by this court in Jack v. Hunt et ux, 200 Or 263 , 264 P2d 461

21971–1987
State v. Weston green
or · 1936
2 sentences

1983In State v. Weston, 155 Or 556, 581 , 64 P2d 536 (1937), the court stated: “An abstract instruction is deemed erroneous because it may cause the jury to assume that evidence has been given of the kind to which the instruction is applicable.” The instruction invited the jury to convict defendant on the basis of a test result that was not in evidence, and that was prejudicial.

1983In State v. Weston, 155 Or 556, 581 , 64 P2d 536 (1937), the court stated: “An abstract instruction is deemed erroneous because it may cause the jury to assume that evidence has been given of the kind to which the instruction is applicable.” The instruction invited the jury to convict defendant on the basis of a test result that was not in evidence, and that was prejudicial.

21965–1983
Mohr v. State Board of Education neutral
or · 1964
2 sentences

1975The purpose of this kind of hearing is ‘simply to permit the making of remonstrances.’ Mohr v. State Board of Education, 236 Or 398, 401 , 388 P2d 463 (1964). ‘Informational’ hearings are conducted like hearings before legislative committees that are considering proposed legislation.

1975The purpose of this kind of hearing is ‘simply to permit the making of remonstrances.’ Mohr v. State Board of Education, 236 Or 398, 401 , 388 P2d 463 (1964). ‘Informational’ hearings are conducted like hearings before legislative committees that are considering proposed legislation.

21974–1975
State v. Keys green
or · 2021
1 sentence

2021Rather, Huffman stands for the more limited proposition that an invalid waiver of an indictment was the kind of error that was Cite as 368 Or 171 (2021) 191 cognizable, as a matter of state common law, in state habeas.13 And, after the enactment of Oregon’s Post-Conviction Hearing Act in 1959, the common-law limitations on state habeas that Huffman addressed in 1952 became largely irrelevant.

12021–2021
Davis v. Texas neutral
scotus · 2004
1 sentence

2020Cite as 305 Or App 726 (2020) 749 A watershed rule of criminal procedure is “one that is fundamentally necessary to ensure that a criminal defen- dant is not wrongly convicted.” Page v. Palmateer, 336 Or 379, 390 , 84 P3d 133 , cert den, 543 US 866 (2004) (emphasis in original).

12020–2020
Ramos v. Louisiana green
· 2020
2 sentences

2020The test for whether a holding constitutes a water- shed rule “is a demanding one, so much so that [the United States Supreme] Court has yet to announce a new rule of criminal procedure capable of meeting it.” Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 US ___ , ___, 140 S Ct 1390, 1407 , 206 L Ed 2d 583 (2020).1 1 The United States Supreme Court “has pointed only to the right to counsel recognized in Gideon v. Wainright, 372 US 335 , 83 S Ct 792 , 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963), as the kind of rule that would qualify.” Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or 1, 9 , 125 P3d 1260 (2006).

2020The test for whether a holding constitutes a water- shed rule “is a demanding one, so much so that [the United States Supreme] Court has yet to announce a new rule of criminal procedure capable of meeting it.” Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 US ___ , ___, 140 S Ct 1390, 1407 , 206 L Ed 2d 583 (2020).1 1 The United States Supreme Court “has pointed only to the right to counsel recognized in Gideon v. Wainright, 372 US 335 , 83 S Ct 792 , 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963), as the kind of rule that would qualify.” Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or 1, 9 , 125 P3d 1260 (2006).

12020–2020
Hardegger v. Amsberry green
orctapp · 2020
1 sentence

2020Cite as 305 Or App 726 (2020) 749 A watershed rule of criminal procedure is “one that is fundamentally necessary to ensure that a criminal defen- dant is not wrongly convicted.” Page v. Palmateer, 336 Or 379, 390 , 84 P3d 133 , cert den, 543 US 866 (2004) (emphasis in original).

12020–2020
Miller v. Lampert green
or · 2006
2 sentences

2020The test for whether a holding constitutes a water- shed rule “is a demanding one, so much so that [the United States Supreme] Court has yet to announce a new rule of criminal procedure capable of meeting it.” Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 US ___ , ___, 140 S Ct 1390, 1407 , 206 L Ed 2d 583 (2020).1 1 The United States Supreme Court “has pointed only to the right to counsel recognized in Gideon v. Wainright, 372 US 335 , 83 S Ct 792 , 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963), as the kind of rule that would qualify.” Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or 1, 9 , 125 P3d 1260 (2006).

2020The test for whether a holding constitutes a water- shed rule “is a demanding one, so much so that [the United States Supreme] Court has yet to announce a new rule of criminal procedure capable of meeting it.” Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 US ___ , ___, 140 S Ct 1390, 1407 , 206 L Ed 2d 583 (2020).1 1 The United States Supreme Court “has pointed only to the right to counsel recognized in Gideon v. Wainright, 372 US 335 , 83 S Ct 792 , 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963), as the kind of rule that would qualify.” Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or 1, 9 , 125 P3d 1260 (2006).

12020–2020
Page v. Palmateer green
or · 2004
2 sentences

2020Cite as 305 Or App 726 (2020) 749 A watershed rule of criminal procedure is “one that is fundamentally necessary to ensure that a criminal defen- dant is not wrongly convicted.” Page v. Palmateer, 336 Or 379, 390 , 84 P3d 133 , cert den, 543 US 866 (2004) (emphasis in original).

2020Cite as 305 Or App 726 (2020) 749 A watershed rule of criminal procedure is “one that is fundamentally necessary to ensure that a criminal defen- dant is not wrongly convicted.” Page v. Palmateer, 336 Or 379, 390 , 84 P3d 133 , cert den, 543 US 866 (2004) (emphasis in original).

12020–2020
State v. Barber green
or · 2007
1 sentence

2016The Supreme Court has counseled that we cannot, “having recognized [this kind of error], refuse to correct it.” Id.

12016–2016
State v. White green
or · 1987
1 sentence

2014Id. at 343-44 .

12014–2014
Shoup v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. green
or · 2003
1 sentence

2014Shoup, 335 Or at 172 n 2.

12014–2014
State v. Wilson green
orctapp · 2011
2 sentences

2014Second, there is no need for us to engage in an exercise that, in the final analysis, would result only in an interpretation of ambiguous language, when we can remand the case for a more authoritative disambiguation.” Wilson, 243 Or App at 469-70 .

2014But, just as in Wilson , it is not clear whether the court’s “oral colloquy with defendant was intended to be a definitive and carefully reasoned explanation for its decision,” or whether it was instead “the thinking out loud of a judge struggling with a troubling and difficult decision that is not susceptible to (nor intended to be subjected to) the kind of analysis that we apply to statutes or written judicial opinions.” 243 Or App at 469 .

12014–2014
Pendleton School District 16R v. State green
or · 2009
2 sentences

2009The majority recites that a qualifying claim must be one "in equity," citing Armatta v. Kitzhaber, 327 Or. 250, 287 , 959 P.2d 49 (1998), and that petitioners' claim satisfies that criterion. 347 Or. at 33-34 , 217 P.3d at 177-78 .

2009The majority recites that a qualifying claim must be one "in equity," citing Armatta v. Kitzhaber, 327 Or. 250, 287 , 959 P.2d 49 (1998), and that petitioners' claim satisfies that criterion. 347 Or. at 33-34 , 217 P.3d at 177-78 .

12009–2009
Armatta v. Kitzhaber green
or · 1998
2 sentences

2009The majority recites that a qualifying claim must be one “in equity,” citing Armatta v. Kitzhaber, 327 Or 250, 287 , 959 P2d 49 (1998), and that petitioners’ claim satisfies that criterion. 347 Or at 33-34.

2009The majority recites that a qualifying claim must be one “in equity,” citing Armatta v. Kitzhaber, 327 Or 250, 287 , 959 P2d 49 (1998), and that petitioners’ claim satisfies that criterion. 347 Or at 33-34.

12009–2009
Portland General Electric Co. v. Bureau of Labor & Industries green
or · 1993
12006–2006
Keller v. Armstrong World Industries, Inc. green
orctapp · 2005
12005–2005
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. green
scotus · 2001
12002–2002
Snyder v. Massachusetts green
scotus · 1934
12001–2001
Malloy v. Hogan green
scotus · 1964
12001–2001
Cupp v. Naughten green
scotus · 1973
12001–2001
Gannett Co. v. DePasquale green
scotus · 1979
12001–2001
State v. Ivory green
or · 1977
12000–2000
Lakin v. Senco Products, Inc. green
orctapp · 1996
11999–1999
Pierce v. Iowa-Missouri Conference of Seventh-day Adventists green
scotus · 1996
11998–1998
Weitzel v. Wingard green
or · 1976
11993–1993
Rambo v. McCulloch yellow
orctapp · 1988
11993–1993
Feller v. Wright neutral
orctapp · 1990
11993–1993
State v. Rathbun green
or · 1979
11992–1992
State v. Clowes green
orctapp · 1990
11990–1990
State v. Bishop green
or · 1980
11990–1990
Skipper v. South Carolina green
scotus · 1986
11988–1988
CROSS ET UX v. Harris green
or · 1962
11985–1985
Loe Et Ux v. Lenhard green
or · 1961
11985–1985
McNayr v. Kelly green
fla · 1966
11983–1983

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.095 (6) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 174.010 (6) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 131.505 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 138.510 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 138.550 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.105 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.115 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.175 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.375 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.160 (3) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.235 (3) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 163.411 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 122 (1908–2025) CA 104 (1924–2026) IL 88 (1885–2026) OR 71 (1908–2024) NC 54 (1895–2026) NY 44 (1888–2026) DC 41 (1974–2018) FL 36 (1969–2024) IN 33 (1973–2023) NJ 32 (1948–2022) WA 30 (1909–2026) OH 28 (1944–2023) MO 28 (1886–2020) CT 27 (1948–2021) AR 27 (1893–2026) GA 23 (1933–2024) MI 20 (1919–2025) UT 20 (1932–2025) PA 19 (1830–2025) MN 19 (1916–2015) MA 17 (1930–2018) CO 16 (1914–2024) IA 16 (1902–2021) KS 15 (1873–2025) MS 15 (1970–2023) LA 14 (1926–2012) NM 13 (1995–2024) VT 11 (1918–2025) WI 11 (1975–2025) AL 9 (1954–2016) AZ 9 (1936–2009) KY 9 (1905–2025) MD 8 (1881–2001) NH 8 (1975–2023) HI 8 (1981–2025) NE 7 (1886–2003) ID 7 (1901–2021) TN 7 (1901–2022) OK 6 (1913–2013) AK 5 (1980–2022) VA 5 (2007–2024) DE 4 (1972–2018) MT 4 (2006–2014) NV 4 (1966–1995) ME 4 (1980–2020) SC 4 (1963–1997) WY 3 (2003–2024) RI 3 (1976–1992) SD 3 (1957–2008) ND 2 (1998–1998)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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