Frye standard (Missouri) · Go Syfert
← Missouri issues

Frye standard in Missouri

47 Missouri opinions name it 2 courts 1985–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Missouri courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (45)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Davisgreen
mo · 1991 · cited in 11 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1993–2004
2 sentences

2002In Davis , the Supreme Court applied the Frye standard to DNA evidence to first find that DNA testing is generally accepted in the scientific community. 814 S.W.2d at 602-03 .

2002In Davis , the Supreme Court applied the Frye standard to DNA evidence to first find that DNA testing is generally accepted in the scientific community. 814 S.W.2d at 602-03 .

711
Frye v. United Statesred
cadc · 1923 · cited in 14 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1996–2019
2 sentences

2019The Frye standard was derived from Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.

2019The Frye standard was derived from Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.

614
Callahan v. Cardinal Glennon Hospitalgreen
mo · 1993 · cited in 9 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1995–2012
2 sentences

2012In this case, after all of Dr. Maddox’s videotape deposition had been shown to the jury, Bondex then attempted to renew its motion to exclude the testimony. "[A] party [cannot] blissfully ignore the requirement to object to evidence based on the Frye doctrine and then ’back-door’ the Frye issues_" Id.

2012In this case, after all of Dr. Maddox’s videotape deposition had been shown to the jury, Bondex then attempted to renew its motion to exclude the testimony. "[A] party [cannot] blissfully ignore the requirement to object to evidence based on the Frye doctrine and then ’back-door’ the Frye issues_" Id.

69
Alsbach v. Badergreen
mo · 1985 · cited in 8 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1990–2000
2 sentences

1997Missouri has adopted the Frye rule for determining the admissibility of new scientific techniques, Alsbach v. Bader, 700 S.W.2d 823, 828 (Mo. banc 1985), and continues to follow it.

1997Missouri has adopted the Frye rule for determining the admissibility of new scientific techniques, Alsbach v. Bader, 700 S.W.2d 823, 828 (Mo. banc 1985), and continues to follow it.

58
State v. Danielsgreen
moctapp · 2005 · cited in 5 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2009–2014
2 sentences

2014This case is closer factually to the case in State v. Daniels, 179 S.W.3d 273 (Mo.App.W.D.2005) where the Court of Appeals reversed the conviction based on the admission of [presumptive] testing without a Frye hearing and the state’s improper argument that the tests were proof 11 of the presence of human blood.

2014This case is closer factually to the case in State v. Daniels, 179 S.W.3d 273 (Mo.App.W.D.2005) where the Court of Appeals reversed the conviction based on the admission of [presumptive] testing without a Frye hearing and the state’s improper argument that the tests were proof 11 of the presence of human blood.

35
State v. Salmongreen
moctapp · 2002 · cited in 3 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2005
2 sentences

2005State v. Salmon, 89 S.W.3d 540, 543 (Mo.App.

2005State v. Salmon, 89 S.W.3d 540, 543 (Mo.App.

33
M.C. v. Yeargingreen
moctapp · 2000 · cited in 3 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2000–2003
2 sentences

2003S.D.2000) (noting that section 490.065’s "adoption may create the question if Missouri courts should continue to apply the Frye standard to the admissibility of expert testimony, or if Daubert would be more appropriate,” then applying Frye to the admissibility of expert testimony regarding scientific techniques, and holding that section 490.065 applies to the admissibility of expert testimony regarding non-scientific evidence); M.C. v. Yeargin, 11 S.W.3d 604, 619 (Mo.App.

2003S.D.2000) (noting that section 490.065’s "adoption may create the question if Missouri courts should continue to apply the Frye standard to the admissibility of expert testimony, or if Daubert would be more appropriate,” then applying Frye to the admissibility of expert testimony regarding scientific techniques, and holding that section 490.065 applies to the admissibility of expert testimony regarding non-scientific evidence); M.C. v. Yeargin, 11 S.W.3d 604, 619 (Mo.App.

33
State v. Stoutgreen
mo · 1972 · cited in 5 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–2007
2 sentences

1998The Missouri Supreme Court has consistently applied only the Frye test to the issue of admission of expert testimony since State v. Stout, 478 S.W.2d 368 (Mo.1972).

1998The Missouri Supreme Court has consistently applied only the Frye test to the issue of admission of expert testimony since State v. Stout, 478 S.W.2d 368 (Mo.1972).

25
State v. Davisgreen
moctapp · 1993 · cited in 3 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1995–1997
2 sentences

1995First, defendant acknowledges that this court has held in State v. Davis, 860 S.W.2d 369, 374 (Mo.App.1993), that a Frye hearing on the admissibility of DNA evidence is no longer required, based on State v. Davis, 814 S.W.2d 593, 603 (Mo. banc 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047 , 112 S.Ct. 911 , 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992).

1995First, defendant acknowledges that this court has held in State v. Davis, 860 S.W.2d 369, 374 (Mo.App.1993), that a Frye hearing on the admissibility of DNA evidence is no longer required, based on State v. Davis, 814 S.W.2d 593, 603 (Mo. banc 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047 , 112 S.Ct. 911 , 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992).

23
State v. Biddlegreen
mo · 1980 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2000–2002
2 sentences

2002“The Frye standard was modified by the Missouri Supreme Court in State v. Biddle, 599 S.W.2d 182, 191 (Mo.1980), which stated that for scientific evidence to be admitted, ‘wide scientific approval’ of the reliability of the scientific techniques employed is required.” Long, 33 S.W.3d at 642 .

2002“The Frye standard was modified by the Missouri Supreme Court in State v. Biddle, 599 S.W.2d 182, 191 (Mo.1980), which stated that for scientific evidence to be admitted, ‘wide scientific approval’ of the reliability of the scientific techniques employed is required.” Long, 33 S.W.3d at 642 .

22
Schumann v. Missouri Highway & Transportation Commissiongreen
moctapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1998–2009
2 sentences

1998Comm’n, 912 S.W.2d 548 , 554 n. 8 (Mo.App.1995), the Supreme Court of Missouri has yet to address whether § 490.065 supplants the Frye test in Missouri as the standard for admission of expert testimony. 6 Since the Supreme Court of Missouri’s decision to adopt the Frye test in Callahan v. Cardinal Glennon Hosp., 863 5.W.2d 852, 860 (Mo. banc 1993), and the Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in La-sky v. Union Electric Co., 936 S.W.2d 797 (Mo.1997) (directing the trial court on remand to follow § 490.065 in evaluating the admission of expert testimony), courts of Missouri have continued to fol

1998Comm’n, 912 S.W.2d 548 , 554 n. 8 (Mo.App.1995), the Supreme Court of Missouri has yet to address whether § 490.065 supplants the Frye test in Missouri as the standard for admission of expert testimony. 6 Since the Supreme Court of Missouri’s decision to adopt the Frye test in Callahan v. Cardinal Glennon Hosp., 863 5.W.2d 852, 860 (Mo. banc 1993), and the Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in La-sky v. Union Electric Co., 936 S.W.2d 797 (Mo.1997) (directing the trial court on remand to follow § 490.065 in evaluating the admission of expert testimony), courts of Missouri have continued to fol

12
State v. Butlergreen
moctapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2002–2003
2 sentences

2003Counsel pursued this strategy notwithstanding Missouri case law holding that a defendant is not allowed to “blissfully ignore the requirement to object to evidence based on the Frye doctrine and then ‘back-door’ the Frye issues into the [case] under the guise of a sufficiency of the evidence argument.” Id. at 42 .

2003Counsel pursued this strategy notwithstanding Missouri case law holding that a defendant is not allowed to “blissfully ignore the requirement to object to evidence based on the Frye doctrine and then ‘back-door’ the Frye issues into the [case] under the guise of a sufficiency of the evidence argument.” Id. at 42 .

12
Frye v. Stategreen
moctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See generally Frye v. State, 392 S.W.3d 501 (Mo.App. 2013). 2 Standard of Review Mitts acknowledges she did not preserve her points for appeal and requests plain error review.

2024See generally Frye v. State, 392 S.W.3d 501 (Mo.App. 2013). 2 Standard of Review Mitts acknowledges she did not preserve her points for appeal and requests plain error review.

11
People v. Bassettgreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See, e.g., J.L.G., 190 A.3d at 464–65; People v. Bassett, 866 N.Y.S.2d 473, 477 (N.Y. 2008) (finding that CSAAS testimony is admissible under the Frye standard); State v. Shore, 814 S.E.2d 464 , 473–74 (N.C.

2019See, e.g., J.L.G., 190 A.3d at 464–65; People v. Bassett, 866 N.Y.S.2d 473, 477 (N.Y. 2008) (finding that CSAAS testimony is admissible under the Frye standard); State v. Shore, 814 S.E.2d 464 , 473–74 (N.C.

11
State v. J.L.G.green
nj · 2018 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See, e.g., J.L.G., 190 A.3d at 464–65; People v. Bassett, 866 N.Y.S.2d 473, 477 (N.Y. 2008) (finding that CSAAS testimony is admissible under the Frye standard); State v. Shore, 814 S.E.2d 464 , 473–74 (N.C.

2019See, e.g., J.L.G., 190 A.3d at 464–65; People v. Bassett, 866 N.Y.S.2d 473, 477 (N.Y. 2008) (finding that CSAAS testimony is admissible under the Frye standard); State v. Shore, 814 S.E.2d 464 , 473–74 (N.C.

11
W.R.C. v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Ct. App. 2018) (finding that an expert’s delayed-disclosures testimony was the product of reliable principles and methods); W.R.C. v. State, 69 So. 3d 933, 939 (Ala. Crim.

2019Ct. App. 2018) (finding that an expert’s delayed-disclosures testimony was the product of reliable principles and methods); W.R.C. v. State, 69 So. 3d 933, 939 (Ala. Crim.

11
State v. Hightowergreen
moctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See id.

2018See id.

11
State v. Pondergreen
moctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See id.

11
State v. Dixongreen
minnctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

11
Barber v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

11
Commonwealth v. Gamboragreen
mass · 2010 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
State v. Johnsongreen
moctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
State v. Taylorgreen
mo · 2009 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
State Board of Registration for the Healing Arts v. McDonaghgreen
mo · 2003 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
State v. Keightleygreen
moctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
McReynolds v. Mindrupgreen
moctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Betz v. Pneumo Abex LLCgreen
pa · 2012 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
State v. Lovegreen
moctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Keyser v. Keysergreen
moctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Whitman's Candies, Inc. v. Pet Inc.green
moctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Boehm v. Pernoudgreen
moctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Long v. Missouri Delta Medical Centergreen
moctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
State v. Kleypasgreen
moctapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
State v. Whitegreen
mo · 1981 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Commonwealth v. McCauleygreen
pasuperct · 1991 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Bray v. Bi-State Development Corp.green
moctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Turner v. Fuqua Homes, Inc.green
moctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
State v. Footegreen
moctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Andrews v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
Glover v. Stategreen
texapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (2)

CaseNegativeCited
State v. Rittgreen
minn · 1999 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
State v. Telliergreen
me · 1987 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11

Also cited on this issue (26)

CaseCitedYears
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. green
scotus · 1993
2 sentences

2003Daubert held “[t]hat the Frye test was displaced by the [Federal] Rules of Evidence.” 509 U.S. at 589 , 113 S.Ct. 2786 .

2003Daubert held “[t]hat the Frye test was displaced by the [Federal] Rules of Evidence.” 509 U.S. at 589 , 113 S.Ct. 2786 .

41995–2003
Davis v. Missouri green
scotus · 1992
2 sentences

1996This Court first addressed the question of the admissibility of DNA evidence in State v. Davis, 814 S.W.2d 593 (Mo. banc 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047 , 112 S.Ct. 911 , 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992), by applying the Frye standard.

1996This Court first addressed the question of the admissibility of DNA evidence in State v. Davis, 814 S.W.2d 593 (Mo. banc 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047 , 112 S.Ct. 911 , 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992), by applying the Frye standard.

31993–1996
Calloway v. United States green
scotus · 1992
2 sentences

1996This Court first addressed the question of the admissibility of DNA evidence in State v. Davis, 814 S.W.2d 593 (Mo. banc 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047 , 112 S.Ct. 911 , 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992), by applying the Frye standard.

1996This Court first addressed the question of the admissibility of DNA evidence in State v. Davis, 814 S.W.2d 593 (Mo. banc 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047 , 112 S.Ct. 911 , 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992), by applying the Frye standard.

21995–1996
State v. Shore green
ncctapp · 2018
2 sentences

2019See, e.g., J.L.G., 190 A.3d at 464–65; People v. Bassett, 866 N.Y.S.2d 473, 477 (N.Y. 2008) (finding that CSAAS testimony is admissible under the Frye standard); State v. Shore, 814 S.E.2d 464 , 473–74 (N.C.

2019See, e.g., J.L.G., 190 A.3d at 464–65; People v. Bassett, 866 N.Y.S.2d 473, 477 (N.Y. 2008) (finding that CSAAS testimony is admissible under the Frye standard); State v. Shore, 814 S.E.2d 464 , 473–74 (N.C.

12019–2019
State v. Hoy green
moctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2019As a result, we do not 9 The parties discuss State v. Hoy, 219 S.W.3d 796 , 799 n.2 (Mo. App. S.D. 2007) (expressing concern about the use of the term “expert” in relation to a “drug -recognition examiner” in front of a jury that could be confused or misled by “the use of this title”), which was decide d when the older Frye standard for the admissibility of expert testimony applied.

2019Id. at 810 .

12019–2019
STATE OF MISSOURI, Plaintiff-Respondent v. RYAN N. EVANS green
moctapp · 2015
2 sentences

2018As an initial matter, we note Defendant waived appellate review of the admission of Dr. Case's testimony when trial counsel affirmatively told the trial court that it could forgo holding a Frye hearing and instead rely on the court's finding in State v. Evans , 517 S.W.3d 528 (Mo. App. S.D. 2015) in determining the admissibility of Dr. Case's testimony.

2018As an initial matter, we note Defendant waived appellate review of the admission of Dr. Case's testimony when trial counsel affirmatively told the trial court that it could forgo holding a Frye hearing and instead rely on the court's finding in State v. Evans , 517 S.W.3d 528 (Mo. App. S.D. 2015) in determining the admissibility of Dr. Case's testimony.

12018–2018
Brady v. Maryland green
scotus · 1963
2 sentences

2018Defendant also acknowledged on appeal that the trial court offered him a Frye hearing, but that trial counsel "turned the offer down." Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S.Ct. 1194 , 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).

2018Defendant also acknowledged on appeal that the trial court offered him a Frye hearing, but that trial counsel "turned the offer down." Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S.Ct. 1194 , 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).

12018–2018
Markham v. State green
mdctspecapp · 2009
2 sentences

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

12017–2017
Commonwealth v. Patterson green
mass · 2005
2 sentences

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

2017Dixon, 822 N.W.2d 664, 674-75 (Minn. Ct. App. 2012); Commonwealth v. Patterson, 445 Mass. 626 , 840 N.E.2d 12 (Mass. 2005); Commonwealth v. Gambora, 457 Mass. 715 , 933 N.E.2d 50, 55-61 (Mass. 2010); Markham v. State, 189 Md.App. 140 , 984 A.2d 262 (2009); Barber v. State, 952 So.2d 393, 422 (Ala. Crim.

12017–2017
Brian J. Dorsey v. State of Missouri green
mo · 2014
2 sentences

2017Dorsey, 448 S.W.3d at 297 . 7 The “results of scientific procedures may be admitted only if the procedure is ‘sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.’ ” Id. (quoting Frye, 293 F. at 1014 ).

2017Dorsey, 448 S.W.3d at 297 . 7 The “results of scientific procedures may be admitted only if the procedure is ‘sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.’ ” Id. (quoting Frye, 293 F. at 1014 ).

12017–2017
State v. Hill green
moctapp · 1993
12015–2015
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
12010–2010
Garcia v. United States green
scotus · 1997
12003–2003
State v. Kinder green
mo · 1996
12003–2003
State v. Traylor green
minnctapp · 2002
12003–2003
McDonald v. Inland Container Corp. green
scotus · 1997
12003–2003
Chisholm v. Georgia green
· 1793
12002–2002
Lasky v. Union Electric Co. green
mo · 1997
11998–1998
Imms v. Clarke green
moctapp · 1983
11985–1985
State v. Sager green
moctapp · 1980
11985–1985
Smith v. Texas green
scotus · 1977
11985–1985
Roots v. Wainwright green
scotus · 1977
11985–1985
Zannis v. United States green
scotus · 1977
11985–1985
Freeman v. United States green
scotus · 1981
11985–1985
Stemple v. Board of Education green
scotus · 1981
11985–1985
New York Mercantile Exchange v. Leist green
scotus · 1981
11985–1985

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 490.065 (12) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.015 (6) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.020 (5) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.021 (4) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 566.060 (4) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 566.030 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 396 (1979–2026) IL 308 (1983–2026) PA 240 (1977–2026) WA 219 (1978–2026) FL 180 (1983–2026) CA 138 (1976–2026) MD 60 (1978–2025) AZ 59 (1982–2016) NJ 52 (1978–2026) KS 48 (1981–2020) MO 47 (1985–2024) TX 38 (1984–2026) MA 33 (1975–2024) AL 32 (1984–2017) CO 30 (1982–2021) MN 29 (1980–2026) CT 29 (1984–2005) NE 25 (1992–2017) MS 25 (1990–2008) AK 23 (1983–2019) DC 23 (1979–2026) MI 22 (1977–2024) OH 19 (1975–2023) VA 17 (1988–2010) IN 17 (1984–2023) SD 15 (1985–2026) WV 14 (1980–2015) DE 10 (1985–2025) NM 10 (1993–2016) KY 10 (1991–2015) TN 10 (1986–2014) WI 10 (1981–2021) ID 10 (1984–2013) GA 9 (1982–2020) NH 9 (1992–2004) IA 8 (1986–2025) AR 8 (1989–1996) UT 8 (1980–2019) OR 7 (1984–2024) LA 7 (1982–2018) RI 7 (1985–2020) WY 6 (1983–2025) VT 6 (1993–2009) HI 6 (1992–2020) NC 6 (1984–2004) OK 6 (1994–2025) MT 6 (1991–2013) SC 5 (1990–2026) ND 4 (1983–2005) ME 3 (1978–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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