Frye test in Utah

8 Utah opinions name it 2 courts 1980–2019 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Utah courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

Case	Followed	Cited
United States v. John W. Downinggreen ca3 · 1985 · cited in 2 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1987–2012 2 sentences 1987And Downing , a Third Circuit case often cited as a case that rejects the Frye test, stated that "a technique that satisfies the Frye test usually will be found to be reliable as well." Downing, 753 F.2d at 1238 . 1987And Downing , a Third Circuit case often cited as a case that rejects the Frye test, stated that "a technique that satisfies the Frye test usually will be found to be reliable as well." Downing, 753 F.2d at 1238 .	2	2
Kofford Ex Rel. Utah State Department of Social Services v. Floragreen utah · 1987 · cited in 2 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 2 sentences 1989See Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d at 1234-35; Kofford v. Flora, 744 P.2d 1343, 1361 (Utah 1987) (Durham, J., concurring in the result); McCormick at 606-08; McCormick, ง 203, at 69 (Supp. 1987). 1989See Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d at 1234-35; Kofford v. Flora, 744 P.2d 1343, 1361 (Utah 1987) (Durham, J., concurring in the result); McCormick at 606-08; McCormick, ง 203, at 69 (Supp. 1987).	2	2
PHILLIPS BY & THROUGH UTAH, ETC. v. Jacksongreen utah · 1980 · cited in 4 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1987–2012 2 sentences 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate	1	4
Frye v. United Statesred cadc · 1923 · cited in 4 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1980–2012 2 sentences 2012The Frye test originated with Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923). 15 . 2012The Frye test originated with Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923). 15 .	1	4
State v. Crosbygreen utah · 1996 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate	1	1
United States v. James Darnell Smithgreen ca6 · 1984 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986). 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986).	1	1
United States v. Michael R. Moore, Larry P. Moore and Beverly K. Mooregreen ca5 · 1986 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986). 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986).	1	1
State v. Rimmaschgreen utah · 1989 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate	1	1
United States v. Melvin Telfairegreen cadc · 1972 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986). 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986).	1	1
State v. Longgreen utah · 1986 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 2 sentences 1989Id.; see Utah R.Evid. 201; cf. State v. Long, 721 P.2d 483, 488-95 (Utah 1986) (notice taken of the fact that eyewitness identification is unreliable on basis of general acceptance of that view by scientific community). 1989Id.; see Utah R.Evid. 201; cf. State v. Long, 721 P.2d 483, 488-95 (Utah 1986) (notice taken of the fact that eyewitness identification is unreliable on basis of general acceptance of that view by scientific community).	1	1
United States v. Isiah Williams and Michael Manninggreen ca2 · 1978 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987 2 sentences 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975). 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Utah. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

Case	Cited	Years
United States v. Orville E. Stifel, II green ca6 · 1970 2 sentences 1980United States v. Franks, 511 F.2d 25 (6th Cir.1975); United States v. Stifel, 433 F.2d 431 (6th Cir.1970); United States v. Alexander, 526 F.2d 161 (8th Cir.1975). 1980United States v. Franks, 511 F.2d 25 (6th Cir.1975); United States v. Stifel, 433 F.2d 431 (6th Cir.1970); United States v. Alexander, 526 F.2d 161 (8th Cir.1975).	2	1980–1980
United States v. Herman Franks, (Two Cases). United States of America v. Max Britton, (Two Cases). United States of America v. Boyce Mitchell green ca6 · 1975 2 sentences 1980United States v. Franks, 511 F.2d 25 (6th Cir.1975); United States v. Stifel, 433 F.2d 431 (6th Cir.1970); United States v. Alexander, 526 F.2d 161 (8th Cir.1975). 1980United States v. Franks, 511 F.2d 25 (6th Cir.1975); United States v. Stifel, 433 F.2d 431 (6th Cir.1970); United States v. Alexander, 526 F.2d 161 (8th Cir.1975).	2	1980–1980
United States v. Steven John Alexander green ca8 · 1975 2 sentences 1980United States v. Franks, 511 F.2d 25 (6th Cir.1975); United States v. Stifel, 433 F.2d 431 (6th Cir.1970); United States v. Alexander, 526 F.2d 161 (8th Cir.1975). 1980United States v. Franks, 511 F.2d 25 (6th Cir.1975); United States v. Stifel, 433 F.2d 431 (6th Cir.1970); United States v. Alexander, 526 F.2d 161 (8th Cir.1975).	2	1980–1980
Missouri v. Frye green scotus · 2012 2 sentences 2019To succeed on a Frye claim then, Hattrich has the burden to show (1) that trial counsel failed to communicate a formal offer, (2) that the offer’s terms were more favorable than the later offer, (3) that Hattrich likely would have accepted the earlier plea offer, and (4) that the plea likely would have been entered “without the prosecution canceling it or the trial court refusing to accept it.” Id. at 145–48. 2019To succeed on a Frye claim then, Hattrich has the burden to show (1) that trial counsel failed to communicate a formal offer, (2) that the offer’s terms were more favorable than the later offer, (3) that Hattrich likely would have accepted the earlier plea offer, and (4) that the plea likely would have been entered “without the prosecution canceling it or the trial court refusing to accept it.” Id. at 145–48.	1	2019–2019
Hattrich v. State green utahctapp · 2019 2 sentences 2019Presumably, this was not the offer Hattrich recalls, as it was less favorable than the ultimate offer he agreed to, which permitted him to plead no contest to three counts of sodomy on a child without pleading to any of the child-rape charges. 20170158-CA 14 2019 UT App 142 Hattrich v. State offer, the district court concluded that Hattrich could not establish a Frye claim. 2019Presumably, this was not the offer Hattrich recalls, as it was less favorable than the ultimate offer he agreed to, which permitted him to plead no contest to three counts of sodomy on a child without pleading to any of the child-rape charges. 20170158-CA 14 2019 UT App 142 Hattrich v. State offer, the district court concluded that Hattrich could not establish a Frye claim.	1	2019–2019
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. green ca9 · 1995 2 sentences 2012The advisory committee note expressly recognizes this, stating that "[ujulike the federal rule, ... the Utah rule notes that the proponent of the testimo 990 ny is required to make only a 'threshold showing." - Id. 128 Nevertheless, the advisory committee note refers to and relies on federal cases, stating, for example, that (1) rule 702 follows federal law as announced in Kumho Tire, insofar as the rule is intended to be applied to all expert testimony; (2) "like its federal counterpart, Utah's rule assigns to trial judges a 'gatekeeper' responsibility to screen out unreliable expert testimo 2012The advisory committee note expressly recognizes this, stating that "[ujulike the federal rule, ... the Utah rule notes that the proponent of the testimo 990 ny is required to make only a 'threshold showing." - Id. 128 Nevertheless, the advisory committee note refers to and relies on federal cases, stating, for example, that (1) rule 702 follows federal law as announced in Kumho Tire, insofar as the rule is intended to be applied to all expert testimony; (2) "like its federal counterpart, Utah's rule assigns to trial judges a 'gatekeeper' responsibility to screen out unreliable expert testimo	1	2012–2012
Haupt v. Heaps green utahctapp · 2005 2 sentences 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate	1	2012–2012
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael green scotus · 1999 2 sentences 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate	1	2012–2012
State v. Clopten green utah · 2009 2 sentences 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986). 2012For example, after the 2007 amendment, the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Clopten, 2009 UT 84 , 223 P.3d 1103 , referred approvingly to United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552, 558-59 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir.1985); and United States v. Moore, 786 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir.1986).	1	2012–2012
Dikeou v. Osborn green utahctapp · 1994 2 sentences 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate 2012See, e.g., State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 641-42 (Utah 1996) (comparing the federal standard an-pounced in Daubert I with the more rigorous standard outlined by the Utah Supreme Court in State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d 388 (Utah 1989)); Phillips v. Jackson, 615 P.2d 1228 , 1234 (Utah 1980) (abandoning the Frye test used in federal courts in favor of an "inherent reliability" standard); Haupt v. Heaps, 2005 UT App 436, ¶ 23 , 131 P.3d 252 (noting that, following the decision in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 , 119 S.Ct. 1167 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Utah Supreme Court has reiterate	1	2012–2012
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. green scotus · 1993 2 sentences 1994Id. at -, 113 S.Ct. at 2795 . 1994Id. at -, 113 S.Ct. at 2795 .	1	1994–1994
Rock v. Arkansas green scotus · 1987 2 sentences 1989Kofford v. Flora, 744 P.2d 1343, 1346-48 (Utah 1987). [9] This holding does not extend to the facts of Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987). 1989Kofford v. Flora, 744 P.2d 1343, 1346-48 (Utah 1987). [9] This holding does not extend to the facts of Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987).	1	1989–1989
United States v. Carl Joseph Baller, Jr. green ca4 · 1975 2 sentences 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975). 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975).	1	1987–1987
Hicks v. Virginia green scotus · 1975 2 sentences 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975). 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975).	1	1987–1987
Bomengo v. United States green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975). 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975).	1	1987–1987
Kelly v. Louisiana green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975). 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975).	1	1987–1987
Cunningham v. Columbia, Newberry & Laurens Railroad green sc · 1914 2 sentences 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975). 1987See, e.g., Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985); United States v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1117 , 99 S.Ct. 1025 , 59 L.Ed.2d 77 (1979); United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019 , 96 S.Ct. 456 , 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975).	1	1987–1987

Where else courts name it

NY 396 (1979–2026) IL 308 (1983–2026) PA 240 (1977–2026) WA 219 (1978–2026) FL 180 (1983–2026) CA 138 (1976–2026) MD 60 (1978–2025) AZ 59 (1982–2016) NJ 52 (1978–2026) KS 48 (1981–2020) MO 47 (1985–2024) TX 38 (1984–2026) MA 33 (1975–2024) AL 32 (1984–2017) CO 30 (1982–2021) MN 29 (1980–2026) CT 29 (1984–2005) NE 25 (1992–2017) MS 25 (1990–2008) AK 23 (1983–2019) DC 23 (1979–2026) MI 22 (1977–2024) OH 19 (1975–2023) VA 17 (1988–2010) IN 17 (1984–2023) SD 15 (1985–2026) WV 14 (1980–2015) DE 10 (1985–2025) NM 10 (1993–2016) KY 10 (1991–2015) TN 10 (1986–2014) WI 10 (1981–2021) ID 10 (1984–2013) GA 9 (1982–2020) NH 9 (1992–2004) IA 8 (1986–2025) AR 8 (1989–1996) UT 8 (1980–2019) OR 7 (1984–2024) LA 7 (1982–2018) RI 7 (1985–2020) WY 6 (1983–2025) VT 6 (1993–2009) HI 6 (1992–2020) NC 6 (1984–2004) OK 6 (1994–2025) MT 6 (1991–2013) SC 5 (1990–2026) ND 4 (1983–2005) ME 3 (1978–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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