47 New York opinions name it 5 courts 1875–2026 12 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Front, Inc. v. Khalilgreen2 sentences2026The court's dismissal of the defamation claim on the basis of the litigation privilege was correct only insofar as premised on statements made in the complaint (or otherwise to the court) in the Hodges Action ( see generally Front, Inc. v Khalil , 24 NY3d 713, 718 [2015]). 2026The court's dismissal of the defamation claim on the basis of the litigation privilege was correct only insofar as premised on statements made in the complaint (or otherwise to the court) in the Hodges Action ( see generally Front, Inc. v Khalil , 24 NY3d 713, 718 [2015]). | 4 | 6 |
Flomenhaft v. Finkelsteingreen2 sentences2021Issues of fact exist as to the applicability of the litigation privilege to statements made in Kesha's California action, since a jury could find that Kesha commenced that action, in which she alleged that Gottwald drugged and raped her, to pressure Gottwald into renegotiating her contracts or to release her from her contracts with plaintiffs ( see Flomenhaft v Finkelstein , 127 AD3d 634, 637 [1st Dept 2015]). 2019The court also properly determined that issues of fact remained as to whether the litigation privilege extended to the Bern defendants' court filings ( see Flomenhaft v Finkelstein , 127 AD3d 634, 638 [1st Dept 2015]). | 3 | 3 |
TRB Acquisitions LLC v. Yedidgreen2 sentences2025ENTERED: June 26, 2025 Footnotes Footnote 1: In a prior appeal, this Court addressed the application of the litigation privilege ( TRB Acquisitions LLC v Yedid, 215 AD3d 40, 49 [1st Dept 2023]). 2025ENTERED: June 26, 2025 Footnotes Footnote 1: In a prior appeal, this Court addressed the application of the litigation privilege ( TRB Acquisitions LLC v Yedid, 215 AD3d 40, 49 [1st Dept 2023]). | 2 | 2 |
Xiao Yang Chen v. Fischergreen2 sentences2020The doctrine of res judicata bars the litigation of a claim if, in a former litigation between the parties, or those in privity with them, in which there was a final conclusion, the subject matter and the causes of action are identical or substantially identical ( see Xiao Yang Chen v Fischer , 6 NY3d 94, 100 ; O'Connell v Corcoran , 1 NY3d 179, 184-185 ; Williams v City of Yonkers , 160 AD3d 1017 , 1018-1019). 2018The doctrine of res judicata bars the litigation of a claim or defense if, in a former litigation between the parties, or those in privity with them, in which there was a final conclusion, the subject matter and the causes of action are identical or substantially identical ( see Xiao Yang Chen v Fischer, 6 NY3d 94, 100 ; O'Connell v Corcoran, 1 NY3d 179, 184-185 ). | 1 | 3 |
Lacher v. Engelgreen2 sentences2023In its analysis of the applicability of the absolute privilege, the Appellate Division relied upon a line of cases holding that this privilege may be “lost if abused” in certain circumstances (Halperin v Salvan, 117 AD2d 544 , 548 [1st Dept 1986]), for example, if the underlying action was brought with malice (see Lacher v Engel, 33 AD3d 10, 14 [1st Dept 2006]). 2021The litigation privilege "will not be conferred where the underlying lawsuit was a sham action brought solely to defame the defendant" ( id . at 638, citing Lacher v Engel , 33 AD3d 10 [1st Dept 2006]). | 1 | 2 |
Park Knoll Associates v. Schmidtgreen2 sentences2023As noted, the privilege recognized in Brandt is, like the litigation privilege, "absolute" ( id. at 571; see generally Park Knoll , 59 NY2d at 208-209 [comparing absolute and qualified privileges]). 2023Ultimately, although the perjury case law may appropriately be considered a subset of the broader set of precedents regarding the litigation privilege ( see Park Knoll , 59 NY2d at 209-210 [describing general contours of the privilege]), it remains that there appears to be no acknowledgement or exploration of the interplay between these rules. | 1 | 2 |
Ackerman v. Price Waterhousegreen2 sentences2026Once these prerequisites are satisfied, the factors in CPLR § 902 must be considered (Ackerman v Price Waterhouse, 252 AD2d 179, 191 [1st Dept 1998]): (1) the interest of members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (2) the impracticability or inefficiency of prosecuting or defending separate actions; (3) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class; (4) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum; [and] (5) t 2026The plaintiff must establish by competent evidence the requirements set forth in CPLR §§ 901 and 902 for obtaining class certification (see Ackerman, 252 AD2d at 191 ) but a trial court has broad discretion in determining whether a matter qualifies as a class action (Rabouin v Metro. | 1 | 1 |
Tanzer v. Turbodyne Corp.green2 sentences2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179; Friar , 78 AD2d 83), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against class 2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420 ; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179 ; Friar , 78 AD2d 83 ), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against cl | 1 | 1 |
People v. Riveragreen2 sentences2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179; Friar , 78 AD2d 83), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against class 2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420 ; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179 ; Friar , 78 AD2d 83 ), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against cl | 1 | 1 |
Guenther v. Ridgway Co.green1 sentence2023Footnote 2: "Blackmail has frequently been construed by the courts as synonymous with extortion" ( Guenther v Ridgway Co. , 170 App Div 725, 727 [1st Dept 1915]), and any differences are immaterial here. | 1 | 1 |
Basis Yield Alpha Fund v. Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.green2 sentences2023This is sufficient at this stage of the litigation and the claim is not dismissed ( see Basis Yield , 115 AD3d at 140). 2023This is sufficient at this stage of the litigation and the claim is not dismissed ( see Basis Yield , 115 AD3d at 140). | 1 | 1 |
Hyman v. Schwartzgreen1 sentence2021Many of defendants' proposed new allegations assert defamation or intentional infliction of emotional distress claims that were either time-barred ( see CPLR 215 [3]), protected by plaintiffs' constitutional right to petition the government for redress of grievances ( see US Const Amend I; NY Const art I, § 9), protected by the litigation privilege ( see Manhattan Sports Rests. of Am., LLC v Lieu , 146 AD3d 727, 727 [2017]; Hyman v Schwartz , 137 AD3d 1343, 1344 [2016]), or raised words or conduct that would not be actionable because they were opinions or did not rise to the level of outrageou | 1 | 1 |
Manhattan Sports Restaurants of America, LLC v. Lieugreen1 sentence2021Many of defendants' proposed new allegations assert defamation or intentional infliction of emotional distress claims that were either time-barred ( see CPLR 215 [3]), protected by plaintiffs' constitutional right to petition the government for redress of grievances ( see US Const Amend I; NY Const art I, § 9), protected by the litigation privilege ( see Manhattan Sports Rests. of Am., LLC v Lieu , 146 AD3d 727, 727 [2017]; Hyman v Schwartz , 137 AD3d 1343, 1344 [2016]), or raised words or conduct that would not be actionable because they were opinions or did not rise to the level of outrageou | 1 | 1 |
Duncan v. Louisianagreen1 sentence2020Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed. - 13 - People v Robert Maffei No. 25 RIVERA, J. (dissenting): A defendant has a constitutional right to be tried by an impartial jury (Duncan v Louisiana, 391 US 145, 153, 162 [1968]; People v Torpey, 63 NY2d 361, 365 [1984]). | 1 | 1 |
Stepanov v. Dow Jones & Co.green1 sentence2020"On a motion to dismiss a defamation claim, the court must decide whether the statements, considered in the context of the entire publication, are 'reasonably susceptible of a defamatory connotation,' such that the issue is worthy of submission to a jury" ( Stepanov v Dow Jones & Co. , 120 AD3d at 34). | 1 | 1 |
People v. Torpeygreen1 sentence2020Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed. - 13 - People v Robert Maffei No. 25 RIVERA, J. (dissenting): A defendant has a constitutional right to be tried by an impartial jury (Duncan v Louisiana, 391 US 145, 153, 162 [1968]; People v Torpey, 63 NY2d 361, 365 [1984]). | 1 | 1 |
Kuriansky v. Bed-Stuy Health Care Corp.green1 sentence2020Defendants' reference in their notice of motion to the potential applicability of an "absolute and qualified privilege[]," without identifying the specific privilege or privileges upon which they sought to rely and without any legal argument to alert plaintiff or the court to the precise theory raised, was insufficient to preserve defendants' current reliance on the litigation privilege, the common interest privilege, and the governmental official privilege ( see Kuriansky v Bed-Stuy Health Care Corp. , 73 NY2d 875, 876 [1988]; see generally U.S. Bank N.A. v DLJ Mtge. | 1 | 1 |
| Curiano v. Suozzigreen | 1 | 1 |
| In Re Teleglobe Communications Corp.green | 1 | 1 |
| United States v. BDO Seidman, LLPgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Krauss v. Globe International, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Ambac Assurance Corp. v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Parisi v. Leppardgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Cahill v. Regangreen | 1 | 1 |
| In re Attorneys in Violation of Judiciary Law § 468-agreen | 1 | 1 |
| Lightning Park, Inc. v. Wise Lerman & Katz, P. C.green | 1 | 1 |
| Bloom v. St. Paul Travelers Companiesgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Anonymous v. Anonymousgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Licari v. Elliottgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Arons v. Jutkowitzgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Berlin Convalescent Center, Inc. v. Stonemangreen | 1 | 1 |
| Berisha v. Hardygreen | 1 | 1 |
| American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. Conwaygreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
O'CONNELL v. Corcoran
green
2 sentences2020The doctrine of res judicata bars the litigation of a claim if, in a former litigation between the parties, or those in privity with them, in which there was a final conclusion, the subject matter and the causes of action are identical or substantially identical ( see Xiao Yang Chen v Fischer , 6 NY3d 94, 100 ; O'Connell v Corcoran , 1 NY3d 179, 184-185 ; Williams v City of Yonkers , 160 AD3d 1017 , 1018-1019). 2018The doctrine of res judicata bars the litigation of a claim or defense if, in a former litigation between the parties, or those in privity with them, in which there was a final conclusion, the subject matter and the causes of action are identical or substantially identical ( see Xiao Yang Chen v Fischer, 6 NY3d 94, 100 ; O'Connell v Corcoran, 1 NY3d 179, 184-185 ). | 3 | 2018–2020 |
Bollen v. Consolidated Rail Corp.
green
2 sentences2023Inasmuch as plaintiffs' complaint does not allege that defendant's attempted extortion was based on threats to testify truthfully, the parties' briefs understandably do not thoroughly examine the relative benefits and detriments of an exception for extortion threats to provide truthful testimony in litigation. [FN3] Consequently, because plaintiffs' complaint only alleges threats to commit perjury—and considering (1) the risk, however small, of increasing the potential for "harassment and fear of financial hazard" for "those discharging a public function" ( Park Knoll at 209) and (2) the litig 2023In its analysis of the applicability of the absolute privilege, the Appellate Division relied upon a line of cases holding that this privilege may be “lost if abused” in certain circumstances (Halperin v Salvan, 117 AD2d 544 , 548 [1st Dept 1986]), for example, if the underlying action was brought with malice (see Lacher v Engel, 33 AD3d 10, 14 [1st Dept 2006]). | 2 | 2023–2023 |
Lewis v. Jones
green
2 sentences2012Moreover, the allegations of looting, when combined with the other allegations of oppression relating to the interests of the Ferolito Trust, are sufficient at this point in the litigation to state a claim for common-law dissolution (see Lewis, 107 AD2d at 932 ). 2012Moreover, the allegations of looting, when combined with the other allegations of oppression relating to the interests of the Ferolito Trust, are sufficient at this point in the litigation to state a claim for common-law dissolution (see Lewis, 107 AD2d at 932 ). | 2 | 2012–2012 |
Reiner v. Kane
neutral
2 sentences2003The court finds that the interests of justice provide adequate reason to place an appropriate bar on the ability of the named plaintiffs to commence and pursue identical claims before other forums pending a determination of the scope and nature of this litigation and a further order of this court (Reiner v Kane, 9 AD2d 773 [2d Dept 1959], lv denied 9 AD2d 893 [2d Dept 1959]; 67A NY Jur 2d, Injunctions § 117 [“Injunction Against Judicial Proceedings . . . 2003The court finds that the interests of justice provide adequate reason to place an appropriate bar on the ability of the named plaintiffs to commence and pursue identical claims before other forums pending a determination of the scope and nature of this litigation and a further order of this court ( Reiner v Kane , 9 AD2d 773 [2d Dept 1959], lv denied 9 AD2d 893 [2d Dept 1959]; 67A NY Jur 2d, Injunctions § 117 ["Injunction Against Judicial Proceedings . . . | 2 | 2003–2003 |
People v. Torres
neutral
2 sentences2003The court finds that the interests of justice provide adequate reason to place an appropriate bar on the ability of the named plaintiffs to commence and pursue identical claims before other forums pending a determination of the scope and nature of this litigation and a further order of this court (Reiner v Kane, 9 AD2d 773 [2d Dept 1959], lv denied 9 AD2d 893 [2d Dept 1959]; 67A NY Jur 2d, Injunctions § 117 [“Injunction Against Judicial Proceedings . . . 2003The court finds that the interests of justice provide adequate reason to place an appropriate bar on the ability of the named plaintiffs to commence and pursue identical claims before other forums pending a determination of the scope and nature of this litigation and a further order of this court ( Reiner v Kane , 9 AD2d 773 [2d Dept 1959], lv denied 9 AD2d 893 [2d Dept 1959]; 67A NY Jur 2d, Injunctions § 117 ["Injunction Against Judicial Proceedings . . . | 2 | 2003–2003 |
Wepy v. Shen
green
2 sentences1999“There is no logical end to the litigation inquiry once individual boundaries are crossed.” (Id., at 1061.) Citing Davis v Elandem Realty Co. ( 226 AD2d 419 ) and Wepy v Shen ( 175 AD2d 124 ), defendants argue that an IQ evaluation of the mother is a “logical extension of cases allowing for the disclosure of academic records in cases where there may be a genetic explanation for a child’s cognitive performance or for specific injuries claimed.” There is a vast difference, however, between the disclosure of available academic records and subjecting a party, who has not injected his or her mental 1999“There is no logical end to the litigation inquiry once individual boundaries are crossed.” (Id., at 1061.) Citing Davis v Elandem Realty Co. ( 226 AD2d 419 ) and Wepy v Shen ( 175 AD2d 124 ), defendants argue that an IQ evaluation of the mother is a “logical extension of cases allowing for the disclosure of academic records in cases where there may be a genetic explanation for a child’s cognitive performance or for specific injuries claimed.” There is a vast difference, however, between the disclosure of available academic records and subjecting a party, who has not injected his or her mental | 2 | 1999–1999 |
Davis v. Eiandem Realty Co.
green
2 sentences1999“There is no logical end to the litigation inquiry once individual boundaries are crossed.” (Id., at 1061.) Citing Davis v Elandem Realty Co. ( 226 AD2d 419 ) and Wepy v Shen ( 175 AD2d 124 ), defendants argue that an IQ evaluation of the mother is a “logical extension of cases allowing for the disclosure of academic records in cases where there may be a genetic explanation for a child’s cognitive performance or for specific injuries claimed.” There is a vast difference, however, between the disclosure of available academic records and subjecting a party, who has not injected his or her mental 1999“There is no logical end to the litigation inquiry once individual boundaries are crossed.” (Id., at 1061.) Citing Davis v Elandem Realty Co. ( 226 AD2d 419 ) and Wepy v Shen ( 175 AD2d 124 ), defendants argue that an IQ evaluation of the mother is a “logical extension of cases allowing for the disclosure of academic records in cases where there may be a genetic explanation for a child’s cognitive performance or for specific injuries claimed.” There is a vast difference, however, between the disclosure of available academic records and subjecting a party, who has not injected his or her mental | 2 | 1999–1999 |
Pludeman v. Northern Leasing Systems, Inc.
green
2 sentences2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179; Friar , 78 AD2d 83), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against class 2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420 ; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179 ; Friar , 78 AD2d 83 ), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against cl | 1 | 2023–2023 |
Friar v. Vanguard Holding Corp.
green
2 sentences2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179; Friar , 78 AD2d 83), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against class 2023Indeed, despite the compulsory language within CPLR § 902, requiring that the court consider the factors therein, most cases simply do not discuss them ( see generally Pludeman , 74 AD3d 420 ; Ackerman, 52 AD2d 179 ; Friar , 78 AD2d 83 ), some only discuss a few of those factors ( Tanzer v Turbodyne Corp. , 68 AD2d 614, 621 [1st Dept 1979] [Court held that because the action brought in New York involved Delware corporations governed by Delaware law, CPLR § 902(4) - "[t]he desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claim in the particular forum" - militated against cl | 1 | 2023–2023 |
Youmans v. . Smith
green
2 sentences2023One set of cases, starting with Youmans ( 153 NY 214 ), analyzes whether statements or materials, in "a proceeding before a court," are "'pertinent to the questions involved'" ( Front, Inc. , 24 NY3d at 717 , quoting Youmans , 153 NY at 219 ) and thus whether the absolute litigation privilege obtains, most often in relation to defamation claims ( see e.g. 2023One set of cases, starting with Youmans ( 153 NY 214 ), analyzes whether statements or materials, in "a proceeding before a court," are "'pertinent to the questions involved'" ( Front, Inc. , 24 NY3d at 717 , quoting Youmans , 153 NY at 219 ) and thus whether the absolute litigation privilege obtains, most often in relation to defamation claims ( see e.g. | 1 | 2023–2023 |
Nussenzweig v. diCorcia
green
1 sentence2023Nussenzweig v diCorcia , 38 AD3d 339, 340 [1st Dept 2007], affd 9 NY3d 184 [2007]). [FN4] Under the circumstances, defendant's invocation of the absolute privilege for statements made in and pertinent to a judicial proceeding to immunize the conduct alleged constitutes abuse of the privilege. | 1 | 2023–2023 |
Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia
green
1 sentence2023Nussenzweig v diCorcia , 38 AD3d 339, 340 [1st Dept 2007], affd 9 NY3d 184 [2007]). [FN4] Under the circumstances, defendant's invocation of the absolute privilege for statements made in and pertinent to a judicial proceeding to immunize the conduct alleged constitutes abuse of the privilege. | 1 | 2023–2023 |
Bayer v. City of New York
green
1 sentence2020"An order granting a summary judgment motion is on the merits and has preclusive effect" ( Bayer v City of New York , 115 AD3d 897, 899 ). | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| O'Brien v. City of Syracuse green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| Cangro v. Rosado green | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| Cangro v. Rosado neutral | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| Cangro v. Reitano neutral | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| Cangro v. Reitano green | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| In Re the Regents of the University of California green | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| Gorham v. United States green | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| People v. Osorio green | 1 | 2014–2014 |
| Dufel v. Green green | 1 | 2010–2010 |
| Prefabco, Inc. v. Olin Corp. green | 1 | 2010–2010 |
| People v. Williams green | 1 | 2008–2008 |
| American Banana Co. v. Venezolana Internacional De Aviacion S. A. green | 1 | 2006–2006 |
| American Banana Co. v. Venezolana Internacional De Aviacion, S. A. neutral | 1 | 2006–2006 |
| Roddy v. Roddy green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Mountz v. Global Vision Products, Inc. green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| In re Marzett L. green | 1 | 2001–2001 |
| Carson v. Southern Railway Co. green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| City of Beacon v. County of Dutchess green | 1 | 1988–1988 |
| Wemett v. County of Onondaga green | 1 | 1979–1979 |
| Meyer v. Fleming green | 1 | 1975–1975 |
| City of Buffalo v. Hanna Furnace Corp. green | 1 | 1967–1967 |
| Smith v. . Brooklyn Savings Bank green | 1 | 1890–1890 |
| Appleby v. . Erie County Savings Bank green | 1 | 1890–1890 |
| Allen v. . Williamsburgh Savings Bank green | 1 | 1890–1890 |
| Helck v. . Reinheimer green | 1 | 1888–1888 |
| Seaman v. Seaman neutral | 1 | 1875–1875 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.