lien claim (New York) · Go Syfert
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lien claim in New York

46 New York opinions name it 6 courts 1887–2025 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
Altshuler Shaham Provident Funds, Ltd. v. GML Tower, LLCgreen
ny · 2013 · cited in 4 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2020
2 sentences

2020The purpose of section 22 is "to permit contractors on construction projects 'to learn exactly what sum the loan in fact made available to the owner of the real estate for the project' " ( Altshuler Shaham Provident Funds, Ltd. v GML [*2]Tower, LLC , 21 NY3d 352, 363 [2013], quoting Nanuet Natl.

2014As the Court of Appeals noted in Altshuler Shaham Provident Funds, Ltd. v GML Tower, LLC ( 21 NY3d 352, 364-365 [2013], rearg denied 21 NY3d 1047 [2013]), “the reason for public filing is to allow any interested contractors, subcontractors and material suppliers to discover the level of financing available for construction so that they might guide their actions accordingly” (see Nanuet Natl.

34
P. T. McDermott, Inc. v. Lawyers Mortgage Co.green
ny · 1922 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Co., 232 NY 336, 348 [1922]), i.e., “the interest of each party to such contract in the real property affected thereby[ ] is subject to the lien and claim of a person who shall thereafter file a notice of lien under this chapter” (§ 22), including subsequent mechanic’s liens.

2014Co., 232 NY 336, 348 [1922]), i.e., “the interest of each party to such contract in the real property affected thereby[ ] is subject to the lien and claim of a person who shall thereafter file a notice of lien under this chapter” (§ 22), including subsequent mechanic’s liens.

23
People v. Watsongreen
nyappdiv · 2011 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024In addition, the court properly dismissed the lien foreclosure claim based on the conclusive evidence that plaintiff willfully exaggerated the mechanic's lien in violation [*2]of Lien Law § 39-a by including in that lien the amounts it had waived in a December 2016 waiver ( see Northe Group, Inc. v Spread NYC, LLC , 88 AD3d 557, 557 [1st Dept 2011]).

2024In addition, the court properly dismissed the lien foreclosure claim based on the conclusive evidence that plaintiff willfully exaggerated the mechanic's lien in violation [*2]of Lien Law § 39-a by including in that lien the amounts it had waived in a December 2016 waiver ( see Northe Group, Inc. v Spread NYC, LLC , 88 AD3d 557, 557 [1st Dept 2011]).

22
McMahan & Co. v. Bassgreen
nyappdiv · 1998 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014This is an action in contract, to which plaintiffs appended a number of superfluous tort claims including conversion (see Saint Patrick’s Home for Aged & Infirm v Laticrete Intl., 267 AD2d 166 [1st Dept 1999]; McMahan & Co. v Bass, 250 AD2d 460, 462 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied, lv dismissed 92 NY2d 1013 [1998]), and in response to which defendants interposed an artisan’s lien defense and a counterclaim for the balance due under an invoice memorializing the parties’ agreement.

2014This is an action in contract, to which plaintiffs appended a number of superfluous tort claims including conversion (see Saint Patrick’s Home for Aged & Infirm v Laticrete Intl., 267 AD2d 166 [1st Dept 1999]; McMahan & Co. v Bass, 250 AD2d 460, 462 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied, lv dismissed 92 NY2d 1013 [1998]), and in response to which defendants interposed an artisan’s lien defense and a counterclaim for the balance due under an invoice memorializing the parties’ agreement.

22
Claim of Robinette v. Arnold Meyer Sign Co.green
nyappdiv · 1974 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Here, in several letters written to claimant’s counsel prior to settlement of the third-party claim, the administrator expressly reserved “all of our rights and that of our client under [Workers’ Compensation Law § 29].” However, the subsequent settlement agreement, to which the employer was a party, stipulated that all claims would be settled for the amount of $155,000 “plus waiver of [workers’ [c]omp lien.” Inasmuch as the lien waiver set forth in the settlement made no discernment be tween the type of lien — present or future — to be waived pursuant Workers’ Compensation Law § 29, we cannot

2012Here, in several letters written to claimant’s counsel prior to settlement of the third-party claim, the administrator expressly reserved “all of our rights and that of our client under [Workers’ Compensation Law § 29].” However, the subsequent settlement agreement, to which the employer was a party, stipulated that all claims would be settled for the amount of $155,000 “plus waiver of [workers’ [c]omp lien.” Inasmuch as the lien waiver set forth in the settlement made no discernment be tween the type of lien — present or future — to be waived pursuant Workers’ Compensation Law § 29, we cannot

22
In Re the Accounting of Oakesgreen
ny · 1928 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1958–1996
2 sentences

1996In so concluding, Supreme Court ignored the well-settled rule "that one who accepts a conveyance 'subject’ to a lien or claim does not assume by such acceptance the obligation to discharge the lien or satisfy the claim” (Matter of Oakes, 248 NY 280, 284 [Cardozo, Ch.

1996Thus, had the "subject to” language simply referred to "all taxes, assessments, water and sewer rents which are a lien upon the premises”, I would agree with the majority and the well-settled rule detailed in Matter of Oakes ( 248 NY 280, 284 ) that "one who accepts a conveyance 'subject' to a lien or claim does not assume by such acceptance the obligation to discharge the lien or satisfy the claim”.

12
Gause v. 2405 Marion Corp.green
nyappdiv · 2017 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Even if DSS chose to fully litigate the issue before Supreme Court, which the record demonstrates it did not, the claim asserted against the estate was not a lien on a claim for personal injuries ( cf. D.J. v 636 Holding Corp. , 154 AD3d 453, 456 [1st Dept 2017]).

2025Even if DSS chose to fully litigate the issue before Supreme Court, which the record demonstrates it did not, the claim asserted against the estate was not a lien on a claim for personal injuries ( cf. D.J. v 636 Holding Corp. , 154 AD3d 453, 456 [1st Dept 2017]).

11
Aaron v. Great Bay Contracting, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2002 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019This is particularly true given the fact that the issue of exaggeration is one "that [] ordinarily must be determined at the trial of the foreclosure action," as it requires not only a showing of exaggeration, but also that the exaggeration was done intentionally ( Aaron v Great Bay Contr. , 290 AD2d 326, 326 [1st Dept 2002]).

11
STUBBS, JOANNE N. v. CAPELLINI, III, JOHN A.green
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Finally, it is well settled that contentions that are raised for the first time in a reply brief are not properly before us ( see Becker-Manning, Inc. v Common Council of City of Utica , 114 AD3d 1143, 1144 [4th Dept 2014]; Stubbs v Capellini , 108 AD3d 1057, 1059 [4th Dept 2013]; Turner v Canale , 15 AD3d 960, 961 [4th Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 702 [2005]).

11
Becker-Manning, Inc. v. Common Councilgreen
nyappdiv · 2014 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Finally, it is well settled that contentions that are raised for the first time in a reply brief are not properly before us ( see Becker-Manning, Inc. v Common Council of City of Utica , 114 AD3d 1143, 1144 [4th Dept 2014]; Stubbs v Capellini , 108 AD3d 1057, 1059 [4th Dept 2013]; Turner v Canale , 15 AD3d 960, 961 [4th Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 702 [2005]).

11
Turner v. Canalegreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Finally, it is well settled that contentions that are raised for the first time in a reply brief are not properly before us ( see Becker-Manning, Inc. v Common Council of City of Utica , 114 AD3d 1143, 1144 [4th Dept 2014]; Stubbs v Capellini , 108 AD3d 1057, 1059 [4th Dept 2013]; Turner v Canale , 15 AD3d 960, 961 [4th Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 702 [2005]).

11
Dienst v. Paik Construction, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2016 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Here, plaintiff submitted affidavits indicating that the parties' actions and course of dealing demonstrate that the lien waiver should not be construed as a release ( see generally Apollo Steel Corp. v Sicolo & Massaro , 300 AD2d 1021, 1022 [4th Dept 2002]) and, therefore, "the documentary evidence warranted the denial of [the] pre-answer motion to dismiss" ( Dienst v Paik Constr., Inc. , 139 AD3d 607, 608 [1st Dept 2016]).

11
Apollo Steel Corp. v. Sicolo & Massaro, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2002 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Here, plaintiff submitted affidavits indicating that the parties' actions and course of dealing demonstrate that the lien waiver should not be construed as a release ( see generally Apollo Steel Corp. v Sicolo & Massaro , 300 AD2d 1021, 1022 [4th Dept 2002]) and, therefore, "the documentary evidence warranted the denial of [the] pre-answer motion to dismiss" ( Dienst v Paik Constr., Inc. , 139 AD3d 607, 608 [1st Dept 2016]).

11
Nanuet National Bank v. Eckerson Terrace, Inc.green
ny · 1979 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Bank v Eckerson Terrace, 47 NY2d 243, 247 [1979]; see also Howard Sav.

11
Bacon v. Schlesingergreen
nyappdiv · 1916 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Lewis v. Jim's Boat Yard, Inc.green
nydistctsuffolk · 1973 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (49)

CaseCitedYears
Altshuler Shaham Provident Funds, Ltd. v. GML Tower, LLC green
ny · 2013
2 sentences

2014As the Court of Appeals noted in Altshuler Shaham Provident Funds, Ltd. v GML Tower, LLC ( 21 NY3d 352, 364-365 [2013], rearg denied 21 NY3d 1047 [2013]), “the reason for public filing is to allow any interested contractors, subcontractors and material suppliers to discover the level of financing available for construction so that they might guide their actions accordingly” (see Nanuet Natl.

2014As the Court of Appeals noted in Altshuler Shaham Provident Funds, Ltd. v GML Tower, LLC ( 21 NY3d 352, 364-365 [2013], rearg denied 21 NY3d 1047 [2013]), “the reason for public filing is to allow any interested contractors, subcontractors and material suppliers to discover the level of financing available for construction so that they might guide their actions accordingly” (see Nanuet Natl.

32014–2014
Lmwt Realty Corp. v. Davis Agency Inc. green
ny · 1995
2 sentences

2013The law is clear that “a claim may . . . supersede an attorney’s lien if the claim is both prior in time and a charge against the specific fund upon which the attorney’s lien attaches, not merely general indebtedness asserted against the client” (LMWT Realty Corp., 85 NY2d at 468 ).

2013The law is clear that “a claim may . . . supersede an attorney’s lien if the claim is both prior in time and a charge against the specific fund upon which the attorney’s lien attaches, not merely general indebtedness asserted against the client” (LMWT Realty Corp., 85 NY2d at 468 ).

32013–2013
Bargabos Construction Co. v. Realty International, Inc. green
nysupct · 1978
2 sentences

2024Co. v Realty Intl., 96 Misc 2d 1028, 1029 )." Crossland Sav., FSB v. Sutton E.

2000Co. v Realty Intl., 96 Misc 2d 1028, 1029 ).

22000–2024
McMahan & Co. v. Bass green
ny · 1998
2 sentences

2014This is an action in contract, to which plaintiffs appended a number of superfluous tort claims including conversion (see Saint Patrick’s Home for Aged & Infirm v Laticrete Intl., 267 AD2d 166 [1st Dept 1999]; McMahan & Co. v Bass, 250 AD2d 460, 462 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied, lv dismissed 92 NY2d 1013 [1998]), and in response to which defendants interposed an artisan’s lien defense and a counterclaim for the balance due under an invoice memorializing the parties’ agreement.

2014This is an action in contract, to which plaintiffs appended a number of superfluous tort claims including conversion (see Saint Patrick’s Home for Aged & Infirm v Laticrete Intl., 267 AD2d 166 [1st Dept 1999]; McMahan & Co. v Bass, 250 AD2d 460, 462 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied, lv dismissed 92 NY2d 1013 [1998]), and in response to which defendants interposed an artisan’s lien defense and a counterclaim for the balance due under an invoice memorializing the parties’ agreement.

22014–2014
Saint Patrick's Home for the Aged & Infirm v. Laticrete International, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1999
2 sentences

2014This is an action in contract, to which plaintiffs appended a number of superfluous tort claims including conversion (see Saint Patrick’s Home for Aged & Infirm v Laticrete Intl., 267 AD2d 166 [1st Dept 1999]; McMahan & Co. v Bass, 250 AD2d 460, 462 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied, lv dismissed 92 NY2d 1013 [1998]), and in response to which defendants interposed an artisan’s lien defense and a counterclaim for the balance due under an invoice memorializing the parties’ agreement.

2014This is an action in contract, to which plaintiffs appended a number of superfluous tort claims including conversion (see Saint Patrick’s Home for Aged & Infirm v Laticrete Intl., 267 AD2d 166 [1st Dept 1999]; McMahan & Co. v Bass, 250 AD2d 460, 462 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied, lv dismissed 92 NY2d 1013 [1998]), and in response to which defendants interposed an artisan’s lien defense and a counterclaim for the balance due under an invoice memorializing the parties’ agreement.

22014–2014
Hilton v. Truss Systems, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1981
2 sentences

2012Here, in several letters written to claimant’s counsel prior to settlement of the third-party claim, the administrator expressly reserved “all of our rights and that of our client under [Workers’ Compensation Law § 29].” However, the subsequent settlement agreement, to which the employer was a party, stipulated that all claims would be settled for the amount of $155,000 “plus waiver of [workers’ [c]omp lien.” Inasmuch as the lien waiver set forth in the settlement made no discernment be tween the type of lien — present or future — to be waived pursuant Workers’ Compensation Law § 29, we cannot

2012Here, in several letters written to claimant’s counsel prior to settlement of the third-party claim, the administrator expressly reserved “all of our rights and that of our client under [Workers’ Compensation Law § 29].” However, the subsequent settlement agreement, to which the employer was a party, stipulated that all claims would be settled for the amount of $155,000 “plus waiver of [workers’ [c]omp lien.” Inasmuch as the lien waiver set forth in the settlement made no discernment be tween the type of lien — present or future — to be waived pursuant Workers’ Compensation Law § 29, we cannot

22012–2012
Goldberger-Raabin, Inc. v. 74 Second Avenue Corp. green
ny · 1929
2 sentences

1970Corp. (supra) also cited in the minority opinion, is not a holding supporting the proposition that any portion of the Melbros claim is not lienable; that case deals with personal services, and only that portion of such services as was directed to aiding or assisting the procurement of subcontracts or subcontractors was excluded from the lien claim; also excluded were lost profits, arising from failure of an owner to complete the construction of a building, partially begun, because of financial inability.

1953Corp., 252 N. Y. 336, 342 .) This conclusion, we believe, is in accordance with the intent of the Legislature as reflected not only in sections 12-a and 23 of the Lien Law but by the successive amendments to that statute which have extended its protection to additional classes of persons, enlarged its scope as to materials lien-able and strengthened its provisions for the enforcement of mechanic’s liens.

21953–1970
Arkansas Department of Health & Human Services v. Ahlborn green
scotus · 2006
2 sentences

2025Therefore, any reliance on Arkansas Dept. of Health and Human Services v Ahlborn ( 547 US 268 [2006]) is misplaced.

2025Therefore, any reliance on Arkansas Dept. of Health and Human Services v Ahlborn ( 547 US 268 [2006]) is misplaced.

12025–2025
Lopez v. 157-161 E. 28th St., LLC neutral
nyappdiv · 2022
2 sentences

2025Moreover, it is common practice for a lien waiver to be issued before final payment is made, ensuring that the release only takes effect when payment clears ( see Lopez v 157-161 E. 28th St., LLC , 209 AD3d 495 [2022]; Spectrum Painting Contrs., Inc. v Kreisler Borg Florman Gen.

2025Moreover, it is common practice for a lien waiver to be issued before final payment is made, ensuring that the release only takes effect when payment clears ( see Lopez v 157-161 E. 28th St., LLC , 209 AD3d 495 [2022]; Spectrum Painting Contrs., Inc. v Kreisler Borg Florman Gen.

12025–2025
Brodsky v. New York City Campaign Finance Board green
nyappdiv · 2013
1 sentence

2022Bd. , 107 AD3d 544 , 545-546 [1st Dept 2013]).

12022–2022
150 Broadway N.Y. Associates, L.P. v. Bodner green
nyappdiv · 2004
2 sentences

2019The IAS court properly found that Nissan's reliance on the lien waiver did not "conclusively establish" its defense that the lien was willfully exaggerated ( 150 Broadway , 14 AD3d at 5 ).

2019The IAS court properly found that Nissan's reliance on the lien waiver did not "conclusively establish" its defense that the lien was willfully exaggerated ( 150 Broadway , 14 AD3d at 5 ).

12019–2019
People v. Hemphill neutral
nyappdiv · 1998
2 sentences

2019It is uncontested that the lien waiver at issue was not accompanied by the payment that plaintiff had expected to receive ( Katz v Anchor Constr. , 247 AD2d 339 [1st Dept 1998]).

2019It is uncontested that the lien waiver at issue was not accompanied by the payment that plaintiff had expected to receive ( Katz v Anchor Constr. , 247 AD2d 339 [1st Dept 1998]).

12019–2019
Secco Elec. Corp. v. Kalikow green
ny · 2005
1 sentence

2018Finally, it is well settled that contentions that are raised for the first time in a reply brief are not properly before us ( see Becker-Manning, Inc. v Common Council of City of Utica , 114 AD3d 1143, 1144 [4th Dept 2014]; Stubbs v Capellini , 108 AD3d 1057, 1059 [4th Dept 2013]; Turner v Canale , 15 AD3d 960, 961 [4th Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 702 [2005]).

12018–2018
Ruhland v. John W. Cowper Co. neutral
nyappdiv · 1979
2 sentences

2011Moreover, even assuming that the lien waiver is ambiguous and the intent of the parties cannot be ascertained from the four corners of the document, as concluded by the motion court, such determination, in and of itself, compels dismissal of the third-party complaint (see Ruhland v Cowper Co., 72 AD2d 907 [1979], affd 52 NY2d 756 [1980]).

2011Moreover, even assuming that the lien waiver is ambiguous and the intent of the parties cannot be ascertained from the four corners of the document, as concluded by the motion court, such determination, in and of itself, compels dismissal of the third-party complaint (see Ruhland v Cowper Co., 72 AD2d 907 [1979], affd 52 NY2d 756 [1980]).

12011–2011
Ruhland v. JOHN W. COWPER CO., INC. neutral
ny · 1980
2 sentences

2011Moreover, even assuming that the lien waiver is ambiguous and the intent of the parties cannot be ascertained from the four corners of the document, as concluded by the motion court, such determination, in and of itself, compels dismissal of the third-party complaint (see Ruhland v Cowper Co., 72 AD2d 907 [1979], affd 52 NY2d 756 [1980]).

2011Moreover, even assuming that the lien waiver is ambiguous and the intent of the parties cannot be ascertained from the four corners of the document, as concluded by the motion court, such determination, in and of itself, compels dismissal of the third-party complaint (see Ruhland v Cowper Co., 72 AD2d 907 [1979], affd 52 NY2d 756 [1980]).

12011–2011
Sweet v. Fresno Hotel Co. green
· 1917
1 sentence

2003In Sweet, the court relied on that legal distinction to uphold a mechanics’ lien arising from an individual’s contract to “furnish all common labor and carpenter labor” necessary to the construction of a building, and to reject the same party’s lien claim based on an earlier agreement to “assume [] and agree [ ] to pay all of the wages” due to the contractor’s workers (174 Cal at 795-796, 164 P at 790-791 ).

12003–2003
Bizar & Martin v. U.S. Ice Cream Corp. green
nyappdiv · 1996
11997–1997
Shaw v. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. green
ny · 1986
11997–1997
Bacon v. . Schlesinger neutral
ny · 1918
11995–1995
In re the Conservatorship of Moretti green
nysupct · 1993
11994–1994
Barnes v. City of New York green
nyappdiv · 1979
11989–1989
Lewis v. Jim's Boat Yard, Inc. green
nydistctsuffolk · 1972
11989–1989
Smith v. Wilson green
nyappdiv · 1987
11989–1989
Kelly v. State Insurance Fund green
ny · 1983
11983–1983
Ulster Savings Bank v. Total Communities, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1976
11978–1978
State Bank v. Dan-Bar Contracting Co. green
nysupct · 1960
11977–1977
Triangle Erectors, Inc. v. James King & Son., Inc. neutral
nysupct · 1963
11977–1977
State Bank of Albany v. DAN-BAR CONTRACTING CO., INC. neutral
ny · 1962
11977–1977
State Bank v. Dan-Bar Contracting Co. neutral
nyappdiv · 1961
11977–1977
Scales-Douwes Corp. v. Paulaura Realty Corp. green
ny · 1969
11977–1977
Daniel-Morris Co. v. Glens Falls Indemnity Co. green
ny · 1955
11977–1977
John H. Reetz, Inc. v. Stackler green
nysupct · 1960
11976–1976
Schwartz v. . Cahill neutral
ny · 1917
11958–1958
Bennett v. . Bates green
· 1884
11958–1958
Granlund v. Saraf green
mass · 1928
11955–1955
J. A. Fay & Egan Co. v. Independent Lumber Co. green
ala · 1912
11955–1955
J. A. Fay & Egan Co. v. Louis Cohn & Bros. green
miss · 1930
11955–1955
Sylvester v. Brockway Motor Truck Corp. green
nyappdiv · 1931
11935–1935
Smith v. Woodworth neutral
nysupct · 1932
11935–1935
Hawkins v. Mapes-Reeve Construction Co. green
· 1903
11922–1922

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Judiciary Law § 475 (5) NY § N.Y. Lien Law § 22 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

LA 128 (1899–2025) IL 126 (1882–2025) CA 96 (1868–2026) PA 94 (1858–2025) MO 53 (1881–2019) NJ 47 (1874–2024) NY 46 (1887–2025) WA 45 (1892–2025) TX 42 (1917–2024) FL 38 (1909–2025) MD 35 (1911–2021) MN 34 (1890–2016) OK 34 (1910–2021) OR 29 (1892–2023) CO 24 (1913–2025) GA 23 (1878–2025) AL 22 (1894–2018) WI 22 (1873–2022) NV 18 (1914–2020) UT 18 (1909–2025) ID 17 (1915–2024) NC 13 (1964–2024) CT 13 (1980–2017) IN 13 (1879–2015) ME 12 (1955–2018) AZ 12 (1968–2012) MI 11 (1934–2022) SD 10 (1911–2025) MT 9 (1919–2019) VA 9 (1966–2010) WY 8 (1940–2007) IA 8 (1961–2021) NM 7 (1931–2020) OH 7 (1894–2022) AR 6 (1905–2014) KY 6 (1869–2017) SC 4 (1997–2014) ND 4 (1952–1998) KS 4 (1938–2022) MA 3 (1973–2011) WV 3 (1911–1948) RI 3 (1991–1998) DE 3 (1938–2017) NE 3 (1897–1992) MS 3 (1924–2014) AK 2 (1977–1981) DC 2 (1979–1991) TN 2 (1944–1977)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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