existing standard (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
← Pennsylvania issues

existing standard in Pennsylvania

44 Pennsylvania opinions name it 5 courts 1897–2025 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

CaseFollowedCited
Leipziger v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Boardgreen
pacommwct · 1974 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1977–1995
2 sentences

1995Leipziger v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 12 Pa. Cmwlth. 417, 420, 315 A.2d 883, 885 (1974) (Citations omitted).

1995Leipziger v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 12 Pa. Commw. 417, 420 , 315 A.2d 883, 885 (1974) (citations omitted).

23
Seebold v. Prison Health Services, Inc.green
pa · 2012 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017“The 50 [Pennsylvania Supreme] Court has said it is ‘reluctan[t] to impose new affirmative duties,’ especially where there is an existing and longstanding framework establishing what duties generally apply, and that a request to add a new duty to such an existing framework ‘require[s] concrete and substantial justification.’” Newell v. Montana West, Inc., 154 A.3d 819, 832 (Pa. Super. 2017) (quoting Seebold, 57 A.3d at 1246 ).

2017The Court has said it is “reluctan[t] to impose new affirmative duties,” especially where there is an existing and longstanding framework establishing what duties generally apply, and that a request to add a new duty to such an existing framework “require[s] concrete and substantial justification.” Id. at 1246.

12
Lineal Industries, Inc. v. Worker's Compensation Appeal Boardgreen
pa · 1995 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2001–2007
2 sentences

2007Id.

2001Lineal, 542 Pa. at 599 , 669 A.2d at 331 (emphasis added).

12
Montejo v. Louisianagreen
scotus · 2009 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020Among the appropriate factors to consider when assessing whether the scales tip in favor of overruling precedent are the “workability” of the existing standard, “the antiquity of the precedent, the reliance interests [J-51-2020] [MO: Donohue, J.] - 2 at stake, and . . . whether the decision was well reasoned.” Montego v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 792-93 (2009).

11
Knick v. Township of Scottgreen
scotus · 2019 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020But, again, and critically, “an argument that we got something wrong — even a good argument to that effect — cannot by itself justify scrapping settled precedent.” Kimble, 576 U.S. at 455 ; see id. (“The doctrine rests on the idea, as Justice Brandeis famously wrote, that it is usually more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right.”) (internal quotation and citation omitted); see also Knick v. Twp. of Scott, ___ U.S. ___, 139 S.Ct. 2162, 2190 (2019) (Kagan, J., dissenting) (“[T]he entire idea of stare decisis is that judges do not get to reverse a deci

11
Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLCgreen
scotus · 2015 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020But, again, and critically, “an argument that we got something wrong — even a good argument to that effect — cannot by itself justify scrapping settled precedent.” Kimble, 576 U.S. at 455 ; see id. (“The doctrine rests on the idea, as Justice Brandeis famously wrote, that it is usually more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right.”) (internal quotation and citation omitted); see also Knick v. Twp. of Scott, ___ U.S. ___, 139 S.Ct. 2162, 2190 (2019) (Kagan, J., dissenting) (“[T]he entire idea of stare decisis is that judges do not get to reverse a deci

2020But, again, and critically, “an argument that we got something wrong — even a good argument to that effect — cannot by itself justify scrapping settled precedent.” Kimble, 576 U.S. at 455 ; see id. (“The doctrine rests on the idea, as Justice Brandeis famously wrote, that it is usually more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right.”) (internal quotation and citation omitted); see also Knick v. Twp. of Scott, ___ U.S. ___, 139 S.Ct. 2162, 2190 (2019) (Kagan, J., dissenting) (“[T]he entire idea of stare decisis is that judges do not get to reverse a deci

11
Yeager v. Zoning Hearing Boardgreen
pacommwct · 2001 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Notably, Hertzberg does not stand for the premise that “a variance must be 9 granted from a dimensional requirement that prevents or financially burdens a property owner’s ability to employ his property exactly as he wishes, so long as the use itself is permitted.” Yeager v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of the City of Allentown, 779 A.2d 595, 598 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001) (emphasis in original). “[A] substantial burden must attend all dimensionally compliant uses of the property, not just the particular use the owner chooses.” Id.

2019Notably, Hertzberg does not stand for the premise that “a variance must be 9 granted from a dimensional requirement that prevents or financially burdens a property owner’s ability to employ his property exactly as he wishes, so long as the use itself is permitted.” Yeager v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of the City of Allentown, 779 A.2d 595, 598 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001) (emphasis in original). “[A] substantial burden must attend all dimensionally compliant uses of the property, not just the particular use the owner chooses.” Id.

11
Newell v. Montana West, Inc.green
pasuperct · 2017 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017“The 50 [Pennsylvania Supreme] Court has said it is ‘reluctan[t] to impose new affirmative duties,’ especially where there is an existing and longstanding framework establishing what duties generally apply, and that a request to add a new duty to such an existing framework ‘require[s] concrete and substantial justification.’” Newell v. Montana West, Inc., 154 A.3d 819, 832 (Pa. Super. 2017) (quoting Seebold, 57 A.3d at 1246 ).

11
Phillips v. Cricket Lightersgreen
pa · 2003 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011We remain committed to DGS’s recognition that the existing doctrine is not to be expanded on its own terms, see id. at 254 n. 10, 898 A.2d at 601 n. 10; see also Phillips, 576 Pa. at 657 , 841 A.2d at 1007 (lead opinion); id,, at 674-75, 841 A.2d at 1018 (Saylor, J., concurring, joined by Castille, J. and Eakin, J.), pending reevaluation and adjustment to address the deficiencies which have become apparent.

2011We remain committed to DGS’s recognition that the existing doctrine is not to be expanded on its own terms, see id. at 254 n. 10, 898 A.2d at 601 n. 10; see also Phillips, 576 Pa. at 657 , 841 A.2d at 1007 (lead opinion); id,, at 674-75, 841 A.2d at 1018 (Saylor, J., concurring, joined by Castille, J. and Eakin, J.), pending reevaluation and adjustment to address the deficiencies which have become apparent.

11
Bugosh v. I.U. North America, Inc.green
pa · 2009 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See Bugosh, 601 Pa. at 277 , 971 A.2d at 1228 . 15 Moreover, after a failed effort to obtain certification from this Court to resolve at least some of the foundational concerns, 16 the Third Circuit attempted to put them to rest by predicting that we would adopt the approach embodied in the Restatement Third of Torts.

2011See Bugosh, 601 Pa. at 277 , 971 A.2d at 1228 . 15 Moreover, after a failed effort to obtain certification from this Court to resolve at least some of the foundational concerns, 16 the Third Circuit attempted to put them to rest by predicting that we would adopt the approach embodied in the Restatement Third of Torts.

11
Commonwealth v. Williamsgreen
pa · 2001 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Commonwealth v. Williams, 566 Pa. 553, 565 , 782 A.2d 517, 524 (2001) (“The practical effect of the legislative scheme as we have interpreted it is to channel claims for post-conviction relief through the PCRA, to ensure that the post-conviction review process remains open for review of certain fundamental claims implicating the reliability of the conviction and/or sentence, but to limit this opportunity in most cases to a single, counseled petition.”).

2009See Commonwealth v. Williams, 566 Pa. 553, 565 , 782 A.2d 517, 524 (2001) (“The practical effect of the legislative scheme as we have interpreted it is to channel claims for post-conviction relief through the PCRA, to ensure that the post-conviction review process remains open for review of certain fundamental claims implicating the reliability of the conviction and/or sentence, but to limit this opportunity in most cases to a single, counseled petition.”).

11
Swartz v. Sunderlandgreen
pa · 1961 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990“They [non-settling parties] will still have their day in court with full opportunity to defend against liability and the reasonableness of the amount paid in settlement of the existing claim.” Id., 403 Pa. at 226 , 169 A.2d at 291 (emphasis in original).

1990“They [non-settling parties] will still have their day in court with full opportunity to defend against liability and the reasonableness of the amount paid in settlement of the existing claim.” Id., 403 Pa. at 226 , 169 A.2d at 291 (emphasis in original).

11
Commonwealth v. Commonwealthgreen
pacommwct · 1979 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980In Department of Labor & Industry v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 46 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 234, 238 , 406 A.2d 354, 356 (1979), we determined that Section 407 will invalidate those “settlements which provide for payments in an amount or for a period different from the amount or period provided in the Act for the particular stated disability.” The parties here stipulated to the date upon which partial disability began and agreed that interest would be waived.

1980In Department of Labor & Industry v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 46 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 234, 238 , 406 A.2d 354, 356 (1979), we determined that Section 407 will invalidate those “settlements which provide for payments in an amount or for a period different from the amount or period provided in the Act for the particular stated disability.” The parties here stipulated to the date upon which partial disability began and agreed that interest would be waived.

11
Powell v. Sutliffgreen
pa · 1963 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
DiCampli v. General Electric Co.green
pasuperct · 1960 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11
Commonwealth v. Entygreen
pa · 1971 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1972–1972
11
In Re the Appeals of Kents 2124 Atlantic Ave., Inc.green
nj · 1961 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1965–1965
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (28)

CaseCitedYears
In the Interest of F.P. green
pasuperct · 2005
2 sentences

2019Court also rejected the notion that unique rules for admissibility of electronic communications should be created, stating "We believe that e-mail messages and similar forms of electronic communication can be properly authenticated within the existing framework of Pa.R.E. 901 and Pennsylvania case law[.]" Id.

2018Court also rejected the notion that unique rules for admissibility of electronic communications should be created, stating "[w]e believe that e-mail messages and similar forms of electronic communication can be properly authenticated within the existing framework of Pa.R.E. 901 and Pennsylvania case law[,]" Id.

32014–2019
Rock v. Pyle green
pasuperct · 1998
2 sentences

2025Id. at 21-22 (discussing Rock, 720 A.2d at 141 ; Rehrer, 91 A.3d at 193; Tri-State Asphalt Corp., 875 A.2d at 1202).

2025Id. at 21-22 (discussing Rock, 720 A.2d at 141 ; Rehrer, 91 A.3d at 193; Tri-State Asphalt Corp., 875 A.2d at 1202).

22025–2025
Commonwealth v. Gorby green
pa · 2001
2 sentences

2006Id. at 384 , 787 A.2d 367 .

2006Id. at 384 , 787 A.2d 367 .

22006–2006
Smitti Et Ux. v. Roth Cadillac Co. neutral
pasuperct · 1941
2 sentences

1976Smitti v. Roth Cadillac Company, 145 Pa. Superior Ct. 292 , 21 A.2d 127 (1941). “. . . ‘Dependency is not affirmatively established by mere proof of the receipt of contributions. . . .’ DiCampli v. General Electric Company, 193 Pa. Superior Ct. 427, 431 , 165 A.2d 255, 257 (1960).

1976Smitti v. Roth Cadillac Company, 145 Pa. Superior Ct. 292 , 21 A.2d 127 (1941). “. . . ‘Dependency is not affirmatively established by mere proof of the receipt of contributions. . . .’ DiCampli v. General Electric Company, 193 Pa. Superior Ct. 427, 431 , 165 A.2d 255, 257 (1960).

21974–1976
Perkinpine v. Hogan green
pasuperct · 1911
2 sentences

1926Supp. 639 ), so long as the value of the land may be diminished, though the contrary is held where the existing claim works no injury: Perkinpine v. Hogan, 47 Pa. Superior Ct. 22 ; Gilham v. Real Estate Trust Co., 203 Pa. 24 .” In the present case, the agreement constitutes what may be called a condition subsequent annexed to the enjoyment of the full use of the land, it must be construed as a covenant running with the land and bears as a charge upon the estate and affects the value thereof, and therefore, is an encumbrance thereon.

1924Supp. 699 ), so long as the value of the land may be diminished, though the contrary is held where the existing claim works no injury: Perkinpine v. Hogan, 47 Pa. Superior Ct. 22 ; Gilham v. Real Estate Trust Co., 203 Pa. 24 .

21924–1926
Gilham v. Real Estate Title, Insurance & Trust Co. neutral
pa · 1902
2 sentences

1926Supp. 639 ), so long as the value of the land may be diminished, though the contrary is held where the existing claim works no injury: Perkinpine v. Hogan, 47 Pa. Superior Ct. 22 ; Gilham v. Real Estate Trust Co., 203 Pa. 24 .” In the present case, the agreement constitutes what may be called a condition subsequent annexed to the enjoyment of the full use of the land, it must be construed as a covenant running with the land and bears as a charge upon the estate and affects the value thereof, and therefore, is an encumbrance thereon.

1924Supp. 699 ), so long as the value of the land may be diminished, though the contrary is held where the existing claim works no injury: Perkinpine v. Hogan, 47 Pa. Superior Ct. 22 ; Gilham v. Real Estate Trust Co., 203 Pa. 24 .

21924–1926
Com. of Pa. v. Mangel green
pasuperct · 2018
1 sentence

2023“Nevertheless, social media records and communications can be properly authenticated within the existing framework of Pa.R.E. 901 and Pennsylvania case law, similar to the manner in which text messages and instant messages can be authenticated.” Id.

12023–2023
Commonwealth ex rel. Kearney v. Rambler green
pa · 2011
1 sentence

2023In Rambler II, the Commonwealth, through the York County District Attorney, filed a quo warranto complaint seeking the removal of a mayor based on the mayor pleading guilty to “a federal felony charge of mailing threatening communications,” which the Commonwealth alleged was an infamous crime. 32 A.3d at 661 .

12023–2023
Commonwealth v. $11,600.00 Cash, U.S. Currency green
pacommwct · 2004
1 sentence

2016Thus, it remains “axiomatic that as factfinder the trial court is empowered to decide what evidence is credible and to draw any reasonable inferences from all of the evidence.” Commonwealth v. $11,600.00 Cash, U.S. Currency, 858 A.2d 160 , 163 n.3 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004).

12016–2016
DEPT. OF GEN. SERV. v. US Mineral Prod. green
pa · 2006
2 sentences

2011We remain committed to DGS’s recognition that the existing doctrine is not to be expanded on its own terms, see id. at 254 n. 10, 898 A.2d at 601 n. 10; see also Phillips, 576 Pa. at 657 , 841 A.2d at 1007 (lead opinion); id,, at 674-75, 841 A.2d at 1018 (Saylor, J., concurring, joined by Castille, J. and Eakin, J.), pending reevaluation and adjustment to address the deficiencies which have become apparent.

2011We remain committed to DGS’s recognition that the existing doctrine is not to be expanded on its own terms, see id. at 254 n. 10, 898 A.2d at 601 n. 10; see also Phillips, 576 Pa. at 657 , 841 A.2d at 1007 (lead opinion); id,, at 674-75, 841 A.2d at 1018 (Saylor, J., concurring, joined by Castille, J. and Eakin, J.), pending reevaluation and adjustment to address the deficiencies which have become apparent.

12011–2011
Rowles v. Rowles green
pa · 1995
2 sentences

1998The Supreme Court did not apply the existing rule that “parents have a ‘prima facie right to custody,’ which could be forfeited only if ‘convincing reasons’ appear that the child’s best interest will be served by an award to the third party.” Id. at 446 , 668 A.2d at 127 , citing Ellerbe v. Hooks, 490 Pa. 363 , 416 A.2d 512 (1980).

1998The Supreme Court did not apply the existing rule that “parents have a ‘prima facie right to custody,’ which could be forfeited only if ‘convincing reasons’ appear that the child’s best interest will be served by an award to the third party.” Id. at 446 , 668 A.2d at 127 , citing Ellerbe v. Hooks, 490 Pa. 363 , 416 A.2d 512 (1980).

11998–1998
Ellerbe v. Hooks green
pa · 1980
2 sentences

1998The Supreme Court did not apply the existing rule that “parents have a ‘prima facie right to custody,’ which could be forfeited only if ‘convincing reasons’ appear that the child’s best interest will be served by an award to the third party.” Id. at 446 , 668 A.2d at 127 , citing Ellerbe v. Hooks, 490 Pa. 363 , 416 A.2d 512 (1980).

1998The Supreme Court did not apply the existing rule that “parents have a ‘prima facie right to custody,’ which could be forfeited only if ‘convincing reasons’ appear that the child’s best interest will be served by an award to the third party.” Id. at 446 , 668 A.2d at 127 , citing Ellerbe v. Hooks, 490 Pa. 363 , 416 A.2d 512 (1980).

11998–1998
Martin v. Ketchum, Inc. green
pa · 1990
2 sentences

1993Claimant also argues, for the purpose of preserving a right to further review by the Supreme Court, that we should modify the existing standard, as set forth in Martin v. Ketchum, Inc., 523 Pa. 509 , 568 A.2d 159 (1990), of determining whether a worker’s mental disability is job-related.

1993Claimant also argues, for the purpose of preserving a right to further review by the Supreme Court, that we should modify the existing standard, as set forth in Martin v. Ketchum, Inc., 523 Pa. 509 , 568 A.2d 159 (1990), of determining whether a worker’s mental disability is job-related.

11993–1993
Commonwealth v. Tuladziecki green
pa · 1987
2 sentences

1987Since the court in Cottman was interpreting an existing rule and not making changes in existing practice, its decision applied to all cases. [2] In the Concurring Opinion by President Judge Cirillo, the issue of the application of Commonwealth v. Tuladziecki, 513 Pa. 508 , 522 A.2d 17 (1987) is raised and the opinion would suggest that the appeal as it may be interpreted to be from the discretionary aspects of sentencing, should be quashed.

1987Since the court in Cottman was interpreting an existing rule and not making changes in existing practice, its decision applied to all cases. [2] In the Concurring Opinion by President Judge Cirillo, the issue of the application of Commonwealth v. Tuladziecki, 513 Pa. 508 , 522 A.2d 17 (1987) is raised and the opinion would suggest that the appeal as it may be interpreted to be from the discretionary aspects of sentencing, should be quashed.

11987–1987
Bertsch v. Pike County Sand & Gravel Co. green
pacommwct · 1976
2 sentences

1982(Citations omitted.) The Board concluded here, in reliance on Bertsch v. Pike County Sand & Gravel Co., 27 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 90 , 365 A.2d 886 (1976), that the petitioners were not dependent because they were both gainfully employed and neither of them was individually dependent upon their son’s contributions, even though the family as a whole may have been dependent thereon to some degree.

1982(Citations omitted.) The Board concluded here, in reliance on Bertsch v. Pike County Sand & Gravel Co., 27 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 90 , 365 A.2d 886 (1976), that the petitioners were not dependent because they were both gainfully employed and neither of them was individually dependent upon their son’s contributions, even though the family as a whole may have been dependent thereon to some degree.

11982–1982
City of Beaver Falls v. Commonwealth neutral
pacommwct · 1982
1 sentence

1982For example, in City of Beaver Falls v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 65 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 14, n. 3 , 441 A.2d 510 , 512, n. 3, (1982), which involved a residency requirement, we stated: This is not to say that an employer who has not consistently enforced a rule in the past is forever precluded from doing so . . . [a]n employee who violates a previously unenforced company rule after a warning that such rule would be strictly enforced in .the future, is guilty of willful misconduct.

11982–1982
Gozdonovic v. Pleasant Hills Realty Co. green
pa · 1947
2 sentences

1978In Powell v. Sutliff, 410 Pa. 436, 438 , 189 A. 2d 864, 865 (1963), the court distinguished between error and another party as follows: “The test. . . was whether ‘the right party was sued but under a wrong designation’ — in which event the amendment was permissible — or whether ‘a wrong party was sued and the amendment was designed to substitute another and distinct party’ — in which event the amendment was not permissible (357 Pa. at 29).” Citing from Gozdonovic v. Pleasant Hills Realty Co., 357 Pa. 23 , 53 A. 2d 73 (1947).

1978In Powell v. Sutliff, 410 Pa. 436, 438 , 189 A. 2d 864, 865 (1963), the court distinguished between error and another party as follows: “The test. . . was whether ‘the right party was sued but under a wrong designation’ — in which event the amendment was permissible — or whether ‘a wrong party was sued and the amendment was designed to substitute another and distinct party’ — in which event the amendment was not permissible (357 Pa. at 29).” Citing from Gozdonovic v. Pleasant Hills Realty Co., 357 Pa. 23 , 53 A. 2d 73 (1947).

11978–1978
Commonwealth v. Cain green
pa · 1977
11977–1977
Sweeney v. Reading Company green
pasuperct · 1941
11977–1977
Smith v. United States green
flmd · 1967
11975–1975
Commonwealth v. Milliken green
pa · 1973
11974–1974
Commonwealth v. Cottrell green
pa · 1969
11972–1972
Commonwealth v. Roundtree green
pa · 1970
11972–1972
Pritchard v. Norton green
· 1882
11937–1937
Bachman's Appeal green
pa · 1922
11927–1927
Livengood v. Hay neutral
pasuperct · 1913
11919–1919
Brooks v. White neutral
mass · 1841
11911–1911
Diehl v. Rodgers green
pa · 1895
11897–1897

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9711 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 115 (1934–2025) NY 76 (1881–2026) FL 70 (1910–2026) TX 52 (1922–2025) WA 46 (1901–2026) PA 44 (1897–2025) OH 41 (1943–2025) IL 38 (1897–2023) OR 34 (1939–2025) MI 33 (1884–2026) MD 32 (1913–2026) MO 27 (1902–2022) CO 23 (1981–2022) NJ 21 (1962–2024) IN 21 (1950–2017) CT 20 (1927–2026) AL 19 (1868–2025) IA 19 (1914–2026) TN 18 (1934–2018) UT 18 (1912–2026) WI 17 (1891–2024) HI 14 (1999–2025) GA 13 (1924–2023) NM 11 (1978–2022) VA 11 (1970–2020) ND 10 (1896–2012) OK 10 (1916–2018) MA 10 (1878–2016) NC 10 (1947–2025) MN 10 (1893–2017) KS 9 (1965–2009) WV 9 (1945–2009) ID 8 (1978–2018) AZ 7 (1976–2014) DC 7 (1976–2022) RI 6 (1984–2012) MS 5 (1992–2020) LA 4 (1988–2002) DE 4 (1980–2026) MT 4 (1980–2023) VT 4 (1997–2017) WY 4 (1979–2008) NH 4 (1967–2018) NV 4 (1947–2021) ME 4 (1979–2002) KY 4 (1925–2024) SD 4 (1996–2022) NE 3 (1928–2000) AK 3 (1995–2022) AR 3 (1926–2024) SC 2 (1986–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check