bad faith claim (Kentucky) · Go Syfert
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bad faith claim in Kentucky

43 Kentucky opinions name it 2 courts 1992–2026 21 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kentucky courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (20)

CaseFollowedCited
Davidson v. American Freightways, Inc.green
ky · 2000 · cited in 10 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2005–2024
2 sentences

2024Id. at 98 and 100 (concluding that the “Kentucky Insurance Code was designed to regulate” those “in the business of entering into contracts of insurance” and that one of the elements of a bad faith claim is the insurer’s obligation to pay the claim).

2024Our Supreme Court has held that a bad faith claim may be brought “only to those persons or entities (and their agents) who are engaged . . . in the business of entering into contracts of insurance.” Davidson v. American Freightways, Inc., 25 S.W.3d 94, 102 (Ky. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

810
Wittmer v. Jonesgreen
ky · 1993 · cited in 16 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1999–2025
2 sentences

2025(That is exactly what the circuit court found Geico had done by promptly paying the claim upon receipt of the affidavit.) -20- Wittmer states three elements are required to prevail on a bad faith claim: (1) the insurer must be obligated to pay the claim under the terms of the policy; (2) the insurer must lack a reasonable basis in law or fact for denying the claim; and (3) it must be shown that the insurer either knew there was no reasonable basis for denying the claim or acted with reckless disregard for whether such a basis existed. 864 S.W.2d at 890 .

2025Progressive asserts that no evidence supports an inference of harassment, deception, or reckless disregard of the Blevinses’ rights as required under Wittmer, supra. It further argues that the indemnity provision in the proposed release was -11- consistent with Coots, supra, and that the circuit court correctly found its conduct did not approach the level of outrageousness necessary to sustain a bad-faith claim.

616
Farmland Mutual Insurance Co. v. Johnsongreen
ky · 2001 · cited in 4 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2021–2026
2 sentences

2026However, in Farmland Mutual Insurance Co. v. Johnson, our Supreme Court did address whether a heightened standard of proof was required in jury instructions for a bad faith claim. 36 S.W.3d 368, 380 (Ky. 2000).

2026The Court rejected the argument that a heightened standard of proof was required in jury instructions for a bad faith claim and determined the instructions adequately stated the three-part test for a bad faith 23 (KRS 411.184(2) states that “[a] plaintiff shall recover punitive damages only upon proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that the defendant from whom such damages are sought acted toward the plaintiff with oppression, fraud or malice.”) -74- claim. 36 S.W.3d at 381 (citing Curry v. Fireman’s Fund Ins.

24
Bender v. Eatongreen
kyctapphigh · 1961 · cited in 3 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2023
2 sentences

2004NOTES [1] Farm Bureau states that this case settled prior to the filing of the petition for writ of prohibition. [2] KRS 304.12-230(6), (7), and (8). [3] Ky., 58 S.W.3d 884 (2001). [4] The trial court bifurcated the bad faith claim against Farm Bureau asserted by Adams. [5] Bender v. Eaton, Ky., 343 S.W.2d 799, 800 (1961). [6] Id. at 800-01 . [7] Craft v. Commonwealth, Ky., 343 S.W.2d 150, 151 (1961). [8] Smothers v. Lewis, Ky., 672 S.W.2d 62, 64 (1984). [9] CR 16(1)(f).

2004NOTES [1] Farm Bureau states that this case settled prior to the filing of the petition for writ of prohibition. [2] KRS 304.12-230(6), (7), and (8). [3] Ky., 58 S.W.3d 884 (2001). [4] The trial court bifurcated the bad faith claim against Farm Bureau asserted by Adams. [5] Bender v. Eaton, Ky., 343 S.W.2d 799, 800 (1961). [6] Id. at 800-01 . [7] Craft v. Commonwealth, Ky., 343 S.W.2d 150, 151 (1961). [8] Smothers v. Lewis, Ky., 672 S.W.2d 62, 64 (1984). [9] CR 16(1)(f).

23
Pryor v. Colony Insurancegreen
kyctapp · 2013 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023The threshold issue we resolve in this case is whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that because an insurance company’s coverage under its policy had never been finally adjudicated, a third-party claimant’s bad faith claim was premature, in reliance on Pryor v. Colony Insurance Co., 414 S.W.3d 424, 427 (Ky. App. 2013).

2023The threshold issue we resolve in this case is whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that because an insurance company’s coverage under its policy had never been finally adjudicated, a third-party claimant’s bad faith claim was premature, in reliance on Pryor v. Colony Insurance Co., 414 S.W.3d 424, 427 (Ky. App. 2013).

22
Stephenson Ex Rel. Al-Mansoob v. Malloygreen
ca6 · 2012 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022White, 617 F.3d at 480 ; Stephenson v. Malloy, 700 F.3d 265, 268 (6th Cir. 2012) (“White added a bad-faith inquiry to the inadvertence prong of the judicial-estoppel test[.]”).

2022White, 617 F.3d at 480 ; Stephenson v. Malloy, 700 F.3d 265, 268 (6th Cir. 2012) (“White added a bad-faith inquiry to the inadvertence prong of the judicial-estoppel test[.]”).

22
Stevens v. Motorists Mutual Insurance Co.green
ky · 1988 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022Co., 759 S.W.2d 819, 820 (Ky. 1988) (holding that the purchase of an insurance policy is the purchase of a “service” as defined by the KCPA). 8 Ordinarily, a third party cannot maintain a claim against an insurer under the KCPA because the statutory language of KRS 367.220 limits standing under the Act to those persons who purchased the good or service in question—in this case, the insurance policy.16 But a bad-faith claim under the KCPA is a statutory tort that arises out of a contractual relationship and, as such, is assignable.17 So, as in Belt’s case, the insured may assign a claim arising

2022Co., 759 S.W.2d 819, 820 (Ky. 1988) (holding that the purchase of an insurance policy is the purchase of a “service” as defined by the KCPA). 8 Ordinarily, a third party cannot maintain a claim against an insurer under the KCPA because the statutory language of KRS 367.220 limits standing under the Act to those persons who purchased the good or service in question—in this case, the insurance policy.16 But a bad-faith claim under the KCPA is a statutory tort that arises out of a contractual relationship and, as such, is assignable.17 So, as in Belt’s case, the insured may assign a claim arising

22
Indiana Insurance Company v. James Demetregreen
ky · 2017 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2020–2026
2 sentences

2026Demetre, 527 S.W.3d at 40 .

2020Co. v. Demetre, 527 S.W.3d 12, 26 (Ky. 2017) (quoting Davidson v. American Freightways, Inc., 25 S.W.3d 94, 100 (Ky. 2000)).

12
Hollaway v. Direct General Insurance Co. of Mississippigreen
ky · 2016 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2020–2021
2 sentences

2021Co. of Miss., 497 S.W.3d 733, 738 (Ky. 2016). 8 are present, a trial court may not allow a third party’s bad faith claim to proceed to the jury.16 1.

2020Co. of Mississippi, Inc., 497 S.W.3d 733 , 738 & 739 (Ky. 2016) (footnote omitted).

12
Knotts v. Zurich Insurance Co.green
ky · 2006 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025In Knotts v. Zurich Insurance Company, this Court considered whether a plaintiff could rely on an insurer’s post-litigation conduct to support a bad faith claim. 197 S.W.3d 512, 515 (Ky. 2006).

2025Co., 626 S.W.3d 579 , 591 (Ky. 2021) (“Because there is no recognized process for trial court intervention or procedural relief available for bad-faith settlement conduct, evidence of such conduct may be admitted as proof in a bad-faith claim.”). 8 We also held in Knotts, however, that evidence of the insurer’s “other litigation conduct” is not admissible to prove a bad faith claim. 197 S.W.3d at 523 .

11
Doe v. Golden & Walters, PLLCgreen
kyctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Because the bad faith claim had not accrued when it was filed with the original negligence suit, Breedlove argued that the bad faith claim was unripe, depriving the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Doe v. Golden & Walters, PLLC, 173 S.W.3d 260, 275-76 (Ky. App. 2005).

2024Because the bad faith claim had not accrued when it was filed with the original negligence suit, Breedlove argued that the bad faith claim was unripe, depriving the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Doe v. Golden & Walters, PLLC, 173 S.W.3d 260, 275-76 (Ky. App. 2005).

11
DeStock 14, Inc. v. Logsdongreen
ky · 1999 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See generally DeStock No. 14 v. Logsdon , 993 S.W.2d 952 (Ky. 1999) ; James v. Wilson , 95 S.W.3d 875 (Ky. App. 2002) ; N. Hardin Dev., Inc. v. Corkran , 839 S.W.2d 258 (Ky. 1992) ; T & M Jewelry, Inc. v. Hicks , 189 S.W.3d 526 (Ky. 2006) ; Jenkins, supra.

11
Motorists Mutual Insurance Co. v. Glassgreen
ky · 1999 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017See Motorists Mut., 996 S.W.2d at 454 (damages for anxiety and mental anguish are recoverable in an action for statutory bad faith, if clear and satisfactory evidence supports inference that anxiety or mental anguish occurred).

11
Parker v. Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurancegreen
ark · 1996 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Roussalis v. Wyoming Medical Center, Inc.green
wyo · 2000 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Craft v. Commonwealthgreen
kyctapphigh · 1961 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Kentucky Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. v. Troxellgreen
ky · 1997 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Smothers v. Lewisgreen
ky · 1984 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Manchester Insurance & Indemnity Co. v. Grundygreen
kyctapphigh · 1975 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
McKinney v. McKinneygreen
kyctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kentucky. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
Empire Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Simpsonville Wrecker Service, Inc. green
kyctapp · 1994
2 sentences

1997The Calloway Circuit Court granted Guaranty National's motion for summary judgment and dismissed the bad faith claim, finding that the legal questions of reformation and agency raised by Guaranty National in filing the declaration of rights action were "fairly debatable." Empire Fire & Marine v. Simpsonville Wrecker, Ky.App., 880 S.W.2d 886 (1994).

1997The Calloway Circuit Court granted Guaranty National’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed the bad faith claim, finding that the legal questions of reformation and agency raised by Guaranty National in filing the declaration of rights action were “fairly debatable.” Empire Fire & Marine v. Simpsonville Wrecker, Ky.App., 880 S.W.2d 886 (1994).

41997–2017
Jacobsen v. Allstate Insurance green
mont · 2009
2 sentences

2026Co., 351 Mont. 464 , 215 P.3d 649 (2009) (plaintiff was not required to demonstrate serious or severe emotional distress to recover emotional distress damages arising out of a bad faith claim).

2026Co., 351 Mont. 464 , 215 P.3d 649 (2009) (plaintiff was not required to demonstrate serious or severe emotional distress to recover emotional distress damages arising out of a bad faith claim).

32017–2026
Curry v. Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. green
ky · 1989
2 sentences

2017Co., 784 S.W.2d 176 (Ky. 1989)), but in his dissent Justice Leibson advocated adopting the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s three-part Anderson test for a bad faith claim. 71 1 S.W.2d at 846 -47 (citing Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 371 .) Eventually, the Curry Court (and later Wittmer v. Jones) adopted Anderson’s three-part test, but we have never 54 III.

2017Co., 784 S.W.2d 176 (Ky. 1989), but in his dissent Justice Leibson advocated adopting the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s three-part Anderson test for a bad faith claim, 711 S.W.2d at 846 -47 (citing Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 371 .) Eventually, the Curry Court (and later Wittmer v. Jones) adopted Anderson's three-part test, but we have never embraced Anderson’s requirement that the plaintiff must "prove substantial damages aside and apart from the emotional distress,” nor have we barred recovery for emotional distress damages that were not severe.

32017–2026
Kentucky National Insurance Co. v. Shaffer green
kyctapp · 2005
2 sentences

2018Additionally, this claim would fail as a matter of law under the second element: that the insurer “lackfed] a reasonable basis in law or fact for denying the claim[.]” Id. (quoting Wittmer, 864 S.W.2d at 890 ). “[I]f a particular claim is ‘fairly debatable,’ the insurer is entitled to debate that claim regardless of whether the debate concerns a matter of fact or one of law.” Empire Fire & Marine Ins.

2018Additionally, this claim would fail as a matter of law under the second element: that the insurer “lackfed] a reasonable basis in law or fact for denying the claim[.]” Id. (quoting Wittmer, 864 S.W.2d at 890 ). “[I]f a particular claim is ‘fairly debatable,’ the insurer is entitled to debate that claim regardless of whether the debate concerns a matter of fact or one of law.” Empire Fire & Marine Ins.

22018–2018
Philadelphia Indemnity Insurance v. Youth Alive, Inc. green
ca6 · 2013
2 sentences

2017Co. v. Youth Alive, Inc., 732 F.3d 645 (6th Cir. 2013), asserting that the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, applying Kentucky law, has recognized that an insurer can raise coverage disputes without opening itself up to a bad faith claim.

2017Co. v. Youth Alive, Inc., 732 F.3d 645 (6th Cir. 2013), asserting that the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, applying Kentucky law, has recognized that an insurer can raise coverage disputes without opening itself up to a bad faith claim.

22017–2017
Osborne v. Keeney green
ky · 2012
2 sentences

2017Ky. 2014) (district court was not persuaded that “expert evidence is necessary to substantiate a claim [of damages for emotional distress] for discrimination or retaliation under the KCRA).”-28 Based on the foregoing, the MacGlashan court concluded_that ` 237 In Minter, a different division of the United States Distiict Court, Western ' District of Kentucky, went onto explain that Osbome’s expert requirement made sense in negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress cases, “as the elements _ .of such a claim specifically require ‘severe or serious emotional injury.”" 2014 WL 57809

2017Ky. 2014) (district court Was not persuaded that “expert evidence is necessary to substantiate a claim [of damages for emotional distress] for discrimination or retaliation under the KCRA).”28 Based on the foregoing, the MacGlashan court concluded that 28 In Minter, a different division of the United States District Court, Western District of Kentucky, went on to explain that Osborne’s expert requirement made sense in negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress cases “as the elements of such a claim specifically require ‘severe or serious emotional injury.’” 2014 WL 5780959 at *4

22017–2017
Anderson v. Continental Insurance green
wis · 1978
2 sentences

2017Co., 784 _ S.W.2d 176 (Ky. 1989)), but in his dissent Justice Leibson advocated adopting the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s three~part Anderson test for a bad faith claim. 71 1 S.W.2d at 846-47 {citingAnderson, 271 N.W.2d at 371 .] Eventually, the Curry Court (and later Wittmer v. Jones) adopted Anderson’s three-part test, but we have never 54 III.

2017Co., 784 S.W.2d 176 (Ky. 1989), but in his dissent Justice Leibson advocated adopting the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s three-part Anderson test for a bad faith claim, 711 S.W.2d at 846 -47 (citing Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 371 .) Eventually, the Curry Court (and later Wittmer v. Jones) adopted Anderson's three-part test, but we have never embraced Anderson’s requirement that the plaintiff must "prove substantial damages aside and apart from the emotional distress,” nor have we barred recovery for emotional distress damages that were not severe.

22017–2017
Coots v. Allstate Insurance Co. green
ky · 1993
1 sentence

2025Progressive asserts that no evidence supports an inference of harassment, deception, or reckless disregard of the Blevinses’ rights as required under Wittmer, supra. It further argues that the indemnity provision in the proposed release was -11- consistent with Coots, supra, and that the circuit court correctly found its conduct did not approach the level of outrageousness necessary to sustain a bad-faith claim.

12025–2025
Commonwealth v. English green
ky · 1999
1 sentence

2023To prove entitlement to a missing evidence instruction in civil litigation, a litigant “only [has] to show that the opposing party had exclusive control over the evidence 86 See, e.g., Sutton v. Commonwealth, 627 S.W.3d 836 , 848 (Ky. 2021). 87 English, 993 S.W.2d at 945 . 88 Dooley v. Commonwealth, 626 S.W.3d 487 , 502 (Ky. 2021). 30 when it went missing and that the evidence is missing without explanation.”89 Sanchez points to this Court’s dicta in Dooley v. Commonwealth that “our historical imposition of a higher burden on criminal defendants than civil litigants is more than curious[,]” an

12023–2023
Jenkins Ex Rel. Branum v. Best green
kyctapp · 2007
1 sentence

2018See generally DeStock No. 14 v. Logsdon , 993 S.W.2d 952 (Ky. 1999) ; James v. Wilson , 95 S.W.3d 875 (Ky. App. 2002) ; N. Hardin Dev., Inc. v. Corkran , 839 S.W.2d 258 (Ky. 1992) ; T & M Jewelry, Inc. v. Hicks , 189 S.W.3d 526 (Ky. 2006) ; Jenkins, supra.

12018–2018
T & M JEWELRY, INC. v. Hicks Ex Rel. Hicks green
ky · 2006
1 sentence

2018See generally DeStock No. 14 v. Logsdon , 993 S.W.2d 952 (Ky. 1999) ; James v. Wilson , 95 S.W.3d 875 (Ky. App. 2002) ; N. Hardin Dev., Inc. v. Corkran , 839 S.W.2d 258 (Ky. 1992) ; T & M Jewelry, Inc. v. Hicks , 189 S.W.3d 526 (Ky. 2006) ; Jenkins, supra.

12018–2018
North Hardin Developers, Inc. v. Corkran Ex Rel. Corkran green
ky · 1992
1 sentence

2018See generally DeStock No. 14 v. Logsdon , 993 S.W.2d 952 (Ky. 1999) ; James v. Wilson , 95 S.W.3d 875 (Ky. App. 2002) ; N. Hardin Dev., Inc. v. Corkran , 839 S.W.2d 258 (Ky. 1992) ; T & M Jewelry, Inc. v. Hicks , 189 S.W.3d 526 (Ky. 2006) ; Jenkins, supra.

12018–2018
James v. Wilson green
kyctapp · 2002
1 sentence

2018See generally DeStock No. 14 v. Logsdon , 993 S.W.2d 952 (Ky. 1999) ; James v. Wilson , 95 S.W.3d 875 (Ky. App. 2002) ; N. Hardin Dev., Inc. v. Corkran , 839 S.W.2d 258 (Ky. 1992) ; T & M Jewelry, Inc. v. Hicks , 189 S.W.3d 526 (Ky. 2006) ; Jenkins, supra.

12018–2018
Federal Kemper Insurance Co. v. Hornback red
ky · 1986
1 sentence

2017Co., 784 S.W.2d 176 (Ky. 1989), but in his dissent Justice Leibson advocated adopting the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s three-part Anderson test for a bad faith claim, 711 S.W.2d at 846 -47 (citing Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 371 .) Eventually, the Curry Court (and later Wittmer v. Jones) adopted Anderson's three-part test, but we have never embraced Anderson’s requirement that the plaintiff must "prove substantial damages aside and apart from the emotional distress,” nor have we barred recovery for emotional distress damages that were not severe.

12017–2017
Estate of Amos v. Vanderbilt University green
tenn · 2001
1 sentence

2017Notably, in Estate of Amos v. Vanderbilt Univ., 62 S.W.3d 133 (Tenn. 2001), the Tennessee Supreme Court declined to extend Camper’s (the case relied on by this Court in Osborne) heightened standard of proof for the recovery of emotional damages in negligent infliction of emotional distress claims to all claims for emotional damages.

12017–2017
Overmeyer v. Rogers green
moctapp · 1928
1 sentence

2017Co., 784 S.W.2d 176 (Ky. 1989)), but in his dissent Justice Leibson advocated adopting the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s three-part Anderson test for a bad faith claim. 71 1 S.W.2d at 846 -47 (citing Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 371 .) Eventually, the Curry Court (and later Wittmer v. Jones) adopted Anderson’s three-part test, but we have never 54 III.

12017–2017
Zurich Insurance Co. v. Knotts green
ky · 2001
2 sentences

2013The attorney in Knotts was already deeply involved in the litigation, which was a bad faith claim, and had litigated the related negligence case “from its inception.” Id.

2013That attorney had “unique knowledge and familiarity with the underlying facts in that action,” id. at 557 , and “knowledge of the case no one else could duplicate,” id. at 560 .

12013–2013
Arizona v. Youngblood green
scotus · 1989
12012–2012
James v. Shadoan neutral
ky · 2001
12004–2004
Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders green
scotus · 1978
12004–2004
Washington v. Goodman green
kyctapp · 1992
12001–2001
Ogden v. Montana Power Co. green
mont · 1987
12000–2000
Johnson v. Commonwealth green
ky · 1994
11997–1997
Allen v. Commonwealth green
kyctapp · 1991
11997–1997
Tamme v. Commonwealth green
ky · 1988
11997–1997
Perdue v. Commonwealth green
ky · 1996
11997–1997
Redmon v. Redmon green
kyctapp · 1992
11992–1992

Statutes the citing opinions construe

KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.12-230 (19) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 367.170 (13) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 367.220 (11) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 411.184 (9) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 446.070 (8) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 446.080 (8) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.12-235 (4) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.39-010 (3) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.39-080 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 149 (1985–2026) CA 135 (1958–2026) FL 134 (1984–2026) PA 125 (1975–2026) DE 122 (1988–2026) AL 111 (1982–2025) CT 103 (1989–2026) OH 89 (1980–2025) WA 78 (1991–2024) AZ 54 (1979–2026) CO 53 (1976–2026) OK 52 (1983–2026) WI 49 (1984–2025) IL 47 (1983–2026) KY 43 (1992–2026) IA 37 (1965–2026) MS 35 (1984–2024) IN 34 (1981–2026) GA 33 (1994–2025) WV 32 (1987–2026) DC 30 (1984–2024) NM 27 (1993–2023) TN 24 (1996–2017) NY 22 (1986–2023) NC 21 (1989–2026) MI 20 (1984–2026) SD 19 (1973–2026) NJ 18 (1986–2026) MT 18 (1990–2024) UT 18 (1992–2026) NV 16 (1987–2021) ID 16 (1989–2025) HI 16 (1995–2014) SC 15 (1989–2025) RI 13 (1988–2025) MO 13 (1995–2024) AK 12 (1978–2003) VT 12 (2002–2026) OR 12 (1974–2023) MN 11 (1976–2014) KS 9 (1982–2024) WY 8 (1991–2022) AR 7 (1985–2024) VA 7 (1990–2026) MD 6 (1968–2012) NE 6 (1992–2022) ND 6 (1993–2013) ME 6 (1989–2021) MA 5 (1991–2018) LA 3 (1987–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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