conviction error in Iowa

25 Iowa opinions name it 2 courts 1914–2022 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Iowa courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

Case	Followed	Cited
Bond v. Commonwealthgreen va · 1984 · cited in 3 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 2 sentences 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 27 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 26 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc	3	3
State v. Jamersongreen nj · 1998 · cited in 3 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 2 sentences 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 27 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 26 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc	3	3
People v. Eberlegreen nyappdiv · 1999 · cited in 3 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 2 sentences 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 27 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 26 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc	3	3
State of Iowa v. Valentin Velezgreen iowa · 2013 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016 2 sentences 2016See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692, 700-01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993). 2015See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692 , 700- 01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 4 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993).	2	2
State v. Constablegreen iowa · 1993 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016 2 sentences 2016See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692, 700-01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993). 2015See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692 , 700- 01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 4 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993).	2	2
State of Iowa v. Randy Mitchell Copenhavergreen iowa · 2014 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016 2 sentences 2016See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692, 700-01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993). 2015See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692 , 700- 01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 4 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993).	2	2
State of Iowa v. Aki Malik Rossgreen iowa · 2014 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016 2 sentences 2016See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692, 700-01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993). 2015See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692 , 700- 01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 4 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993).	2	2
State v. Robygreen iowactapp · 1992 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008 2 sentences 2008Rule 5.609(b) “creates a rebuttable presumption that convictions over ten years old are more prejudicial than probative and are therefore inadmissible.” State v. Roby, 495 N.W.2d 773, 775 (Iowa Ct. App.1992). 2008Rule 5.609(b) “creates a rebuttable presumption that convictions over ten years old are more prejudicial than probative and are therefore inadmissible.” State v. Roby, 495 N.W.2d 773, 775 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992).	2	2
State v. Mouagreen minn · 2004 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 1 sentence 2022The test for harmless error “is whether the rights of the objecting party have been ‘injuriously affected by the error’ or whether the party has ‘suffered a miscarriage of justice.’ ” State v. Parker, 747 N.W.2d 196, 209 (Iowa 2008) (quoting Sullivan, 678 N.W.2d at 29).	1	1
State v. Parkergreen iowa · 2008 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 1 sentence 2022The test for harmless error “is whether the rights of the objecting party have been ‘injuriously affected by the error’ or whether the party has ‘suffered a miscarriage of justice.’ ” State v. Parker, 747 N.W.2d 196, 209 (Iowa 2008) (quoting Sullivan, 678 N.W.2d at 29).	1	1
Jae Lee v. United Statesgreen scotus · 2017 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020 1 sentence 2020For purposes of this clause, the term ‘protection order’ means any injunction issued for the purpose of preventing violent or threatening acts of domestic violence, including temporary or final orders issued by civil or criminal courts (other than support or child custody orders or provisions) whether obtained by filing an independent action or as a pendente lite order in another proceeding.”). 12 Still, Geimah’s plea allowed him to avoid being convicted of an “aggravated felony” and avoid a term of imprisonment.4 “[A] noncitizen convicted of [an aggravated felony] is subject to mandatory depo	1	1
State Of Iowa Vs. Robert L. Hanesgreen iowa · 2010 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019See State v. Hanes, 790 N.W.2d 545 , 551 n.2 (Iowa 2010).	1	1
State v. Strawgreen iowa · 2006 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 1 sentence 2017See State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128 , 3 133 (Iowa 2006) (stating a defendant’s failure to move in arrest of judgment bars direct appeal of a conviction but not a claim that the failure was a result of ineffective assistance of counsel).	1	1
State v. Simpsongreen iowa · 1962 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 1 sentence 2017A conviction does not bar a prosecution of the convicted person for an indictable offense when the acts which caused or contributed to the delinquency or dependency of the child are indictable.” See Simpson, 118 N.W.2d at 609 (describing legislature’s recognition that conviction of contributing to delinquency, a non-indictable misdemeanor, “should not bar a 21 prosecution for an indictable offense”).	1	1
State v. Kiddgreen iowa · 1997 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 1 sentence 2016See generally State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692, 700-01 (Iowa 2014); State v. Copenhaver, 844 N.W.2d 442, 447-52 (Iowa 2014); State v. Velez, 829 N.W.2d 572, 584 (Iowa 2013); State v. Kidd, 562 N.W.2d 764, 765-66 (Iowa 1997); State v. Constable, 505 N.W.2d 473, 477-78 (Iowa 1993).	1	1
State v. Rankingreen iowa · 2003 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 1 sentence 2013Therefore, pursuant to Rankin , Jentz does not fall within the purview of the second paragraph, because he was not “convicted two or more times of a violation of this subsection....” Iowa Code § 124.401 (5) (emphasis added); see also Rankin, 666 N.W.2d at 611 .	1	1
State v. Reavesgreen iowa · 1977 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 1 sentence 2013Id. at 493.	1	1
State v. Hensleygreen iowa · 1995 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999 1 sentence 1999State v. Hensley, 534 N.W.2d 379, 382 (Iowa 1995).	1	1
Arizona v. Fulminantegreen scotus · 1991 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 2 sentences 1995Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 306 , 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1263 , 113 L.Ed.2d 302, 329 (1991) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 , 87 S.Ct. 824, 827 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709 (1967)); State v. Lanphear, 220 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Iowa 1974). 1995Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 306 , 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1263 , 113 L.Ed.2d 302, 329 (1991) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 , 87 S.Ct. 824, 827 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709 (1967)); State v. Lanphear, 220 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Iowa 1974).	1	1
Chapman v. Californiared scotus · 1967 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 2 sentences 1995Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 306 , 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1263 , 113 L.Ed.2d 302, 329 (1991) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 , 87 S.Ct. 824, 827 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709 (1967)); State v. Lanphear, 220 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Iowa 1974). 1995Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 306 , 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1263 , 113 L.Ed.2d 302, 329 (1991) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 , 87 S.Ct. 824, 827 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709 (1967)); State v. Lanphear, 220 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Iowa 1974).	1	1
State v. Lanpheargreen iowa · 1974 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 1 sentence 1995Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 306 , 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1263 , 113 L.Ed.2d 302, 329 (1991) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 , 87 S.Ct. 824, 827 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709 (1967)); State v. Lanphear, 220 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Iowa 1974).	1	1
People v. Nunngreen ill · 1979 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981 2 sentences 1981See, e. g., Kimoktoak v. State, 584 P.2d 25, 31 (Alaska 1978); People v. Nunn, 77 Ill.2d 243, 251-52 , 32 Ill.Dec. 914, 917-18 , 396 N.E.2d 27, 30-31 (1979); State v. Feintuch, 150 N.J.Super. 414, 420-21 , 375 A.2d 1223, 1226-27 (1977); State v. Lemme, 104 R.I. 416, 423 , 244 A.2d 585, 589 (1968); 7 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 247 (1963); Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 497 (1969). 1981See, e. g., Kimoktoak v. State, 584 P.2d 25, 31 (Alaska 1978); People v. Nunn, 77 Ill.2d 243, 251-52 , 32 Ill.Dec. 914, 917-18 , 396 N.E.2d 27, 30-31 (1979); State v. Feintuch, 150 N.J.Super. 414, 420-21 , 375 A.2d 1223, 1226-27 (1977); State v. Lemme, 104 R.I. 416, 423 , 244 A.2d 585, 589 (1968); 7 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 247 (1963); Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 497 (1969).	1	1
State v. Lemmegreen ri · 1968 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981 2 sentences 1981See, e. g., Kimoktoak v. State, 584 P.2d 25, 31 (Alaska 1978); People v. Nunn, 77 Ill.2d 243, 251-52 , 32 Ill.Dec. 914, 917-18 , 396 N.E.2d 27, 30-31 (1979); State v. Feintuch, 150 N.J.Super. 414, 420-21 , 375 A.2d 1223, 1226-27 (1977); State v. Lemme, 104 R.I. 416, 423 , 244 A.2d 585, 589 (1968); 7 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 247 (1963); Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 497 (1969). 1981See, e. g., Kimoktoak v. State, 584 P.2d 25, 31 (Alaska 1978); People v. Nunn, 77 Ill.2d 243, 251-52 , 32 Ill.Dec. 914, 917-18 , 396 N.E.2d 27, 30-31 (1979); State v. Feintuch, 150 N.J.Super. 414, 420-21 , 375 A.2d 1223, 1226-27 (1977); State v. Lemme, 104 R.I. 416, 423 , 244 A.2d 585, 589 (1968); 7 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 247 (1963); Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 497 (1969).	1	1
Kimoktoak v. Stategreen alaska · 1978 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981 1 sentence 1981See, e. g., Kimoktoak v. State, 584 P.2d 25, 31 (Alaska 1978); People v. Nunn, 77 Ill.2d 243, 251-52 , 32 Ill.Dec. 914, 917-18 , 396 N.E.2d 27, 30-31 (1979); State v. Feintuch, 150 N.J.Super. 414, 420-21 , 375 A.2d 1223, 1226-27 (1977); State v. Lemme, 104 R.I. 416, 423 , 244 A.2d 585, 589 (1968); 7 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 247 (1963); Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 497 (1969).	1	1
State v. Feintuchgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1977 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981 2 sentences 1981See, e. g., Kimoktoak v. State, 584 P.2d 25, 31 (Alaska 1978); People v. Nunn, 77 Ill.2d 243, 251-52 , 32 Ill.Dec. 914, 917-18 , 396 N.E.2d 27, 30-31 (1979); State v. Feintuch, 150 N.J.Super. 414, 420-21 , 375 A.2d 1223, 1226-27 (1977); State v. Lemme, 104 R.I. 416, 423 , 244 A.2d 585, 589 (1968); 7 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 247 (1963); Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 497 (1969). 1981See, e. g., Kimoktoak v. State, 584 P.2d 25, 31 (Alaska 1978); People v. Nunn, 77 Ill.2d 243, 251-52 , 32 Ill.Dec. 914, 917-18 , 396 N.E.2d 27, 30-31 (1979); State v. Feintuch, 150 N.J.Super. 414, 420-21 , 375 A.2d 1223, 1226-27 (1977); State v. Lemme, 104 R.I. 416, 423 , 244 A.2d 585, 589 (1968); 7 Am.Jur.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic § 247 (1963); Annot., 23 A.L.R.2d 497 (1969).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Iowa. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (13)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Vining green me · 1994 2 sentences 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 27 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc 2015App. Ct. 1992) (noting “[the pathologist’s] opinion as to homicide, caused by the defendant’s body being positioned on top of her sleeping son, did not in any way add to the evidence already presented to the jury or assist them in reaching their own conclusions,” but upholding the conviction because error was harmless); State v. Vining, 645 A.2d 20 , 20–21 (Me. 1994) (concluding “the medical examiner’s opinion that [the victim’s] death was a homicide was not a product of her expertise” and “amounted 26 to an assessment of the credibility and investigatory acumen of the police” when “[she] conc	3	2015–2015
State v. Truesdell green iowa · 2004 1 sentence 2019State v. Truesdell , 679 N.W.2d 611 , 616 (Iowa 2004), superseded by statutory amendment on other grounds , 2004 Iowa Acts ch. 1057, § 1 (codified at Iowa Code § 124.401 (4) (2005) ), as recognized in State v. Milom , 744 N.W.2d 117 , 121-22 (Iowa App. 2007).	1	2019–2019
State v. Milom green iowactapp · 2007 1 sentence 2019State v. Truesdell , 679 N.W.2d 611 , 616 (Iowa 2004), superseded by statutory amendment on other grounds , 2004 Iowa Acts ch. 1057, § 1 (codified at Iowa Code § 124.401 (4) (2005) ), as recognized in State v. Milom , 744 N.W.2d 117 , 121-22 (Iowa App. 2007).	1	2019–2019
David M. Robinson v. United States green cadc · 1972 2 sentences 1977In Robinson v. United States, 148 U.S.App.D.C. 58 , 459 F.2d 847 (1972), the court refused to upset a conviction on the claim that defendant’s deceased sister might have been able to help reconstruct the pattern of defendant’s activities. 1977In Robinson v. United States, 148 U.S.App.D.C. 58 , 459 F.2d 847 (1972), the court refused to upset a conviction on the claim that defendant’s deceased sister might have been able to help reconstruct the pattern of defendant’s activities.	1	1977–1977
State v. Sheffey green iowa · 1975 1 sentence 1976State v. Sheffey, supra. Viewed in this manner, the record discloses ample evidence to support a conviction for violation of § 712.1.	1	1976–1976
State v. Jones green iowa · 1966	1	1969–1969
State ex rel. City of Dubuque v. Steger neutral iowa · 1966	1	1969–1969
Rosenblum v. Griffin green nh · 1938	1	1965–1965
State v. Parris green sc · 1911	1	1928–1928
State v. Witham neutral · 1888	1	1915–1915
State v. . Dunston neutral nc · 1878	1	1915–1915
State v. Morgan green iowa · 1912	1	1915–1915
Smith v. . Lehigh Valley R.R. Co. green ny · 1904	1	1914–1914

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IA § Iowa Code § 331.801 (3) IA § Iowa Code § 331.802 (3) IA § Iowa Code § 691.5 (3) IA § Iowa Code § 691.6 (3) IA § Iowa Code § 707.1 (3) IA § Iowa Code § 707.5 (3) IA § Iowa Code § 707.6A (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 247 (1893–2026) TX 185 (1885–2026) IL 128 (1902–2026) LA 100 (1925–2025) MI 97 (1912–2026) GA 97 (1891–2025) PA 92 (1944–2025) OH 90 (1943–2026) NY 75 (1888–2024) WA 71 (1904–2026) IN 58 (1879–2026) CO 57 (1957–2025) FL 48 (1926–2026) MO 46 (1906–2025) MN 38 (1886–2024) KS 37 (1928–2021) NJ 36 (1938–2026) OR 34 (1964–2021) VA 33 (1913–2026) CT 31 (1947–2018) TN 30 (1930–2025) AL 30 (1910–2025) MS 27 (1909–2023) MD 25 (1949–2023) IA 25 (1914–2022) AZ 24 (1926–2026) NM 24 (1968–2020) MA 24 (1943–2025) OK 24 (1920–2009) NC 21 (1938–2024) NE 18 (1940–2026) AR 18 (1894–2019) RI 17 (1924–2026) HI 17 (1975–2025) SD 17 (1982–2023) WI 17 (1897–2025) WY 16 (1959–2023) UT 15 (1990–2024) DC 13 (1960–2011) ID 13 (1939–2024) KY 13 (1917–2023) AK 12 (1965–2012) VT 10 (1906–2016) SC 8 (1958–2018) ME 8 (1917–2015) MT 7 (1939–2025) WV 6 (1942–2024) NV 4 (1976–2019) ND 4 (1911–2022) NH 3 (1978–2015) DE 2 (1976–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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