hearing rule (Texas) · Go Syfert
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hearing rule in Texas

129 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1932–2026 14 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (58)

CaseFollowedCited
Eli Lilly and Co. v. Marshallgreen
tex · 1992 · cited in 13 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2024
2 sentences

2024However, neither Cordova-Diana nor her current counsel have filed a motion for extension of time, or motion for leave, or other pleading regarding this matter, and a new attorney has not filed an appearance in this original proceeding. 4 has refused to set a hearing or rule on a proper motion.” In re G.P., 495 S.W.3d 927, 930 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, orig. proceeding); see Eli Lilly & Co. v. Marshall, 829 S.W.2d 157, 158 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d at 661 .

2023In re M.B., No. 02-17-00237-CV, 2017 WL 3996430 , at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 8, 2017, orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (mem. op.); In re Harris, No. 02-17-00142-CV, 2017 WL 2375775 , at *1 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth June 1, 2017, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re Shredder Co., 225 S.W.3d 676, 679 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2006, orig. proceeding); see also Eli Lilly & Co. v. Marshall, 829 S.W.2d 157, 158 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding) (holding trial court abused its discretion by refusing to conduct a hearing and rule on a motion).

1313
Barnes v. Stategreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 9 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2011
2 sentences

2010See Barnes v. State, 832 S.W.2d 424, 426 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, orig. proceeding) (to establish that the trial court refused to rule on a pending motion, the relator must provide a record that shows that, after he filed his motion, relator asked the trial court for a hearing and a ruling on his motion and the trial court refused to hold a hearing and to rule; see also In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d 659, 662 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2008, orig. proceeding) merely “[s]howing that a motion was filed with the court clerk does not constitute proof that the motion was brought to the trial court’

2010See Barnes v. State, 832 S.W.2d 424, 426 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, orig. proceeding) (to establish that the trial court refused to rule on a pending motion, the relator must provide a record that shows that, after he filed his motion, relator asked the trial court for a hearing and a ruling on his motion and the trial court refused to hold a hearing and to rule; see also In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d 659, 662 (Tex. App. – Texarkana 2008, orig. proceeding) merely “[s]howing that a motion was filed with the court clerk does not constitute proof that the motion was brought to the trial

99
In Re Blakeneygreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2024
2 sentences

2024However, neither Cordova-Diana nor her current counsel have filed a motion for extension of time, or motion for leave, or other pleading regarding this matter, and a new attorney has not filed an appearance in this original proceeding. 4 has refused to set a hearing or rule on a proper motion.” In re G.P., 495 S.W.3d 927, 930 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, orig. proceeding); see Eli Lilly & Co. v. Marshall, 829 S.W.2d 157, 158 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d at 661 .

2010See Barnes v. State, 832 S.W.2d 424, 426 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, orig. proceeding) (to establish that the trial court refused to rule on a pending motion, the relator must provide a record that shows that, after he filed his motion, relator asked the trial court for a hearing and a ruling on his motion and the trial court refused to hold a hearing and to rule; see also In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d 659, 662 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2008, orig. proceeding) merely “[s]howing that a motion was filed with the court clerk does not constitute proof that the motion was brought to the trial court’

67
Carmichael v. Stategreen
texapp · 2016 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2024
2 sentences

2024App. 1980) (“We have consistently held that the failure to object waives any error in the admission of evidence tending to show an extraneous offense.”); Carmichael v. State, 505 S.W.3d 95, 103 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2016, pet. refused) (“This court concludes that the article 38.37, section 2-a hearing requirement . . . is subject to the 9 general requirement of preservation, and is therefore subject to forfeiture.”).

2019This hearing requirement, however, is “subject to the general requirement of preservation, and therefore subject to forfeiture.” Carmichael v. State, 505 S.W.3d 95, 103 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2016, pet. ref’d); see also, Murphy v. State, No. 01-17- 00599-CR, 2018 WL 6378004 , at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 6, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

44
Thordson v. City of Houstongreen
tex · 1991 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2018
2 sentences

2018Thordson v. City of Houston, 815 S.W.2d 550, 550 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam); see Welborn v. American Medical Response of Texas, Inc., 313 S.W.3d 884, 886 (Tex. —Dallas 2010, no pet.).

2010Thordson v. City of Houston, 815 S.W.2d 550, 550 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam).

33
Ford v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2015
2 sentences

2015Ford v. State, 1 S.W.3d 691, 693 (Tex. Crim.

2001A hearing on a challenge to a party's peremptory strikes requires the trial court to determine whether the challenging party has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the race-neutral explanation given by the strike's proponent was a sham or pretext for discrimination Ford v. State , 1 S.W.3d 691, 693 (Tex. Crim.

33
Safety-Kleen Corp. v. Garciagreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2012
2 sentences

2012See Safety-Kleen Corp., 945 S.W.2d at 269 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by refusing to set motion for a hearing after relator requested that court coordinator set hearing); In re MHI P’ship, Ltd., 7 S.W.3d at 921–22 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by deferring ruling on arbitration motion until after discovery was complete); In re Reeves Cnty., No. 08-09-00227-CV, 2009 WL 2623355 , at *2 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (holding that trial court abused its discretion by failing to rule on arbitration motion despite three letters requesting

2012See Safety-Kleen Corp., 945 S.W.2d at 269 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by refusing to set motion for a hearing after relator requested that court coordinator set hearing); In re MHI P’ship, Ltd., 7 S.W.3d at 921-22 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by deferring ruling on arbitration motion until after discovery was complete); In re Reeves Cnty., No. 08-09-00227-CV, 2009 WL 2623355 , at *2 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2009, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (holding that trial court abused its discretion by failing to rule on arbitration motion despite three letters requesting

33
Long v. Tannergreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2010
2 sentences

2010Long v. Tanner, 170 S.W.3d 752, 754 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. denied) (citing Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim.

2008Long v. Tanner, 170 S.W.3d 752, 754 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, pet. denied) (citing Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim.

33
Hollifield v. Hollifieldgreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Hollifield v. Hollifield , 925 S.W.2d 153, 155 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ); Clancy v. Zale Corp ., 705 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

2009See Hollifield v. Hollifield, 925 S.W.2d 153, 155 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ); Clancy v. Zale Corp., 705 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

33
Clancy v. Zale Corp.green
texapp · 1986 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Hollifield v. Hollifield , 925 S.W.2d 153, 155 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ); Clancy v. Zale Corp ., 705 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

2009See Hollifield v. Hollifield, 925 S.W.2d 153, 155 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ); Clancy v. Zale Corp., 705 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

33
Leyva v. Pachecogreen
tex · 1962 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2004
2 sentences

2004See Leyva v. Pacheco , 163 Tex. 638 , 358 S.W.2d 547, 549 (1962).

2004See Leyva v. Pacheco , 163 Tex. 638 , 358 S.W.2d 547, 549 (1962).

33
Jackson v. Dennogreen
scotus · 1964 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008The Hearing The motion to suppress sought the exclusion of the statement under Article 38.22 of the code of criminal procedure based on the denial of due process, the denial of the defendant’s state and federal constitutional rights, and Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 380 , 84 S.Ct. 1774 , 12 L.Ed.2d 908 (1964).

2008The Hearing The motion to suppress sought the exclusion of the statement under Article 38.22 of the code of criminal procedure based on the denial of due process, the denial of the defendant’s state and federal constitutional rights, and Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 380 , 84 S.Ct. 1774 , 12 L.Ed.2d 908 (1964).

23
Cantu v. Longoriagreen
tex · 1994 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2022
2 sentences

2022See Cantu v. Longoria, 878 S.W.2d 131, 132 (Tex. 1994).

2003See id.

22
Torres v. Stategreen
texapp · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Torres v. State, 4 S.W.3d 295, 297 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

2017On appeal, appellant complains that the trial court abused its discretion by not conducting a hearing because a hearing was necessary to develop facts supporting the grounds asserted by appellant in his motion for new trial. 1 Torres v. State, 4 S.W.3d 295, 297 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

22
Perez v. Stategreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Perez, 352 S.W.3d at 756 (A trial court is not required to hold a hearing unless the court knows or should reasonably know of an actual, not a potential, conflict.).

2015See Perez, 352 S.W.3d at 756 (A trial court is not required to hold a hearing unless the court knows or should reasonably know of an actual, not a potential, conflict.).

22
Sanchez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Long, 800 S.W.2d at 547 ; see Sanchez, 354 S.W.3d at 484 .

2015Long, 800 S.W.2d at 547 ; see Sanchez, 354 S.W.3d at 484 .

22
Blacklock v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See id. art. 64.04. 2 After the hearing, the statute requires the trial court to make a finding as to whether the results are favorable or unfavorable to the convicted person.

2014See id. art. 64.04.2 After the hearing, the statute requires the trial court to make a finding as to whether the results are favorable or unfavorable to the convicted person.

22
Michigan v. Dorangreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See Doran, 439 U.S. at 290 , 99 S.Ct. 530 .

2004See Doran, 439 U.S. at 290 , 99 S.Ct. 530 .

22
Franks v. Delawaregreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025
2 sentences

2015A “proffer of evidence” in the context of a selective prosecution claim that allows a trial court in its discretion to order a hearing on the claim should be no different than the procedure to obtain a hearing under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), where a defendant contests the truthfulness of an affidavit supporting a search warrant.

2015And 10 a “‘proffer of evidence’ in the context of a selective prosecution claim that allows a trial court in its discretion to order a hearing on the claim,” Hill asserts, “should be no different than the procedure to obtain a hearing under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), where a defendant con- tests the truthfulness of an affidavit supporting a search warrant.” PDR at 55.

13
Smith v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2023
2 sentences

2009For example, in Smith v. State,28 we recently held that the defendant was not entitled to a hearing on his claim that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance–in failing both to inform the defendant of his right to testify at his adjudication hearing and to introduce medical records into evidence–because he failed to establish reasonable grounds to demonstrate that he could meet the prejudice prong of the Strickland 23 Id. at 338-39 . 24 Id. at 339 .

2009For example, in Smith v. State,28 we recently held that the defendant was not entitled to a hearing on his claim that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance–in failing both to inform the defendant of his right to testify at his adjudication hearing and to introduce medical records into evidence–because he failed to establish reasonable grounds to demonstrate that he could meet the prejudice prong of the Strickland 23 Id. at 338-39 . 24 Id. at 339 .

13
Long v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1990 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2015
2 sentences

2015Long, 800 S.W.2d at 547 ; see Sanchez, 354 S.W.3d at 484 .

2015Long, 800 S.W.2d at 547 ; see Sanchez, 354 S.W.3d at 484 .

13
In Re Chavezgreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
2 sentences

2024See id. at 228 (stating that one complaining of the trial court’s failure to convene a hearing and rule upon a motion necessarily requires the petitioner to illustrate that the trial court was aware of the motion and observing the absence of any rule mandating that notice of a matter held by the district clerk is imputed to the trial judge).

2015See Eli Lilly & Co v. Marshall, 829 S.W.2d 157 , 158 {Tex.l992)(per curiam); In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d 659 ,661 {Tex.App.-Texarkana 2008, orig. proceeding). 9 A trial judge is required to perform the ministerial duty of considering and ruling on a properly filed and pending motion within a "reasonable time." In re Chavez, 62 S.W. 3d 225 , 228 {Tex. App.-Amarillo 2001, orig. proceeding); In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d 659, 661 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2008, orig. proceeding).

12
State v. Gonzalezgreen
texcrimapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–2023
2 sentences

2023Gonzalez, 855 S.W.2d at 695 (commenting on the purpose of former Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 31(d)) (“The hearing requirement provides either party an opportunity to develop a record for appellate review, should either party elect to appeal the decision on the motion for new trial.”).

1993Gonzalez, 855 S.W.2d at 695 .

12
In Re the Lynd Co.green
tex · 2006 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2020
2 sentences

2020Jarrell, 580 S.W.3d at 468 (citing In re Lynd Co., 195 S.W.3d at 685 ; In re Jamea, 2010 WL 2968044 , at *5–6).

2019See In re Lynd Co., 195 S.W.3d at 685 ; In re Jamea, 2010 WL 2968044 , at *5-6.

12
In Re MHI Partnership, Ltd.green
texapp · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See Safety-Kleen Corp., 945 S.W.2d at 269 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by refusing to set motion for a hearing after relator requested that court coordinator set hearing); In re MHI P’ship, Ltd., 7 S.W.3d at 921–22 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by deferring ruling on arbitration motion until after discovery was complete); In re Reeves Cnty., No. 08-09-00227-CV, 2009 WL 2623355 , at *2 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (holding that trial court abused its discretion by failing to rule on arbitration motion despite three letters requesting

2012See Safety-Kleen Corp., 945 S.W.2d at 269 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by refusing to set motion for a hearing after relator requested that court coordinator set hearing); In re MHI P’ship, Ltd., 7 S.W.3d at 921-22 (holding that trial court abused its discretion by deferring ruling on arbitration motion until after discovery was complete); In re Reeves Cnty., No. 08-09-00227-CV, 2009 WL 2623355 , at *2 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2009, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (holding that trial court abused its discretion by failing to rule on arbitration motion despite three letters requesting

12
Gulf Coast Investment Corp. v. NASA 1 Business Centergreen
tex · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Ctr., 754 S.W.2d 152, 153 (Tex. 1988) (per curiam) (orig. proceeding).

11
Cooper v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
in Re G.P. and D.P.green
texapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
In Re Shredder Co., LLCgreen
texapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Gary Wayne Jaster v. Comet II Construction, Inc., Joe H. Schneider, Laura H. Schneider, and Austin Design Groupgreen
tex · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Ex Parte Wilsongreen
texapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Harris County v. Sykesgreen
tex · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Welborn v. AMERICAN MED. RESPONSE OF TEXASgreen
texapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Praska v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1977 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
McGinn v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Hubbard v. Stategreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
United States v. Albert A. Greenwoodgreen
ca4 · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Dewalt v. Stategreen
texapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Underwood v. Bridewellgreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Richards v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (22)

CaseCitedYears
Keough v. Cyrus USA, Inc. green
texapp · 2006
2 sentences

2026Even so, we note that the trial court afforded her the process she was due by sending notice of the hearing with a warning that failure to appear would result in dismissal of the case. 5 (quoting Keough v. Cyrus USA, Inc., 204 S.W.3d 1 , 3–4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied)).

2026Even so, we note that the trial court afforded her the process she was due by sending notice of the hearing with a warning that failure to appear would result in dismissal of the case. 5 bears the burden to produce evidence supporting the motion.” Ransom, 553 S.W.3d at 93 (quoting Keough v. Cyrus USA, Inc., 204 S.W.3d 1 , 3–4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied)).

32026–2026
Moore v. State green
texcrimapp · 1999
2 sentences

2007Id.

2007Id.

32007–2007
City of Waco v. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality green
texapp · 2011
2 sentences

2015Id. at 822–25.

2013Id. at 822-25 .

22013–2015
Ransom v. Gibson green
texapp · 2018
1 sentence

2026Even so, we note that the trial court afforded her the process she was due by sending notice of the hearing with a warning that failure to appear would result in dismissal of the case. 5 bears the burden to produce evidence supporting the motion.” Ransom, 553 S.W.3d at 93 (quoting Keough v. Cyrus USA, Inc., 204 S.W.3d 1 , 3–4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied)).

12026–2026
Buntion v. Harmon green
texcrimapp · 1992
12020–2020
Guynes v. Galveston County green
tex · 1993
12018–2018
Edwin Alvarez v. State green
texapp · 2016
12018–2018
Branch Law Firm L.L.P. v. Osborn green
texapp · 2016
12018–2018
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
12015–2015
In re Ching green
texapp · 2000
12015–2015
United States v. Inc. green
ca10 · 1992
12015–2015
United States v. John R. Torquato green
ca3 · 1979
12015–2015
In re Aladdin Hotel Corp. green
scotus · 1979
12015–2015
Cueva v. State green
texapp · 2011
12012–2012
Hong Kong Development, Inc. v. Nguyen green
texapp · 2007
12012–2012
Duncan v. State green
texapp · 2003
12012–2012
Martinez v. State green
texcrimapp · 2002
12008–2008
Wallace v. State green
texcrimapp · 2003
12008–2008
Guidry v. State green
texapp · 2004
12008–2008
Millwrights Local Union No. 2484 v. Rust Engineering Co. green
tex · 1968
12006–2006
In Re Heil green
txnb · 1992
12000–2000
Casanova v. State neutral
texapp · 1972
11999–1999

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.02 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

LA 310 (1918–2025) NY 254 (1890–2026) OH 130 (1960–2026) TX 129 (1932–2026) PA 125 (1870–2026) CA 101 (1954–2026) IL 89 (1942–2026) FL 79 (1955–2025) GA 42 (1910–2024) MI 40 (1929–2025) MO 39 (1927–2025) IN 38 (1965–2025) AL 33 (1912–2018) WI 33 (1890–2025) CO 31 (1891–2026) MA 26 (1984–2026) MD 24 (1951–2024) CT 24 (1977–2025) NJ 23 (1958–2024) AZ 22 (1973–2025) WA 20 (1981–2025) OR 20 (1977–2026) DC 18 (1970–2023) NC 17 (1966–2023) MS 17 (1990–2021) NM 17 (1967–2022) IA 16 (1931–2023) MN 14 (1986–2024) KS 14 (1940–2024) MT 13 (1977–2026) UT 13 (1924–2026) TN 12 (1943–2026) OK 11 (1928–2016) RI 11 (1972–2025) AR 11 (1956–2021) WV 10 (1895–2026) NV 9 (1999–2020) ND 9 (1952–2025) VA 9 (1980–2025) KY 9 (1933–2020) ID 9 (1973–2022) HI 9 (1995–2025) DE 8 (1954–2025) SC 7 (1931–2026) AK 6 (1984–2020) NE 6 (1906–2021) WY 5 (1955–2007) NH 4 (1974–1989) ME 4 (2007–2012) VT 4 (1979–2014) VI 3 (2012–2016) SD 2 (1990–1990)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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