fixed rule in Georgia

18 Georgia opinions name it 2 courts 1915–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Georgia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

Case	Followed	Cited
Roviaro v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1957 · cited in 3 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1998 2 sentences 1998“In Roviaro v. United States, 353 U. S. 53 (77 SC 623, 1 LE2d 639) [(1957)], [which was embraced by our Supreme Court in Thornton v. State, 238 Ga. 160 ( 231 SE2d 729 ) (1977),] the United States 331 Supreme Court held that the government’s privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of a confidential informant is limited by the underlying purpose of the privilege itself and ‘the fundamental requirements of fairness.’ Thus, the court concluded that ‘(w)here the disclosure of an informer’s identity, or of the contents of his communication, is relevant and helpful to the defense of an ac 1989*The Supreme Court declined to adopt a fixed rule of disclosure, opting instead for a balancing test which would balance ‘the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the individual’s right to prepare his defense.’ Id. at 62 .	1	3
Lowry v. Cochrangreen gactapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote	1	1
Hunsucker v. Belfordgreen gactapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote	1	1
Clayton v. Lariseygreen gactapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote	1	1
Cline v. McLeodgreen gactapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote	1	1
Smith v. Ammonsgreen ga · 1972 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote	1	1
Moore v. Stategreen gactapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998 2 sentences 1998“In Roviaro v. United States, 353 U. S. 53 (77 SC 623, 1 LE2d 639) [(1957)], [which was embraced by our Supreme Court in Thornton v. State, 238 Ga. 160 ( 231 SE2d 729 ) (1977),] the United States 331 Supreme Court held that the government’s privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of a confidential informant is limited by the underlying purpose of the privilege itself and ‘the fundamental requirements of fairness.’ Thus, the court concluded that ‘(w)here the disclosure of an informer’s identity, or of the contents of his communication, is relevant and helpful to the defense of an ac 1998“In Roviaro v. United States, 353 U. S. 53 (77 SC 623, 1 LE2d 639) [(1957)], [which was embraced by our Supreme Court in Thornton v. State, 238 Ga. 160 ( 231 SE2d 729 ) (1977),] the United States 331 Supreme Court held that the government’s privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of a confidential informant is limited by the underlying purpose of the privilege itself and ‘the fundamental requirements of fairness.’ Thus, the court concluded that ‘(w)here the disclosure of an informer’s identity, or of the contents of his communication, is relevant and helpful to the defense of an ac	1	1
Halliburton v. Colliergreen gactapp · 1947 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988However, where a part of such property may be of greater value than other portions this is not necessarily a fixed rule.” Halliburton v. Collier, 75 Ga. App. 316, 324 ( 43 SE2d 339 ) (1947); accord Woodstock Village v. Fowler, 154 Ga. App. 82 (1) ( 267 SE2d 558 ) (1980). 1988However, where a part of such property may be of greater value than other portions this is not necessarily a fixed rule.” Halliburton v. Collier, 75 Ga. App. 316, 324 ( 43 SE2d 339 ) (1947); accord Woodstock Village v. Fowler, 154 Ga. App. 82 (1) ( 267 SE2d 558 ) (1980).	1	1
Woodstock Village v. Fowlergreen gactapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988However, where a part of such property may be of greater value than other portions this is not necessarily a fixed rule.” Halliburton v. Collier, 75 Ga. App. 316, 324 ( 43 SE2d 339 ) (1947); accord Woodstock Village v. Fowler, 154 Ga. App. 82 (1) ( 267 SE2d 558 ) (1980). 1988However, where a part of such property may be of greater value than other portions this is not necessarily a fixed rule.” Halliburton v. Collier, 75 Ga. App. 316, 324 ( 43 SE2d 339 ) (1947); accord Woodstock Village v. Fowler, 154 Ga. App. 82 (1) ( 267 SE2d 558 ) (1980).	1	1
Milner v. Tylergreen gactapp · 1911 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980 1 sentence 1980White v. Adams...” (Emphasis supplied.) Finally, we note that in Milner v. Tyler, 9 Ga. App. 659, 660 ( 71 SE 1123 ), it was held: "There are cases where the apportionment according to relative value is not to be determined by a mere comparison of the number of acres described in the bond for title with the admitted deficiency, though that is the ordinary rule by which the calculation is to be made.” We are persuaded that the trial court in this case erred in inflexibly applying the rule of strict apportionment.	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Georgia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

Case	Cited	Years
Beasley v. State neutral gactapp · 1991 2 sentences 2024“It is a fixed rule that the determination of whether a cautionary instruction is to be given generally addresses itself to the sound discretion of the trial judge.” Beasley v. State, 198 Ga. App. 418 ( 401 SE2d 610 ) (1991) (citation and punctuation omitted). 2024“It is a fixed rule that the determination of whether a cautionary instruction is to be given generally addresses itself to the sound discretion of the trial judge.” Beasley v. State, 198 Ga. App. 418 ( 401 SE2d 610 ) (1991) (citation and punctuation omitted).	1	2024–2024
Alexander v. Harnick green gactapp · 1977 2 sentences 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote 2012Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition (2009). 11 Smith v. Ammons, 228 Ga. 855, 858 ( 188 SE2d 866 ) (1972) (“The fixed standard of the law that the master shall furnish a safe place for the servant to work does not impose an absolute duty to furnish a safe place, but the duty is placed upon the master to make an effort to do so.”). 12 Id. 13 180 Ga. App. 286 ( 349 SE2d 232 ) (1986). 14 Id. at 293 (4) (citations omitted). 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 See id. 18 Id. 19 142 Ga. App. 816 ( 237 SE2d 221 ) (1977). 20 Lowry v. Cochran, 305 Ga. App. 240, 246 (2) (c) ( 699 SE2d 325 ) (2010) (punctuation and footnote	1	2012–2012
Sosebee v. State green ga · 1987 2 sentences 1999The victim’s trial testimony in the case sub judice was sufficient under Sosebee v. State, 257 Ga. 298 ( 357 SE2d 562 ), to afford the trial court an opportunity to weigh the indicia of reliability — a finding which is implicit under the trial court’s admission of the victim’s out-of-court statement. 1999The victim’s trial testimony in the case sub judice was sufficient under Sosebee v. State, 257 Ga. 298 ( 357 SE2d 562 ), to afford the trial court an opportunity to weigh the indicia of reliability — a finding which is implicit under the trial court’s admission of the victim’s out-of-court statement.	1	1999–1999
Thornton v. State green ga · 1977 2 sentences 1998“In Roviaro v. United States, 353 U. S. 53 (77 SC 623, 1 LE2d 639) [(1957)], [which was embraced by our Supreme Court in Thornton v. State, 238 Ga. 160 ( 231 SE2d 729 ) (1977),] the United States 331 Supreme Court held that the government’s privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of a confidential informant is limited by the underlying purpose of the privilege itself and ‘the fundamental requirements of fairness.’ Thus, the court concluded that ‘(w)here the disclosure of an informer’s identity, or of the contents of his communication, is relevant and helpful to the defense of an ac 1998“In Roviaro v. United States, 353 U. S. 53 (77 SC 623, 1 LE2d 639) [(1957)], [which was embraced by our Supreme Court in Thornton v. State, 238 Ga. 160 ( 231 SE2d 729 ) (1977),] the United States 331 Supreme Court held that the government’s privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of a confidential informant is limited by the underlying purpose of the privilege itself and ‘the fundamental requirements of fairness.’ Thus, the court concluded that ‘(w)here the disclosure of an informer’s identity, or of the contents of his communication, is relevant and helpful to the defense of an ac	1	1998–1998
Louisville & Nashville Railroad v. Curry neutral gactapp · 1911 1 sentence 1980White v. Adams...” (Emphasis supplied.) Finally, we note that in Milner v. Tyler, 9 Ga. App. 659, 660 ( 71 SE 1123 ), it was held: "There are cases where the apportionment according to relative value is not to be determined by a mere comparison of the number of acres described in the bond for title with the admitted deficiency, though that is the ordinary rule by which the calculation is to be made.” We are persuaded that the trial court in this case erred in inflexibly applying the rule of strict apportionment.	1	1980–1980
Wright v. Bales green gactapp · 1940 2 sentences 1950In Wright v. Bales, 62 Ga. App. 328 ( 7 S. E. 2d, 765 ), it is stated: “It cannot be affirmed as a fixed rule that one crossing a street or highway diagonally must turn and look back. 1950In Wright v. Bales, 62 Ga. App. 328 ( 7 S. E. 2d, 765 ), it is stated: “It cannot be affirmed as a fixed rule that one crossing a street or highway diagonally must turn and look back.	1	1950–1950
White v. Adams green gactapp · 1910 1 sentence 1947White v. Adams, 7 Ga. App. 764 ( 68 S. E. 271 ).	1	1947–1947
Chapman v. State neutral gactapp · 1910 1 sentence 1947White v. Adams, 7 Ga. App. 764 ( 68 S. E. 271 ).	1	1947–1947
Butchers' Benevolent Ass'n v. Crescent City Live-Stock Landing & Slaughter-House Co. green · 1873 1 sentence 1936In this connection it would seem not to be inappropriate to quote the language of Mr. Justice Bradley in the Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall. 36 (21 L. ed. 394), as follows: “The right to choose one’s calling is an essential part of that liberty which it is the object of' government to protect; and a calling, when chosen, is a man’s property right.” That an injunction is the appropriate remedy for any encroachment on a property right in the nature of a franchise is stated as a fixed principle in 5 Pomeroy’s Eq.	1	1936–1936
Cason v. State neutral ga · 1918 1 sentence 1934It was held in Zipperer v. Helmly, 148 Ga. 480 ( 97 S. E. 74 ): “Under proper construction of the order allowing the plaintiff thirty days in which to present to the court an amendment of his petition, it was within the power of the court, to allow an amendment which had been filed, within the thirty days so allowed, in the office of the clerk of the court where the case was pending, but had not been presented to the judge within the thirty days.” In that case the amendment was filed within the time required by the judge’s order, as in Richards v. Shields, Johnson v. Vassar , and Clark v. Gans	1	1934–1934
Zipperer v. Helmnly green ga · 1918 1 sentence 1934It was held in Zipperer v. Helmly, 148 Ga. 480 ( 97 S. E. 74 ): “Under proper construction of the order allowing the plaintiff thirty days in which to present to the court an amendment of his petition, it was within the power of the court, to allow an amendment which had been filed, within the thirty days so allowed, in the office of the clerk of the court where the case was pending, but had not been presented to the judge within the thirty days.” In that case the amendment was filed within the time required by the judge’s order, as in Richards v. Shields, Johnson v. Vassar , and Clark v. Gans	1	1934–1934
Clark v. Ganson green ga · 1916 1 sentence 1934It was held in Zipperer v. Helmly, 148 Ga. 480 ( 97 S. E. 74 ): “Under proper construction of the order allowing the plaintiff thirty days in which to present to the court an amendment of his petition, it was within the power of the court, to allow an amendment which had been filed, within the thirty days so allowed, in the office of the clerk of the court where the case was pending, but had not been presented to the judge within the thirty days.” In that case the amendment was filed within the time required by the judge’s order, as in Richards v. Shields, Johnson v. Vassar , and Clark v. Gans	1	1934–1934
Smith v. Duggan green ga · 1922 2 sentences 1934Smith v. Duggan, 153 Ga. 463 ( 112 S. E. 458 ); Rhodes v. Jernigan, 155 Ga. 523 ( 117 S. E. 432 ). 1934Smith v. Duggan, 153 Ga. 463 ( 112 S. E. 458 ); Rhodes v. Jernigan, 155 Ga. 523 ( 117 S. E. 432 ).	1	1934–1934
Rhodes v. Jernigan green ga · 1923 2 sentences 1934Smith v. Duggan, 153 Ga. 463 ( 112 S. E. 458 ); Rhodes v. Jernigan, 155 Ga. 523 ( 117 S. E. 432 ). 1934Smith v. Duggan, 153 Ga. 463 ( 112 S. E. 458 ); Rhodes v. Jernigan, 155 Ga. 523 ( 117 S. E. 432 ).	1	1934–1934
Felton v. Highlands Hotel Co. green ga · 1928 2 sentences 1934"It is a fixed rule of jurisprudence that a general demurrer is insufficient to dismiss a- cause of action if any portion of the petition affords good ground for recovery in behalf of the plaintiff.” Felton v. Highlands Hotel Co., 165 Ga. 598 ( 141 S. E. 793 , 57 A. L. 1934"It is a fixed rule of jurisprudence that a general demurrer is insufficient to dismiss a- cause of action if any portion of the petition affords good ground for recovery in behalf of the plaintiff.” Felton v. Highlands Hotel Co., 165 Ga. 598 ( 141 S. E. 793 , 57 A. L.	1	1934–1934
The Lottawanna green scotus · 1875 1 sentence 1929It certainly could not have been the intention to place the rules and limits of maritime law under the disposal and regulation of the several States.” The Lottawanna, 88 U. S. (21 Wall.) 558 (22 L. ed. 654).	1	1929–1929
French v. Barber Asphalt Paving Co. green scotus · 1901 1 sentence 1922Co., 181 U. S. 324 (21 Sup. Ct. 625, 45 L ed. 879).	1	1922–1922
Sawyer v. City of Blakely green gactapp · 1907 2 sentences 1915Sawyer v. City of Blakely, 2 Ga. App. 159 ( 58 S. E. 399 ); Simpkins v. Hester, 3 Ga. App. 160 ( 59 S. E. 322 ); Robertson v. Russell, 13 Ga. App. 27 ( 78 S. E. 682 ). 1915Sawyer v. City of Blakely, 2 Ga. App. 159 ( 58 S. E. 399 ); Simpkins v. Hester, 3 Ga. App. 160 ( 59 S. E. 322 ); Robertson v. Russell, 13 Ga. App. 27 ( 78 S. E. 682 ).	1	1915–1915
Cochran v. Holleman neutral gactapp · 1907	1	1915–1915
Simpkins & Co. v. Hester neutral gactapp · 1907 1 sentence 1915Sawyer v. City of Blakely, 2 Ga. App. 159 ( 58 S. E. 399 ); Simpkins v. Hester, 3 Ga. App. 160 ( 59 S. E. 322 ); Robertson v. Russell, 13 Ga. App. 27 ( 78 S. E. 682 ).	1	1915–1915
Youmans v. State green gactapp · 1909	1	1915–1915
Robertson v. Russell green · 1913	1	1915–1915
Southern Railway Co. v. Fleming green gactapp · 1913 1 sentence 1915Sawyer v. City of Blakely, 2 Ga. App. 159 ( 58 S. E. 399 ); Simpkins v. Hester, 3 Ga. App. 160 ( 59 S. E. 322 ); Robertson v. Russell, 13 Ga. App. 27 ( 78 S. E. 682 ).	1	1915–1915

Where else courts name it

WA 82 (1921–2026) CA 50 (1870–2025) TX 44 (1898–2024) MO 44 (1877–2020) IL 38 (1887–2024) NY 34 (1875–2012) PA 30 (1891–2017) KY 30 (1885–2026) LA 23 (1920–2019) AL 21 (1870–2010) GA 18 (1915–2024) OK 18 (1926–2016) MI 15 (1912–2021) NJ 14 (1936–2024) NC 14 (1918–2021) OR 13 (1939–1976) IN 11 (1899–2005) WV 11 (1886–1985) OH 11 (1943–2011) CT 10 (1916–2016) IA 10 (1878–2023) MN 10 (1901–2002) MA 9 (1888–2013) CO 9 (1903–1995) AR 8 (1860–2007) MD 8 (1905–2010) RI 8 (1979–2009) TN 7 (1917–2025) WY 7 (1965–1991) FL 7 (1908–2020) WI 6 (1895–1982) ID 6 (1947–2012) VA 6 (1935–2014) SC 6 (1912–2006) HI 6 (1866–1996) NM 6 (1946–2016) KS 4 (1917–1995) AZ 4 (1960–2004) ND 3 (1952–2002) SD 3 (1909–1993) NV 2 (1870–1924) NH 2 (1984–1991) DE 2 (1945–2020) MS 2 (1911–1914)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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