employee violation (South Carolina) · Go Syfert
← South Carolina issues

employee violation in South Carolina

15 South Carolina opinions name it 2 courts 1945–2021 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by South Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Williams v. Bebbingtongreen
sc · 1966 · cited in 3 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1971–1991
2 sentences

1991The test *321 applied in determining whether a fellow employee is immune from common law liability is whether “... at the time of the delict, the employee . . . was performing work incident to the employer’s business under circumstances which, in the absence of an applicable common law defense, would have rendered the employer liable at common law, for the acts of the employee under the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Boykin v. Prioleau, 255 S.C. 437 , 179 S.E. (2d) 599, 600 (1971), quoting Williams v. Bebbington, 247 S.C. 260 , 146 S.E. (2d) 853, 855-56 (1966).

1991The test *321 applied in determining whether a fellow employee is immune from common law liability is whether “... at the time of the delict, the employee . . . was performing work incident to the employer’s business under circumstances which, in the absence of an applicable common law defense, would have rendered the employer liable at common law, for the acts of the employee under the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Boykin v. Prioleau, 255 S.C. 437 , 179 S.E. (2d) 599, 600 (1971), quoting Williams v. Bebbington, 247 S.C. 260 , 146 S.E. (2d) 853, 855-56 (1966).

33
McCall v. Batsonred
sc · 1985 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

22
Boykin Ex Rel. Estate of Boykin v. Prioleau Ex Rel. Estate of Dickersongreen
sc · 1971 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1977–1991
2 sentences

1991The test *321 applied in determining whether a fellow employee is immune from common law liability is whether “... at the time of the delict, the employee . . . was performing work incident to the employer’s business under circumstances which, in the absence of an applicable common law defense, would have rendered the employer liable at common law, for the acts of the employee under the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Boykin v. Prioleau, 255 S.C. 437 , 179 S.E. (2d) 599, 600 (1971), quoting Williams v. Bebbington, 247 S.C. 260 , 146 S.E. (2d) 853, 855-56 (1966).

1991The test *321 applied in determining whether a fellow employee is immune from common law liability is whether “... at the time of the delict, the employee . . . was performing work incident to the employer’s business under circumstances which, in the absence of an applicable common law defense, would have rendered the employer liable at common law, for the acts of the employee under the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Boykin v. Prioleau, 255 S.C. 437 , 179 S.E. (2d) 599, 600 (1971), quoting Williams v. Bebbington, 247 S.C. 260 , 146 S.E. (2d) 853, 855-56 (1966).

22
Conner v. City of Forest Acresgreen
sc · 2005 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021This alleged fact is not in the certification order, and it has no bearing upon our answers to the certified questions. 3 See, e.g., Conner v. City of Forest Acres, 363 S.C. 460, 471-74 , 611 S.E.2d 905, 911-12 (2005) (explaining an employer may not discharge an employee in violation of procedures set forth in employee handbook); Barron v. Labor Finders of S.C., I.

2021This alleged fact is not in the certification order, and it has no bearing upon our answers to the certified questions. 3 See, e.g., Conner v. City of Forest Acres, 363 S.C. 460, 471-74 , 611 S.E.2d 905, 911-12 (2005) (explaining an employer may not discharge an employee in violation of procedures set forth in employee handbook); Barron v. Labor Finders of S.C., I.

11
Labouseur v. Harleysville Mutual Insurancegreen
sc · 1990 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Co., 302 S.C. 540, 543 , 397 S.E.2d 526, 528 (1990), the parties filing the memorandum assert, “When there is a pending employee claim for compensation, the exclusive jurisdiction for the determination of questions concerning ... coverage ... is in the [commission].” The parties argue jurisdiction existed because the underlying workers’ compensation claims were pending before the commission “and remain pending at present.” By asserting that the coverage dispute is bound up with the pending claims for benefits for purposes of determining jurisdiction, the parties demonstrate the commission’s or

2015Co., 302 S.C. 540, 543 , 397 S.E.2d 526, 528 (1990), the parties filing the memorandum assert, “When there is a pending employee claim for compensation, the exclusive jurisdiction for the determination of questions concerning ... coverage ... is in the [commission].” The parties argue jurisdiction existed because the underlying workers’ compensation claims were pending before the commission “and remain pending at present.” By asserting that the coverage dispute is bound up with the pending claims for benefits for purposes of determining jurisdiction, the parties demonstrate the commission’s or

11
Peay v. U.S. Silica Co.green
sc · 1993 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015We are troubled that these claims have been pending in the commission for ten years. ‘Workers’ compensation laws were intended by the Legislature to relieve workers of the uncertainties of a trial for damages by providing sure, swift recovery for workplace injuries regardless of fault.” Peay v. U.S. Silica Co., 313 S.C. 91, 94 , 437 S.E.2d 64, 65 (1993) (emphasis added). 2 While we applaud the commission’s desire to promote efficiency by consolidating similar coverage questions, the actual effect of the commission’s approach was to delay resolution of the substantive claims, which in turn has

2015We are troubled that these claims have been pending in the commission for ten years. ‘Workers’ compensation laws were intended by the Legislature to relieve workers of the uncertainties of a trial for damages by providing sure, swift recovery for workplace injuries regardless of fault.” Peay v. U.S. Silica Co., 313 S.C. 91, 94 , 437 S.E.2d 64, 65 (1993) (emphasis added). 2 While we applaud the commission’s desire to promote efficiency by consolidating similar coverage questions, the actual effect of the commission’s approach was to delay resolution of the substantive claims, which in turn has

11
Prescott v. Farmers Telephone Cooperative, Inc.green
sc · 1999 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006See id. ("At-will employment is generally terminable by either party at any time, for any reason or for no reason at all.”); Nelson v. Charleston County Parks & Recreation Comm’n, 362 S.C. 1, 6 , 605 S.E.2d 744, 746 (Ct.App.2004) (outlining the following established exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine: (1) an employee has recourse against his employer for termination in violation of public policy; (2) an at-will employee may not be terminated for exercising constitutional rights; and (3) an employee has a cause of action against an employer who contractually alters the at-will relati

11
Nelson v. Charleston County Parks & Recreation Commissiongreen
scctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See id. ("At-will employment is generally terminable by either party at any time, for any reason or for no reason at all.”); Nelson v. Charleston County Parks & Recreation Comm’n, 362 S.C. 1, 6 , 605 S.E.2d 744, 746 (Ct.App.2004) (outlining the following established exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine: (1) an employee has recourse against his employer for termination in violation of public policy; (2) an at-will employee may not be terminated for exercising constitutional rights; and (3) an employee has a cause of action against an employer who contractually alters the at-will relati

2006See id. ("At-will employment is generally terminable by either party at any time, for any reason or for no reason at all.”); Nelson v. Charleston County Parks & Recreation Comm’n, 362 S.C. 1, 6 , 605 S.E.2d 744, 746 (Ct.App.2004) (outlining the following established exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine: (1) an employee has recourse against his employer for termination in violation of public policy; (2) an at-will employee may not be terminated for exercising constitutional rights; and (3) an employee has a cause of action against an employer who contractually alters the at-will relati

11
McCutcheon v. Smithgreen
ga · 1945 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

11
Roth v. Yackleygreen
ill · 1979 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

11
Marine Power & Equipment Co. v. Human Rights Commission Hearing Tribunalgreen
washctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in South Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (14)

CaseCitedYears
Davis v. Orangeburg-Calhoun Law Enforcement Commission green
scctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2004Davis, 344 S.C. at 246-47 , 542 S.E.2d at 758 .

2004Davis, 344 S.C. at 246-47 , 542 S.E.2d at 758 .

22004–2004
McCormick v. England green
scctapp · 1997
2 sentences

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

21999–1999
Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, Inc. green
sc · 1985
2 sentences

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

21999–1999
Brown Ex Rel. Estate of Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n green
sc · 1977
2 sentences

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

1999See McCall v. Batson, 285 S.C. 243 , 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (prospectively abolishing sovereign immunity, except the immunity did not apply in this case or in any case filed before July 1, 1986, in which the government defendant had liability insurance coverage); Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, 287 S.C. 219 , 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985) (first recognizing the tort of wrongful discharge of an employee in violation of public policy and applying decision in this case and prospectively); Brown v. Anderson County Hospital Ass'n, 268 S.C. 479 , 234 S.E.2d 873 (1977) (modifying doctrine of charitable im

21999–1999
South Carolina Property & Casualty Insurance Guaranty Ass'n v. Carolinas Roofing & Sheet Metal Contractor's Self-Insurers Fund green
sc · 1991
2 sentences

2015On appeal, the issue before our supreme court was “whether there was a pending employee claim for compensation before the Commission at the time the action was commenced in circuit court.” Id. at 371 , 401 S.E.2d at 145 .

2015On appeal, the issue before our supreme court was “whether there was a pending employee claim for compensation before the Commission at the time the action was commenced in circuit court.” Id. at 371 , 401 S.E.2d at 145 .

12015–2015
Small v. Springs Industries, Inc. green
sc · 1990
1 sentence

2001Id.

12001–2001
McClain v. South Carolina Department of Education green
sc · 1996
2 sentences

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

11999–1999
WOOTEN BY WOOTEN v. SC Dept. of Transp. green
sc · 1999
2 sentences

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

11999–1999
Wooten Ex Rel. Wooten v. South Carolina Department of Transportation green
scctapp · 1997
2 sentences

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

11999–1999
Knoke Ex Rel. Estate of Knoke v. South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism green
sc · 1996
2 sentences

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

1999We are not confronted with a case in which the cause of action accrued after Davenport I and before Davenport II, which would present a different question. [10] See also McClain v. South Carolina Dep't of Education, 323 S.C. 132 , 473 S.E.2d 799 (1996) (holding that statutory limit in Tort Claims Act does not apply to cases filed before July 1, 1994, even when there are no joint tortfeasors with the governmental entity); Knoke v. South Carolina Dep't of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 324 S.C. 136 , 478 S.E.2d 256 (1996) (holding that Southeastern Freight Lines and McClain apply to the $500,00

11999–1999
Lowther v. Standard Oil Co. of N.J. neutral
sc · 1945
2 sentences

1999Lowther, 206 S.C. at 291-92 , 33 S.E.2d at 891 .

1999Lowther, 206 S.C. at 291-92 , 33 S.E.2d at 891 .

11999–1999
Lowndes Products Inc. v. Brower green
sc · 1972
2 sentences

1997Under Lowndes, an employee has the privilege of making preparations to compete with his former employer after termination of his employment. 259 S.C. at 335 , 191 *319 S.E.2d at 767.

1997Under Lowndes, an employee has the privilege of making preparations to compete with his former employer after termination of his employment. 259 S.C. at 335 , 191 S.E.2d at 767 .

11997–1997
State v. Brandon green
· 1947
1 sentence

1977Although this section has been interpreted to preclude actions against co-employees, Nolan v. Daley, 222 S. C. 407, 43 S. E. (2d) 449 (1952), a fellow employee is not exempt from common law liability by virtue of Section 42-5-10 “unless at the time of the delict, the employee so exempted was performing work incident to the employer’s business under circumstances which, in the absence of an applicable common law defense, would have rendered the employer liable at common law, for the acts of the employee under the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Williams v. Bebbington, 247 S. C. 260, 146 S. E.

11977–1977
Wallace v. Campbell Limestone Co. green
sc · 1941
1 sentence

1945Gold v. Moragne, et al., supra. It is not clear that the Industrial Commission passed on the merits of claimant’s case.

11945–1945

Where else courts name it

CA 103 (1919–2026) OH 62 (1945–2025) MO 53 (1907–2024) TX 47 (1950–2025) IL 44 (1914–2024) NY 37 (1929–2025) CT 27 (1944–2020) MD 26 (1986–2019) TN 26 (1918–2025) WV 24 (1900–2022) PA 23 (1922–2026) IN 18 (1938–2018) NJ 18 (1974–2026) SC 15 (1945–2021) IA 15 (1948–2023) MN 14 (1969–2015) FL 13 (1968–2024) NM 13 (1945–2023) AZ 13 (1927–2026) LA 13 (1983–2026) VA 13 (1967–2024) AL 13 (1925–2017) GA 12 (1938–2010) WI 12 (1975–2024) NE 12 (1980–2025) MA 11 (1953–2013) MI 11 (1913–2024) OK 11 (1936–2016) NC 11 (1970–2018) ID 10 (1962–2021) ME 9 (1978–2022) OR 8 (1978–2020) AK 7 (1961–2010) DE 7 (1971–2024) RI 7 (1972–2014) WA 6 (1956–2021) MT 6 (1928–2017) CO 6 (1988–2005) KS 6 (1920–2026) AR 5 (1989–1997) UT 5 (1943–2021) HI 5 (1982–1998) KY 4 (1961–2024) SD 4 (1992–2008) WY 4 (1982–2019) DC 4 (2001–2015) ND 2 (1937–1963) MS 2 (1994–1998)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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