plain meaning analysis (Wisconsin) · Go Syfert
← Wisconsin issues

plain meaning analysis in Wisconsin

81 Wisconsin opinions name it 2 courts 1968–2025 27 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Wisconsin courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (30)

CaseFollowedCited
State Ex Rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Countygreen
wis · 2004 · cited in 22 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2008–2025
2 sentences

2025Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane County, 2004 WI 58 , 271 Wis. 2d 633 , 681 N.W.2d 110 , and may be used as part of a plain-meaning analysis of an unambiguous statute.

2025Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane County, 2004 WI 58 , 271 Wis. 2d 633 , 681 N.W.2d 110 , and may be used as part of a plain-meaning analysis of an unambiguous statute.

722
City of Madison v. Town of Fitchburggreen
wis · 1983 · cited in 6 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1983–2006
2 sentences

1986The alternative plain meaning rule adopted in City of Madison v. Town of Fitchburg, 112 Wis. 2d 224, 236 , 332 N.W.2d 782, 787 (1983), leads to the same result.

1986The alternative plain meaning rule adopted in City of Madison v. Town of Fitchburg, 112 Wis. 2d 224, 236 , 332 N.W.2d 782, 787 (1983), leads to the same result.

66
County of Dane v. Labor & Industry Review Commissiongreen
wis · 2009 · cited in 11 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2015–2023
2 sentences

2023A review of statutory history can be part of a plain meaning analysis “because it is part of the context in which we interpret statutory terms.” County of Dane v. LIRC, 2009 WI 9, ¶27 , 315 Wis. 2d 293 , 759 N.W.2d 571 (quoting Richards v. Badger Mut.

2023A review of statutory history can be part of a plain meaning analysis “because it is part of the context in which we interpret statutory terms.” County of Dane v. LIRC, 2009 WI 9, ¶27 , 315 Wis. 2d 293 , 759 N.W.2d 571 (quoting Richards v. Badger Mut.

511
United States v. Dickersongreen
scotus · 1940 · cited in 4 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1983–1992
2 sentences

1992But more importantly it should be noted that the primary purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the legislature's intent, and that this court has recognized exceptions to the plain meaning rule — both when persuasive legislative history indicates a contrary legislative intent, Wisconsin Higher Educational Aids Board v. Hervey, 113 Wis. 2d 634 , 641 n. 9, 335 N.W.2d 607 (1983), quoting United States v. Dickerson, 310 U.S. 554, 562 (1940), and when an "absurd or unreasonable result" would be effected by merely applying the plain meaning rule.

1992But more importantly it should be noted that the primary purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the legislature's intent, and that this court has recognized exceptions to the plain meaning rule—both when persuasive legislative history indicates a contrary legislative intent, Wisconsin Higher Educational Aids Board v. Hervey, 113 Wis. 2d 634 , 641 n. 9, 335 N.W.2d 607 (1983), quoting United States v. Dickerson, 310 U.S. 554, 562 (1940), and when an "absurd or unreasonable result" would be effected by merely applying the plain meaning rule.

44
United States v. Dennis Franklingreen
wis · 2019 · cited in 4 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2020–2021
2 sentences

2020See United States v. Franklin, 2019 WI 64, ¶13 , 387 Wis. 2d 259 , 928 N.W.2d 545 (quoted source omitted) ("Evaluation of the context of a statute is part of a plain-meaning analysis and includes a review of . . . 'previously enacted and repealed provisions of a statute.'").

2020See United States v. Franklin, 2019 WI 64, ¶13 , 387 Wis. 2d 259 , 928 N.W.2d 545 (quoted source omitted) ("Evaluation of the context of a statute is part of a plain-meaning analysis and includes a review of . . . 'previously enacted and repealed provisions of a statute.'").

34
Elliot Brey v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Companygreen
wis · 2022 · cited in 4 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2022–2025
2 sentences

2025But a “statute's context and structure are” likewise “critical to a proper plain- meaning analysis.” Brey, 400 Wis. 2d 417, ¶11 .

2024Co., 2022 WI 7, ¶11 , 400 Wis. 2d 417 , 970 N.W.2d 1 ("A statute's context and structure are critical to a proper plain-meaning analysis.") ¶39 "'If this process of ascertainment yields a plain, clear statutory meaning, then there is no ambiguity, and the statute is applied according to this ascertainment of its meaning.'" Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶46 (quoting Bruno, 260 Wis. 2d 633, ¶20 ).

24
Johnson v. City of Edgertongreen
wisctapp · 1996 · cited in 2 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See Johnson v. City of Edgerton, 207 Wis. 2d 343, 351 , 558 N.W.2d 653 (Ct. App. 1996) ("When the Legislature uses different terms in a statute——particularly in the same section——we presume it intended the terms to have distinct meanings."). ¶141 The statutory history of Wis. Stat. § 252.02 (4), part of a plain meaning analysis, confirms the authority of DHS to issue orders applicable to the whole of Wisconsin separate and apart from rules.

2020See Johnson v. City of Edgerton, 207 Wis. 2d 343, 351 , 558 N.W.2d 653 (Ct. App. 1996) ("When the Legislature uses different terms in a statute——particularly in the same section——we presume it intended the terms to have distinct meanings."). ¶141 The statutory history of Wis. Stat. § 252.02 (4), part of a plain meaning analysis, confirms the authority of DHS to issue orders applicable to the whole of Wisconsin separate and apart from rules.

22
State v. Gilbertgreen
wis · 2012 · cited in 2 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See State v. Gilbert, 2012 WI 72, ¶ 16 , 342 Wis. 2d 82 , 816 N.W.2d 215 ("[A] review of statutory history is part of a plain meaning analysis.") (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 568 U.S._, 133 S. Ct. 560 (2012).

2013See State v. Gilbert, 2012 WI 72, ¶ 16 , 342 Wis. 2d 82 , 816 N.W.2d 215 ("[A] review of statutory history is part of a plain meaning analysis.") (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 568 U.S._, 133 S. Ct. 560 (2012).

22
Gladden v. Department of Commercegreen
scotus · 2012 · cited in 2 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See State v. Gilbert, 2012 WI 72, ¶ 16 , 342 Wis. 2d 82 , 816 N.W.2d 215 ("[A] review of statutory history is part of a plain meaning analysis.") (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 568 U.S._, 133 S. Ct. 560 (2012).

2013See State v. Gilbert, 2012 WI 72, ¶16 , 342 Wis. 2d 82 , 816 N.W.2d 215 ("[A] review of statutory history is part of a plain meaning analysis.") (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 568 U.S. __ , 133 S. Ct. 560 (2012).

22
Richards v. Badger Mutual Insurancegreen
wis · 2008 · cited in 6 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2009–2025
2 sentences

2025Co., 2008 WI 52, ¶22 , 309 Wis. 2d 541 , 749 N.W.2d 581 (“[a] review of statutory history,” which “encompasses the previously enacted and repealed provisions of a statute,” is “part of a plain meaning analysis”). ¶34 At times, Gonfiantini seems to suggest that we can or should interpret the statutes differently “under the facts of this case,” where the application of the rule determines the outcome of the election and a different rule would produce a different result.

2025Co., 2008 WI 52, ¶22 , 309 Wis. 2d 541 , 749 N.W.2d 581 (“[a] review of statutory history,” which “encompasses the previously enacted and repealed provisions of a statute,” is “part of a plain meaning analysis”). ¶34 At times, Gonfiantini seems to suggest that we can or should interpret the statutes differently “under the facts of this case,” where the application of the rule determines the outcome of the election and a different rule would produce a different result.

16
State v. Sotogreen
wis · 2012 · cited in 4 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2013–2024
2 sentences

2024“Additionally, a plain meaning analysis may look to statutory context and structure.” State v. Soto, 2012 WI 93, ¶20 , 343 Wis. 2d 43 , 817 N.W.2d 848 .

2024“Additionally, a plain meaning analysis may look to statutory context and structure.” State v. Soto, 2012 WI 93, ¶20 , 343 Wis. 2d 43 , 817 N.W.2d 848 .

14
Melissa Anderson v. Thomas Aulgreen
wis · 2015 · cited in 2 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017I conclude that the City of Madison does not fall within the definition of "person" for the purposes of Wis. Stat. chapter 135. 22 See Anderson v. Aul, 2015 WI 19, ¶114 , 361 Wis. 2d 63 , 862 N.W.2d 304 (Ziegler, J., concurring) (asserting that the plain meaning analysis includes consideration of consequences of alternative interpretations to avoid unreasonable results). 21 No. 2015AP2366.ssa ¶138 Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of the circuit court and the decision of the court of appeals but on the ground that the Fair Dealership Law does not apply to the City of Madison. ¶139 I am

2017I conclude that the City of Madison does not fall within the definition of "person" for the purposes of Wis. Stat. chapter 135. 22 See Anderson v. Aul, 2015 WI 19, ¶114 , 361 Wis. 2d 63 , 862 N.W.2d 304 (Ziegler, J., concurring) (asserting that the plain meaning analysis includes consideration of consequences of alternative interpretations to avoid unreasonable results). 21 No. 2015AP2366.ssa ¶138 Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of the circuit court and the decision of the court of appeals but on the ground that the Fair Dealership Law does not apply to the City of Madison. ¶139 I am

12
State v. Hayesgreen
wis · 2004 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See State v. Hayes, 2004 WI 80, ¶109 , 273 Wis. 2d 1 , 681 N.W.2d 203 (Sykes, J., concurring) (citing Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633 , ¶¶50–51).

2025See State v. Hayes, 2004 WI 80, ¶109 , 273 Wis. 2d 1 , 681 N.W.2d 203 (Sykes, J., concurring) (citing Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633 , ¶¶50–51).

11
WCRIS v. Janel Heinrichgreen
wis · 2021 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See James v. Heinrich, 2021 WI 58 , ¶76, 397 Wis. 2d 517 , 14 960 N.W.2d 350 (Dallet, J., dissenting). 19 No. 2020AP1213-CR Legacy of Justice Scalia, 66 Case W.

2023See James v. Heinrich, 2021 WI 58 , ¶26, 397 Wis. 2d 517 , 960 N.W.2d 350 (explaining extrinsic sources are sometimes considered to confirm a plain-meaning analysis (citing State ex rel.

11
Kannenberg v. Labor & Industry Review Commissiongreen
wisctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Id., ¶32 (“[A] provision can be 12 No. 2022AP13 construed ‘liberally’ as opposed to ‘strictly’ only when there is some ambiguity to construe.”); Kannenberg v. LIRC, 213 Wis. 2d 373, 393 , 571 N.W.2d 165 (Ct. App. 1997) (“When statutory language is ambiguous and a choice must be made between two reasonable interpretations, one of the factors to consider in making this choice, if the statute is remedial in nature, is that it is to be liberally construed to effectuate its remedial purpose.”). ¶27 As explained in the following analysis, we conclude that the pertinent portions of WIS.

2023Id., ¶32 (“[A] provision can be 12 No. 2022AP13 construed ‘liberally’ as opposed to ‘strictly’ only when there is some ambiguity to construe.”); Kannenberg v. LIRC, 213 Wis. 2d 373, 393 , 571 N.W.2d 165 (Ct. App. 1997) (“When statutory language is ambiguous and a choice must be made between two reasonable interpretations, one of the factors to consider in making this choice, if the statute is remedial in nature, is that it is to be liberally construed to effectuate its remedial purpose.”). ¶27 As explained in the following analysis, we conclude that the pertinent portions of WIS.

11
Enbridge Energy Company, Inc. v. Dane Countygreen
wis · 2019 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
In Interest of Angel Lace M.green
wis · 1994 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Wisconsin Carry, Inc. v. City of Madisongreen
wis · 2017 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
State v. Jensengreen
wis · 2010 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
State v. Hansongreen
wis · 2012 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Hughes v. Chrysler Motors Corp.green
wis · 1996 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
People v. Ellisgreen
ill · 2002 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
State v. Courchesnegreen
conn · 2003 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Connecticut National Bank v. Germaingreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Train v. Colorado Public Interest Research Group, Inc.green
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Jvc Company of America, Division of Us Jvc Corporation v. United Statesgreen
cafc · 2000 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Perrin v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1979 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Johnson v. County of Crawfordgreen
wisctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
United States v. Moniagreen
scotus · 1943 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
State Ex Rel. Milwaukee County v. Wisconsin Council on Criminal Justicegreen
wis · 1976 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Wisconsin. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (43)

CaseCitedYears
Bruno v. Milwaukee County green
wis · 2003
2 sentences

2024Co., 2022 WI 7, ¶11 , 400 Wis. 2d 417 , 970 N.W.2d 1 ("A statute's context and structure are critical to a proper plain-meaning analysis.") ¶39 "'If this process of ascertainment yields a plain, clear statutory meaning, then there is no ambiguity, and the statute is applied according to this ascertainment of its meaning.'" Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶46 (quoting Bruno, 260 Wis. 2d 633, ¶20 ).

2024Co., 2022 WI 7, ¶11 , 400 Wis. 2d 417 , 970 N.W.2d 1 ("A statute's context and structure are critical to a proper plain-meaning analysis.") ¶39 "'If this process of ascertainment yields a plain, clear statutory meaning, then there is no ambiguity, and the statute is applied according to this ascertainment of its meaning.'" Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶46 (quoting Bruno, 260 Wis. 2d 633, ¶20 ).

42003–2024
Jere Fabick v. Tony Evers green
wis · 2021
2 sentences

2023Further, statutory history “is part of a plain meaning analysis” and “encompasses the previously enacted and repealed provisions of a statute.” Fabick 7 Nos. 2022AP658-CR 2022AP659-CR 2022AP661-CR 2022AP662-CR 2022AP663-CR v. Evers, 2021 WI 28 , ¶30 n.12, 396 Wis. 2d 231 , 956 N.W.2d 856 (citation omitted).

2023Further, statutory history “is part of a plain meaning analysis” and “encompasses the previously enacted and repealed provisions of a statute.” Fabick 7 Nos. 2022AP658-CR 2022AP659-CR 2022AP661-CR 2022AP662-CR 2022AP663-CR v. Evers, 2021 WI 28 , ¶30 n.12, 396 Wis. 2d 231 , 956 N.W.2d 856 (citation omitted).

32021–2023
State v. Jose Alberto Reyes Fuerte green
wis · 2017
2 sentences

2022"Statutes are closely related when they are in the same chapter, reference one another, or use similar terms." State v. Reyes Fuerte, 2017 WI 104, ¶27 , 378 Wis. 2d 504 , 904 N.W.2d 773 (citing City of Janesville v. CC Midwest, Inc., 2007 WI 93, ¶24 , 302 Wis. 2d 599 , 734 N.W.2d 428 ). ¶49 It is consistent with the plain-meaning rule "to consider the intrinsic context in which statutory language is used; a plain-meaning interpretation cannot contravene a textually or contextually manifest statutory purpose." Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶49 .

2022"Statutes are closely related when they are in the same chapter, reference one another, or use similar terms." State v. Reyes Fuerte, 2017 WI 104, ¶27 , 378 Wis. 2d 504 , 904 N.W.2d 773 (citing City of Janesville v. CC Midwest, Inc., 2007 WI 93, ¶24 , 302 Wis. 2d 599 , 734 N.W.2d 428 ). ¶49 It is consistent with the plain-meaning rule "to consider the intrinsic context in which statutory language is used; a plain-meaning interpretation cannot contravene a textually or contextually manifest statutory purpose." Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶49 .

32021–2022
State ex rel. Raymer v. Cunningham green
wis · 1892
2 sentences

2019Raymer v. Cunningham , 82 Wis. 39 , 51 N.W. 1133 , 51 N.W. 1133 (1892), the SPI directed the Secretary of State to pay him more than his $1,200 salary, plus the expenses actually incurred for his clerk's salary and actual travel costs.

2019Raymer v. Cunningham , 82 Wis. 39 , 51 N.W. 1133 , 51 N.W. 1133 (1892), the SPI directed the Secretary of State to pay him more than his $1,200 salary, plus the expenses actually incurred for his clerk's salary and actual travel costs.

32019–2019
State Higher Educational Aids Board v. Hervey green
wis · 1983
2 sentences

1992But more importantly it should be noted that the primary purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the legislature's intent, and that this court has recognized exceptions to the plain meaning rule — both when persuasive legislative history indicates a contrary legislative intent, Wisconsin Higher Educational Aids Board v. Hervey, 113 Wis. 2d 634 , 641 n. 9, 335 N.W.2d 607 (1983), quoting United States v. Dickerson, 310 U.S. 554, 562 (1940), and when an "absurd or unreasonable result" would be effected by merely applying the plain meaning rule.

1992But more importantly it should be noted that the primary purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the legislature's intent, and that this court has recognized exceptions to the plain meaning rule — both when persuasive legislative history indicates a contrary legislative intent, Wisconsin Higher Educational Aids Board v. Hervey, 113 Wis. 2d 634 , 641 n. 9, 335 N.W.2d 607 (1983), quoting United States v. Dickerson, 310 U.S. 554, 562 (1940), and when an "absurd or unreasonable result" would be effected by merely applying the plain meaning rule.

31985–1992
State ex rel. Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Henry green
wis · 1935
2 sentences

2025We engaged in a plain-meaning analysis of the text to determine whether the governor could veto portions of a policy proposal or only entire legislative policy proposals called “items.” Id. at 310–11.

2025We engaged in a plain-meaning analysis of the text to determine whether the governor could veto portions of a policy proposal or only entire legislative policy proposals called “items.” Id. at 310–11.

22025–2025
City of Janesville v. CC Midwest, Inc. green
wis · 2007
2 sentences

2022"Statutes are closely related when they are in the same chapter, reference one another, or use similar terms." State v. Reyes Fuerte, 2017 WI 104, ¶27 , 378 Wis. 2d 504 , 904 N.W.2d 773 (citing City of Janesville v. CC Midwest, Inc., 2007 WI 93, ¶24 , 302 Wis. 2d 599 , 734 N.W.2d 428 ). ¶49 It is consistent with the plain-meaning rule "to consider the intrinsic context in which statutory language is used; a plain-meaning interpretation cannot contravene a textually or contextually manifest statutory purpose." Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶49 .

2022"Statutes are closely related when they are in the same chapter, reference one another, or use similar terms." State v. Reyes Fuerte, 2017 WI 104, ¶27 , 378 Wis. 2d 504 , 904 N.W.2d 773 (citing City of Janesville v. CC Midwest, Inc., 2007 WI 93, ¶24 , 302 Wis. 2d 599 , 734 N.W.2d 428 ). ¶49 It is consistent with the plain-meaning rule "to consider the intrinsic context in which statutory language is used; a plain-meaning interpretation cannot contravene a textually or contextually manifest statutory purpose." Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶49 .

22022–2022
Heritage Farms, Inc. v. Markel Insurance Company green
wis · 2009
2 sentences

2015Co., 2009 WI 27, ¶ 15 , 316 Wis. 2d 47 , 762 N.W.2d 652 (relying on statutory history to confirm a statute's plain meaning); Cnty. of Dane, 315 Wis. 2d 293, ¶ 27 (explaining that statutory history is part of a plain-meaning analysis). ¶ 112.

2015Co., 2009 WI 27, ¶ 15 , 316 Wis. 2d 47 , 762 N.W.2d 652 (relying on statutory history to confirm a statute's plain meaning); Cnty. of Dane, 315 Wis. 2d 293, ¶ 27 (explaining that statutory history is part of a plain-meaning analysis). ¶ 112.

22012–2015
State v. Peters green
wis · 2003
2 sentences

2009In State v. Peters, 2003 WI 88, ¶ 14 , 263 Wis. 2d 475 , 665 N.W.2d 171 , for example, this court characterized the plain meaning analysis as follows: "If the language of a statute is clear on its face, we need not look any further than the statutory text to determine the statute's meaning." See also State ex rel.

2009In State v. Peters, 2003 WI 88, ¶ 14 , 263 Wis. 2d 475 , 665 N.W.2d 171 , for example, this court characterized the plain meaning analysis as follows: "If the language of a statute is clear on its face, we need not look any further than the statutory text to determine the statute's meaning." See also State ex rel.

22003–2009
State v. Byers green
wis · 2003
2 sentences

2006Soc'y, 2003 WI 87, ¶ 43 , 263 Wis. 2d 207 , 655 N.W.2d 181 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("[T]his is another case in which the court mouths the exclusive plain meaning rule and then properly looks beyond the 'plain language' of the statute without finding that the statutory language is ambiguous." (footnote omitted)); id., ¶ 53 (Bablitch, J., concurring) (advocating the use of any useful and available information regarding legislative intent); State v. Byers, 2003 WI 86, ¶¶ 46-47 , 263 Wis.2d 113 , 665 N.W.2d 729 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("Even a casual observer of the Wisconsin cases w

2006Soc'y, 2003 WI 87, ¶ 43 , 263 Wis. 2d 207 , 655 N.W.2d 181 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("[T]his is another case in which the court mouths the exclusive plain meaning rule and then properly looks beyond the 'plain language' of the statute without finding that the statutory language is ambiguous." (footnote omitted)); id., ¶ 53 (Bablitch, J., concurring) (advocating the use of any useful and available information regarding legislative intent); State v. Byers, 2003 WI 86, ¶¶ 46-47 , 263 Wis.2d 113 , 665 N.W.2d 729 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("Even a casual observer of the Wisconsin cases w

22003–2006
State v. Sample green
wis · 1998
2 sentences

2003For discussions and criticisms of the plain meaning rule in Wisconsin, see, e.g., State v. Peters, 2003 WI 88 , 263 Wis. 2d 475 , 665 N.W.2d 171 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring); State v. Byers, 2003 WI 86 , 263 Wis. 2d 113 , 665 N.W.2d 729 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring; Crooks, J., dissenting); State v. Davison, 2003 WI 89 , 263 Wis. 2d 146 , 666 N.W.2d 1 ; Bruno v. Milwaukee County, 2003 WI 28 , 260 Wis. 2d 633 , 600 N.W.2d 656 ; State v. Delaney, 2003 WI 9, ¶¶ 38-40 , 259 Wis. 2d 77 , 658 N.W.2d 416 (Abrahamson, C.J., dissenting); State v. Sample, 215 Wis. 2d 487, 508 , 573 N.W.2d 187 (1998)

2003For discussions and criticisms of the plain meaning rule in Wisconsin, see, e.g., State v. Peters, 2003 WI 88 , 263 Wis. 2d 475 , 665 N.W.2d 171 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring); State v. Byers, 2003 WI 86 , 263 Wis. 2d 113 , 665 N.W.2d 729 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring; Crooks, J., dissenting); State v. Davison, 2003 WI 89 , 263 Wis. 2d 146 , 666 N.W.2d 1 ; Bruno v. Milwaukee County, 2003 WI 28 , 260 Wis. 2d 633 , 600 N.W.2d 656 ; State v. Delaney, 2003 WI 9, ¶¶ 38-40 , 259 Wis. 2d 77 , 658 N.W.2d 416 (Abrahamson, C.J., dissenting); State v. Sample, 215 Wis. 2d 487, 508 , 573 N.W.2d 187 (1998)

22003–2006
State v. Delaney green
wis · 2003
2 sentences

2006Soc'y, 2003 WI 87, ¶ 43 , 263 Wis. 2d 207 , 655 N.W.2d 181 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("[T]his is another case in which the court mouths the exclusive plain meaning rule and then properly looks beyond the 'plain language' of the statute without finding that the statutory language is ambiguous." (footnote omitted)); id., ¶ 53 (Bablitch, J., concurring) (advocating the use of any useful and available information regarding legislative intent); State v. Byers, 2003 WI 86, ¶¶ 46-47 , 263 Wis.2d 113 , 665 N.W.2d 729 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("Even a casual observer of the Wisconsin cases w

2006Soc'y, 2003 WI 87, ¶ 43 , 263 Wis. 2d 207 , 655 N.W.2d 181 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("[T]his is another case in which the court mouths the exclusive plain meaning rule and then properly looks beyond the 'plain language' of the statute without finding that the statutory language is ambiguous." (footnote omitted)); id., ¶ 53 (Bablitch, J., concurring) (advocating the use of any useful and available information regarding legislative intent); State v. Byers, 2003 WI 86, ¶¶ 46-47 , 263 Wis.2d 113 , 665 N.W.2d 729 (Abrahamson, C.J., concurring) ("Even a casual observer of the Wisconsin cases w

22003–2006
State Ex Rel. Cramer v. Wisconsin Court of Appeals green
wis · 2000
2 sentences

2004Cramer v. Schwarz, 2000 WI 86, ¶ 37 , 236 Wis. 2d 473 , 613 N.W.2d 591 .

2004Cramer v. Schwarz, 2000 WI 86, ¶ 37 , 236 Wis. 2d 473 , 613 N.W.2d 591 .

22002–2004
Kelley Co., Inc. v. Marquardt green
wis · 1992
2 sentences

2000Kelley Co. v. Marquardt, 172 Wis. 2d 234, 247 , 493 N.W.2d 68 (1992); see also Johnson v. County of Crawford, 195 Wis. 2d 374, 383 , 536 N.W.2d 167 (Ct. App. 1995).

2000Kelley Co. v. Marquardt, 172 Wis. 2d 234, 247 , 493 N.W.2d 68 (1992); see also Johnson v. County of Crawford, 195 Wis. 2d 374, 383 , 536 N.W.2d 167 (Ct. App. 1995).

22000–2000
Beatriz Banuelos v. University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority green
wis · 2023
1 sentence

2025Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶46 ; Banuelos, 406 Wis. 2d 439, ¶25 ; Brey, 400 Wis. 2d 417, ¶¶11, 20 ; Wis. Just.

12025–2025
Thomas D. Nowell v. City of Wausau green
wis · 2013
12023–2023
Pritzlaff v. Archdiocese of Milwaukee green
wis · 1995
12022–2022
State v. Stewart green
wisctapp · 2018
12021–2021
Department of Natural Resources v. Wisconsin Court of Appeals, District IV green
wis · 2018
12020–2020
State v. Sullivan green
wis · 1998
12018–2018
Peterson v. Midwest Security Insurance green
wis · 2001
12017–2017
Auman Ex Rel. Auman v. School District of Stanley-Boyd green
wis · 2001
12017–2017
Seider v. O'CONNELL green
wis · 2000
12015–2015
Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District v. City of Milwaukee green
wis · 2005
12013–2013
Nelson v. Rothering green
wis · 1993
12011–2011
BKCAP, LLC v. CAPTEC Franchise Trust 2000-1 green
ca7 · 2009
12010–2010
Racine Harley-Davidson, Inc. v. State Division of Hearings & Appeals green
wis · 2006
12009–2009
Booth v. Churner green
scotus · 2001
12009–2009
County of Dane v. Labor & Industry Review Commission green
wisctapp · 2007
12009–2009
Fox Ex Rel. Fricker v. Catholic Knights Insurance Society green
wis · 2003
12006–2006
State v. Davison green
wis · 2003
12003–2003
CBS Inc., Fox Broadcasting Co. v. Primetime 24 Joint Venture green
ca11 · 2001
12003–2003
State v. Chavez green
wisctapp · 1993
12003–2003
State v. Stoehr green
wis · 1986
12003–2003
State v. Martin green
wis · 1991
12000–2000
Rice v. Ashland County green
wis · 1900
11992–1992
Boynton Cab Co. v. Department of Industry, Labor & Human Relations green
wis · 1980
11985–1985
Sommerfeld v. Board of Canvassers green
wis · 1955
11983–1983
Young v. Board of Ed., Joint Dist. No. 10 green
wis · 1976
11983–1983
Cross v. Soderbeck green
wis · 1980
11983–1983

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WI § Wis. Stat. § 990.01 (16) WI § Wis. Stat. § 990.001 (13) WI § Wis. Stat. § 808.10 (12) WI § Wis. Stat. § 227.57 (11) WI § Wis. Stat. § 227.11 (8) WI § Wis. Stat. § 802.08 (8) WI § Wis. Stat. § 227.01 (7) WI § Wis. Stat. § 227.19 (6) WI § Wis. Stat. § 227.40 (5) WI § Wis. Stat. § 973.01 (5) WI § Wis. Stat. § 227.10 (4) WI § Wis. Stat. § 940.225 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NM 286 (1952–2026) MD 133 (1907–2023) CA 121 (1932–2026) WA 112 (1990–2025) TX 103 (1973–2026) CT 92 (1986–2025) WI 81 (1968–2025) SC 71 (1997–2026) FL 38 (1981–2025) AK 36 (1980–2024) MI 34 (1981–2024) IL 31 (1984–2025) VT 31 (1980–2026) VA 25 (1989–2025) NV 24 (1986–2019) AZ 23 (1976–2025) UT 22 (1990–2024) AL 18 (2001–2018) NY 17 (1977–2015) MN 17 (1986–2016) PA 16 (1982–2026) DC 16 (1977–2024) HI 15 (1983–2023) NC 13 (2005–2026) KY 12 (2005–2025) CO 12 (1995–2026) OH 11 (1984–2021) MS 10 (2001–2018) IA 10 (1986–2020) NH 9 (1978–2013) DE 8 (1994–2017) MO 8 (1979–2022) ME 7 (1991–2013) NJ 6 (1961–2021) MA 6 (1986–2013) WY 6 (1991–2007) RI 6 (2005–2017) TN 5 (1992–2019) AR 5 (1996–2006) KS 4 (1994–2014) ID 4 (1990–2022) IN 4 (1992–2023) OK 4 (1973–2013) MT 4 (1985–1995) VI 3 (2008–2025) NE 3 (1986–2025) SD 2 (2000–2025) WV 2 (2014–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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