guiding principle (Tennessee) · Go Syfert
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guiding principle in Tennessee

68 Tennessee opinions name it 4 courts 1984–2024 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Tennessee courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (27)

CaseFollowedCited
Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Ernst & Whinneygreen
tenn · 1991 · cited in 15 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1997–2024
2 sentences

2024We note, however, that “Tennessee has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552 as the guiding principle in negligent misrepresentation actions against other professionals and business persons.” Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 822 S.W.2d 592, 595 (Tenn. 1991); see also Grogan v. Uggla, 535 S.W.3d 864, 870 (Tenn. 2017) (reaffirming that Section 552 is applicable in Tennessee).

2019As noted by Batten, in Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423 (Tenn. 1997), the Tennessee Supreme Court discussed the essential elements of a negligent misrepresentation claim: Tennessee has adopted Section 552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts “as the guiding principle in negligent misrepresentation actions against other professionals and business persons.” Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 822 S.W.2d 592, 595 (Tenn. 1991).

1515
Johnson v. Stategreen
tenn · 1975 · cited in 13 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1996–2010
2 sentences

2010See Johnson v. State, 531 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tenn. 1975).

2003See Johnson v. State, 531 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tenn. 1975).

1313
Robinson v. Omergreen
tenn · 1997 · cited in 13 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1998–2019
2 sentences

2019As noted by Batten, in Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423 (Tenn. 1997), the Tennessee Supreme Court discussed the essential elements of a negligent misrepresentation claim: Tennessee has adopted Section 552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts “as the guiding principle in negligent misrepresentation actions against other professionals and business persons.” Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 822 S.W.2d 592, 595 (Tenn. 1991).

2012In addition to those allegations above, at Paragraphs 258, 268, and 278, Appellants claim that Kimbrow, Fearnley & Califf, and Community Title are “also liable for negligent misrepresentation” because “[t]he statements as to the enforceability [of the partnership contracts] were made ... without exercising reasonable care in obtaining or communicating the information .... ” In Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423 (Tenn.1997), our Supreme Court discussed the essential elements of a negligent misrepresentation claim: Tennessee has adopted Section 552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts “as the guid

713
State v. Sligergreen
tenn · 1993 · cited in 5 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1994–2014
2 sentences

2014Seals v. H & F, Inc., 301 S.W.3d 237, 241-42 (Tenn. 2010); State v. Sliger, 846 S.W.2d 262, 263 (Tenn. 1993).

2001State v. Sliger, 846 S.W.2d 262, 263 (Tenn.1993).

55
John Martin Co. v. Morse/Diesel, Inc.green
tenn · 1991 · cited in 3 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1991–2012
2 sentences

2012Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 822 S.W.2d 592, 595 (Tenn.1991); John Martin Co. v. Morse/Diesel, Inc., 819 S.W.2d 428, 433 (Tenn.1991).

1999John Martin Co. v. Morse/Diesel, Inc., 819 S.W.2d 428, 432 (Tenn. 1991).

23
Metropolis Theater Company, Plffs. In Err. v. City of Chicago and Ernest J. Magerstadtgreen
scotus · 1913 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 314–15; see also Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 , 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161 , 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970) (classification does not violate equal protection simply because it “is not made with mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Metropolis Theatre Co. v. Chicago, 228 U.S. 61 , 69–70, 33 S.Ct. 441, 443 , 57 L.Ed. 730 (1913) (“The problems of government are practical ones and may justify, if they do not require, rough accommodations—illogical, it may be, and unscientific”); Heath & Milligan

2014Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 314–15; see also Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 , 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161 , 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970) (classification does not violate equal protection simply because it “is not made with mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Metropolis Theatre Co. v. Chicago, 228 U.S. 61 , 69–70, 33 S.Ct. 441, 443 , 57 L.Ed. 730 (1913) (“The problems of government are practical ones and may justify, if they do not require, rough accommodations—illogical, it may be, and unscientific”); Heath & Milligan

22
Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co.green
scotus · 1937 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See also Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. 456, 464 , 101 S.Ct. 715, 723 , 66 L.Ed.2d 659 (1981). “‘Only by faithful adherence to this guiding principle of judicial review of legislation is it possible to preserve to the legislative branch its rightful independence and its ability to function.’” Lehnhausen, supra, 410 U.S., at 365 , 93 S.Ct., at 1006 (quoting Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495, 510 , 57 S.Ct. 868, 872 , 81 L.Ed. 1245 (1937)).

2014See also Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. 456, 464 , 101 S.Ct. 715, 723 , 66 L.Ed.2d 659 (1981). “‘Only by faithful adherence to this guiding principle of judicial review of legislation is it possible to preserve to the legislative branch its rightful independence and its ability to function.’” Lehnhausen, supra, 410 U.S., at 365 , 93 S.Ct., at 1006 (quoting Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495, 510 , 57 S.Ct. 868, 872 , 81 L.Ed. 1245 (1937)).

22
State v. Salamongreen
conn · 2008 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See Dissent at pp. 3-4. -9- 949 A.2d 1092, 1120 (Conn. 2008) (recognizing that “the guiding principle is whether the [confinement or movement] was so much the part of another substantive crime that the substantive crime could not have been committed without such acts”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citation omitted).

2014See also Salamon, 949 A.2d at 1120 (recognizing that “the guiding principle is whether the [confinement or movement] was so much the part of another substantive crime that the substantive crime could not have been committed without such acts”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citation omitted).

22
Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.green
scotus · 1973 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See also Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. 456, 464 , 101 S.Ct. 715, 723 , 66 L.Ed.2d 659 (1981). “‘Only by faithful adherence to this guiding principle of judicial review of legislation is it possible to preserve to the legislative branch its rightful independence and its ability to function.’” Lehnhausen, supra, 410 U.S., at 365 , 93 S.Ct., at 1006 (quoting Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495, 510 , 57 S.Ct. 868, 872 , 81 L.Ed. 1245 (1937)).

2014See also Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. 456, 464 , 101 S.Ct. 715, 723 , 66 L.Ed.2d 659 (1981). “‘Only by faithful adherence to this guiding principle of judicial review of legislation is it possible to preserve to the legislative branch its rightful independence and its ability to function.’” Lehnhausen, supra, 410 U.S., at 365 , 93 S.Ct., at 1006 (quoting Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495, 510 , 57 S.Ct. 868, 872 , 81 L.Ed. 1245 (1937)).

22
Dandridge v. Williamsgreen
scotus · 1970 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 314–15; see also Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 , 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161 , 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970) (classification does not violate equal protection simply because it “is not made with mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Metropolis Theatre Co. v. Chicago, 228 U.S. 61 , 69–70, 33 S.Ct. 441, 443 , 57 L.Ed. 730 (1913) (“The problems of government are practical ones and may justify, if they do not require, rough accommodations—illogical, it may be, and unscientific”); Heath & Milligan

2014Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 314–15; see also Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 , 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161 , 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970) (classification does not violate equal protection simply because it “is not made with mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Metropolis Theatre Co. v. Chicago, 228 U.S. 61 , 69–70, 33 S.Ct. 441, 443 , 57 L.Ed. 730 (1913) (“The problems of government are practical ones and may justify, if they do not require, rough accommodations—illogical, it may be, and unscientific”); Heath & Milligan

22
Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.green
scotus · 1981 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See also Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. 456, 464 , 101 S.Ct. 715, 723 , 66 L.Ed.2d 659 (1981). “‘Only by faithful adherence to this guiding principle of judicial review of legislation is it possible to preserve to the legislative branch its rightful independence and its ability to function.’” Lehnhausen, supra, 410 U.S., at 365 , 93 S.Ct., at 1006 (quoting Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495, 510 , 57 S.Ct. 868, 872 , 81 L.Ed. 1245 (1937)).

2014See also Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. 456, 464 , 101 S.Ct. 715, 723 , 66 L.Ed.2d 659 (1981). “‘Only by faithful adherence to this guiding principle of judicial review of legislation is it possible to preserve to the legislative branch its rightful independence and its ability to function.’” Lehnhausen, supra, 410 U.S., at 365 , 93 S.Ct., at 1006 (quoting Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495, 510 , 57 S.Ct. 868, 872 , 81 L.Ed. 1245 (1937)).

22
National Gas Distributors, Inc. v. Stategreen
tenn · 1991 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Nat’l Gas Distribs., Inc. v. State, 804 S.W.2d 66, 67 (Tenn. 1991).

2010Nat’l Gas Distribs., Inc. v. State, 804 S.W.2d 66, 67 (Tenn.1991).

22
Third National Bank in Nashville v. Stevensgreen
tennctapp · 1988 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008Citing Third Nat’l Bank v. Stevens, 755 S.W.2d 459,462 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988), the appellants correctly note that the testator’s intent is the guiding principle in all will cases.

2008Citing Third Nat’l Bank v. Stevens, 755 S.W.2d 459, 462 (Tenn.Ct.App.1988), the appellants correctly note that the testator’s intent is the guiding principle in all will cases.

22
Long v. Stateline Systems, Inc.green
tenn · 1985 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1993–1994
2 sentences

1994Long v. Stateline Sys., Inc., 738 S.W.2d 622, 623 (Tenn.1985).

1993Long v. Stateline Sys., Inc., 738 S.W.2d 622, 623 (Tenn.1985).

22
Snyder v. LTG Lufttechnische GmbHgreen
tenn · 1997 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1998–2000
2 sentences

2000Id. at ___.

1998See, e.g., Snyder v. LTG Lufttechnische GmbH, 955 S.W.2d 252 (Tenn.1997)(holding that fault may not be assessed against an immune employer in an employee’s tort action against a third party).

12
Charles GROGAN v. Daniel UGGLA, Et Al.green
tenn · 2017 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024We note, however, that “Tennessee has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552 as the guiding principle in negligent misrepresentation actions against other professionals and business persons.” Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 822 S.W.2d 592, 595 (Tenn. 1991); see also Grogan v. Uggla, 535 S.W.3d 864, 870 (Tenn. 2017) (reaffirming that Section 552 is applicable in Tennessee).

11
Lyons v. Rasargreen
tenn · 1994 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015The guiding principle of statutory interpretation is to "ascertain and give effect to the legislature's intent without unduly restricting or expanding a statute's coverage beyond its intended scope." Lyons v. Rasar, 872 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1994).

11
Linda F. Seals v. H & F, Inc.green
tenn · 2010 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Seals v. H & F, Inc., 301 S.W.3d 237, 241-42 (Tenn. 2010); State v. Sliger, 846 S.W.2d 262, 263 (Tenn. 1993).

11
Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. v. Eppersongreen
tenn · 2009 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014As the Tennessee Supreme Court has explained: This Court has adhered strictly to the guiding principle that the American Rule, prohibiting an award of attorney fees, will apply unless a contract specifically and expressly creates a right to recover ‘attorney fees’ or some other recognized exception to the American Rule is present. -4- Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. v. Epperson, 284 S.W.3d 303, 310 (Tenn. 2009). (emphasis added).

11
Miller v. Millergreen
tennctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013Miller v. Miller, 336 S.W.3d 578, 583 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010).

11
Bennett v. Trevecca Nazarene Universitygreen
tenn · 2007 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
McNeil v. Nofalgreen
tennctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010An essential requirement for a claim of negligent misrepresentation is “detrimental reliance on a false premise.” McNeil v. Nofal, 185 S.W.3d 402, 408 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (supporting citations omitted).

11
White v. Werthan Industriesgreen
tenn · 1992 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
State v. Dentonred
tenn · 1996 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
State v. Dixonred
tenn · 1997 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
State v. Williamsgreen
tenncrimapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Moto-Pep v. McGoldrickgreen
tenn · 1957 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Tennessee. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (15)

CaseCitedYears
Lee v. Melson green
tennctapp · 1964
2 sentences

2012However, this Court previously dealt with a similar issue in Lee v. Melson, 387 S.W.2d 838 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1965), stating: The modern trend . . . is to recognize the discretionary power of the trial court to limit the issues on the second trial and to grant a new trial as to one party but not as to others against whom a verdict untainted by error or illegality has been returned. * * * The guiding principle is fairness to both parties.

2002That opinion, which was recommended for publication by the Supreme Court, in turn correctly quotes from the case of Lee v. Melson, 54 Tenn. App. 53 , 387 S.W.2d 838 (1964): The guiding principle is fairness to both parties.

31988–2012
Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc. green
scotus · 1993
2 sentences

2014Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 314–15; see also Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 , 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161 , 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970) (classification does not violate equal protection simply because it “is not made with mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Metropolis Theatre Co. v. Chicago, 228 U.S. 61 , 69–70, 33 S.Ct. 441, 443 , 57 L.Ed. 730 (1913) (“The problems of government are practical ones and may justify, if they do not require, rough accommodations—illogical, it may be, and unscientific”); Heath & Milligan

2014Beach Communications, 508 U.S. at 314–15; see also Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 , 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161 , 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970) (classification does not violate equal protection simply because it “is not made with mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Metropolis Theatre Co. v. Chicago, 228 U.S. 61 , 69–70, 33 S.Ct. 441, 443 , 57 L.Ed. 730 (1913) (“The problems of government are practical ones and may justify, if they do not require, rough accommodations—illogical, it may be, and unscientific”); Heath & Milligan

22014–2014
Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. green
tenn · 1975
2 sentences

2005When interpreting a contract, the guiding principle is to “ascertain the intention of the parties and to give effect to that intention consistent with legal principles.” Rainey, 836 S.W.2d at 118 (citing Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn.1975)).

2005When interpreting a contract, the guiding principle is to “ascertain the intention of the parties and to give effect to that intention consistent with legal -6- principles.” Rainey, 836 S.W.2d at 118 (citing Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn.1975)).

22005–2005
Rainey v. Stansell green
tennctapp · 1992
2 sentences

2005When interpreting a contract, the guiding principle is to “ascertain the intention of the parties and to give effect to that intention consistent with legal principles.” Rainey, 836 S.W.2d at 118 (citing Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn.1975)).

2005When interpreting a contract, the guiding principle is to “ascertain the intention of the parties and to give effect to that intention consistent with legal -6- principles.” Rainey, 836 S.W.2d at 118 (citing Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn.1975)).

22005–2005
Kisha Dean Trezevant v. Stanley H. Trezevant, III green
tennctapp · 2018
1 sentence

2021Although a guiding principle is that the testimony of a beneficiary is insufficient to establish an inter vivos gift, see Harris v. Taylor, No. W2004-02855-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 772007 , at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 28, 2006), “‘[i]ntent is determined from the totality of the circumstances,’” see Trezevant, 568 S.W.3d at 615 (quoting Harris, 2006 WL 772007 , at *4).

12021–2021
Michelle RYE Et Al. v. WOMEN’S CARE CENTER OF MEMPHIS, MPLLC Et Al. green
tenn · 2015
1 sentence

2016“Tennessee has adopted Section 552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts ‘as the guiding principle in negligent misrepresentation actions against . . . professionals and 1 We note that Rye, in addressing the change in Tennessee’s summary judgment standard to the same “as in the federal system,” may have limited the change to those situations “when the moving party does not bear the burden of proof at trial . . . .” Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264 .

12016–2016
Win Myint and wife Patti KI. Myint v. Allstate Insurance Company green
tenn · 1998
1 sentence

2014Id.

12014–2014
Dorrier v. Dark green
tenn · 1976
1 sentence

2011Lipscomb, 32 S.W.3d at 845 (quoting Dorrier, 537 S.W.2d at 892 ). 3 Among the goals enumerated in the Community Corrections Act is that offenders be closely monitored and held accountable to their local communities.

12011–2011
Lipscomb v. Doe green
tenn · 2000
1 sentence

2011Lipscomb, 32 S.W.3d at 845 (quoting Dorrier, 537 S.W.2d at 892 ). 3 Among the goals enumerated in the Community Corrections Act is that offenders be closely monitored and held accountable to their local communities.

12011–2011
Hill v. Eagle Bend Manufacturing, Inc. green
tenn · 1997
12008–2008
Moto-Pep, Inc. v. McGoldrick green
tenn · 1957
12001–2001
Tennessee Farmers' Cooperative v. State ex rel. Jackson green
tenn · 1987
12001–2001
Stratton v. Jackson green
tenn · 1986
12001–2001
Carroll v. Whitney green
tenn · 2000
12000–2000
ASARCO Inc. v. Idaho State Tax Commission green
scotus · 1982
11984–1984

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110 (8) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (8) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401 (8) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102 (7) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210 (7) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113 (6) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202 (5) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112 (5) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115 (5) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-302 (4) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-401 (4) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-5-501 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NJ 216 (1953–2026) CA 171 (1941–2026) NY 162 (1887–2026) TX 137 (1947–2025) IL 124 (1960–2026) PA 98 (1919–2025) WA 83 (1937–2025) MA 79 (1930–2024) TN 68 (1984–2024) CT 52 (1946–2024) MI 50 (1957–2025) DC 43 (1971–2024) FL 43 (1915–2025) NM 42 (1937–2024) OH 37 (1965–2024) MO 36 (1913–2018) AR 35 (1948–2026) MN 35 (1940–2023) WV 35 (1895–2022) MD 33 (1926–2026) VA 32 (1932–2024) AL 30 (1929–2013) WI 29 (1959–2025) KS 28 (1937–2026) CO 28 (1969–2025) IN 27 (1924–2023) LA 26 (1908–2017) NC 25 (1969–2025) AZ 23 (1964–2025) OR 18 (1931–2018) IA 18 (1927–2024) UT 17 (1919–2023) KY 16 (1940–2025) MT 15 (1937–2025) DE 14 (1956–2023) ME 13 (1948–2021) RI 13 (1979–2024) NH 12 (1974–2024) AK 11 (1988–2024) HI 11 (1960–2024) SC 10 (1998–2025) MS 10 (1969–2023) OK 9 (1906–2024) VT 9 (1974–2020) GA 8 (1938–2023) WY 8 (1951–2025) NE 7 (1927–2013) ID 6 (1990–2023) NV 5 (1952–2011) ND 5 (1918–1992) SD 4 (1974–2015) VI 2 (2006–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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