guiding principle (Texas) · Go Syfert
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guiding principle in Texas

137 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1947–2025 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (41)

CaseFollowedCited
Craddock v. Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc.green
tex · 1939 · cited in 24 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1947–2025
2 sentences

2015B & Sons Failed to Meet Craddock, No Abuse of Discretion: The Texas Supreme Court in Craddock v Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc., set forth the guiding rule or principle for trial courts to follow in determining whether to grant a motion for a new trial: “A default judgment should be set aside and a new trial ordered in any case in which the failure of defendant to answer before judgment was not intentional, or the result of conscious indifference on his part, but was due to a mistake or accident; provided the motion for a new trial sets up a meritorious defense and is filed at a time when the grantin

2015B & Sons Failed to Meet Craddock, No Abuse of Discretion: The Texas Supreme Court in Craddock v Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc., set forth the guiding rule or principle for trial courts to follow in determining whether to grant a motion for a new trial: “A default judgment should be set aside and a new trial ordered in any case in which the failure of defendant to answer before judgment was not intentional, or the result of conscious indifference on his part, but was due to a mistake or accident; provided the motion for a new trial sets up a meritorious defense and is filed at a time when the grantin

924
Cox v. Robisongreen
· 1912 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2008
2 sentences

2008Williams v. Castleman, 112 Tex. 193 , 247 S.W. 263, 265 (1922); Cox v. Robison, 105 Tex. 426 , 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (1912).

2008Williams v. Castleman, 112 *202 Tex. 193, 247 S.W. 263, 265 (1922); Cox v. Robison, 105 Tex. 426 , 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (1912).

44
Morter v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1977 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–2000
2 sentences

2000Morter v. State, 551 S.W.2d 715, 718 (Tex.Crim.App.1977).

1998See Morter v. State, 551 S.W.2d 715, 718 (Tex.Crim.App.1977).

44
Exxon Corp. v. Robertsgreen
texapp · 1986 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Exxon Corp. v. Roberts , 724 S.W.2d 863, 869 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.); City of Amarillo v. Reid , 510 S.W.2d 624, 630 (Tex. Civ.

1999Exxon Corp. v. Roberts, 724 S.W.2d 863, 869 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.); City of Amarillo v. Reid, 510 S.W.2d 624, 630 (Tex. Civ.

44
City of Amarillo v. Reidgreen
texapp · 1974 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Exxon Corp. v. Roberts , 724 S.W.2d 863, 869 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.); City of Amarillo v. Reid , 510 S.W.2d 624, 630 (Tex. Civ.

1999Exxon Corp. v. Roberts, 724 S.W.2d 863, 869 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.); City of Amarillo v. Reid, 510 S.W.2d 624, 630 (Tex. Civ.

44
Wheeler v. Greengreen
tex · 2005 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2011
2 sentences

2011Wheeler v. Green , 157 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex. 2005); In re Rozelle , 229 S.W.3d 757, 764 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2007) ("[Due process] is the guiding rule and principle that applies when requests for admissions are not used as intended, and when a party uses deemed admissions to try to preclude presentation of the merits of a case." (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

2011Wheeler v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex.2005); In re Rozelle, 229 S.W.3d 757, 764 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2007) (“[Due process] is the guiding rule and principle that applies when requests for admissions are not used as intended, and when a party uses deemed admissions to try to preclude presentation of the merits of a case.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

34
In Re Rozellegreen
texapp · 2007 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011Wheeler v. Green , 157 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex. 2005); In re Rozelle , 229 S.W.3d 757, 764 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2007) ("[Due process] is the guiding rule and principle that applies when requests for admissions are not used as intended, and when a party uses deemed admissions to try to preclude presentation of the merits of a case." (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

2011Wheeler v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex.2005); In re Rozelle, 229 S.W.3d 757, 764 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2007) (“[Due process] is the guiding rule and principle that applies when requests for admissions are not used as intended, and when a party uses deemed admissions to try to preclude presentation of the merits of a case.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

33
Williams v. Castlemangreen
tex · 1922 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008Williams v. Castleman, 112 Tex. 193 , 247 S.W. 263, 265 (1922); Cox v. Robison, 105 Tex. 426 , 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (1912).

2008Williams v. Castleman, 112 Tex. 193 , 247 S.W. 263, 265 (1922); Cox v. Robison, 105 Tex. 426 , 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (1912).

33
In Re JWgreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Because the guiding principle in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship is the best interest of the child, the exclusion of evidence under rule 403 should be done “sparingly.” In re J.W. , 113 S.W.3d 605, 612 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied).

2007Because the guiding principle in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship is the best interest of the child, the exclusion of evidence under rule 403 should be done “sparingly.” In re J.W., 113 S.W.3d 605, 612 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2003, pet. denied).

33
South Prairie Construction Co. v. Local No. 627, International Union of Operating Engineersgreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1998
2 sentences

1998Co. v. Operating Eng’rs, 425 U.S. 800, 806 , 96 S.Ct. 1842 , 48 L.Ed.2d 382 (1976) (citation omitted).

1998Co. v. Operating Eng’rs, 425 U.S. 800, 806 , 96 S.Ct. 1842 , 48 L.Ed.2d 382 (1976) (citation omitted).

25
Navasota Resources, L.P. v. First Source Texas, Inc.green
texapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See Navasota, 249 S.W.3d at 534–37 (holding that the right of first refusal was triggered by a “package deal” involving the burdened property and 7 The parties dispute whether the application of West Texas Transmission was preserved for appellate review.

2025See Navasota, 249 S.W.3d at 534–37 (holding that the right of first refusal was triggered by a “package deal” involving the burdened property and 7 The parties dispute whether the application of West Texas Transmission was preserved for appellate review.

22
Turner v. Ward Ex Rel. Turnergreen
texapp · 1994 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See Turner v. Ward, 910 S.W.2d 500 , 503 n.4 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, no writ) (noting that the guiding rule is that motions be treated as to their substance, not their form); 16 Mercer v. Band, 454 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1970, no writ) (“A motion’s substance is to be gleaned from the body of the instrument and its prayer for relief.”).

2023See Turner v. Ward, 910 S.W.2d 500 , 503 n.4 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, no writ) (noting that the guiding rule is that motions be treated as to their substance, not their form); Mercer v. Band, 454 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1970, no writ) (“A motion’s substance is to be gleaned from the body of the instrument and its prayer for relief.”).

22
Mercer v. Bandgreen
texapp · 1970 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See Turner v. Ward, 910 S.W.2d 500 , 503 n.4 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, no writ) (noting that the guiding rule is that motions be treated as to their substance, not their form); 16 Mercer v. Band, 454 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1970, no writ) (“A motion’s substance is to be gleaned from the body of the instrument and its prayer for relief.”).

2023See Turner v. Ward, 910 S.W.2d 500 , 503 n.4 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, no writ) (noting that the guiding rule is that motions be treated as to their substance, not their form); Mercer v. Band, 454 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1970, no writ) (“A motion’s substance is to be gleaned from the body of the instrument and its prayer for relief.”).

22
Hysaw v. Dawkinsgreen
tex · 2016 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2020
2 sentences

2020See Hysaw, 483 S.W.3d at 4 .

2018See Hysaw v. Dawkins, 483 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. 2016).

22
Iliff v. Iliffgreen
tex · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019See Iliff, 339 S.W.3d at 81 . • The more specific purpose of child support also must be kept in mind: “to help a custodial parent maintain an adequate standard of living for the child.” Williams, 821 S.W.2d at 145 . • The Chapter 154 guidelines and the other Chapter 154 factors may be consulted in a modification proceeding and may be relevant to the child’s best interest and thus to the propriety of the trial court’s child-support modification order.

2019See Iliff, 339 S.W.3d at 81 . • The more specific purpose of child support also must be kept in mind: “to help a custodial parent maintain an adequate standard of living for the child.” Williams, 821 S.W.2d at 145 . • The Chapter 154 guidelines and the other Chapter 154 factors may be consulted in a modification proceeding and may be relevant to the child’s best interest and thus to the propriety of the trial court’s child-support modification order.

22
State of Texas v. Balligreen
tex · 1944 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2012
2 sentences

2012We explained in State v. Balli: Any distinction that can be drawn between the alluvion of rivers and accretions cast up by the sea must arise out of the law of the seashore rather than that of accession and be based ... upon the ancient maxim that the seashore is common property and never passes to private hands.... [This] remains as a guiding principle in all or nearly all jurisdictions which acknowledge the common law.... 144 Tex. 195 , 190 S.W.2d 71, 100 (1945).

2012We explained in State v. Balli: Any distinction that can be drawn between the alluvion of rivers and accretions cast up by the sea must arise out of the law of the seashore rather than that of accession and be based ... upon the ancient maxim that the seashore is common property and never passes to private hands.... [This] remains as a guiding principle in all or nearly all jurisdictions which acknowledge the common law.... 144 Tex. 195 , 190 S.W.2d 71, 100 (1945).

22
In Re CRTgreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See In re C.R.T. , 61 S.W.3d at 65; see also Holley , 864 S.W.2d at 706 .

2009See In re C.R.T., 61 S.W.3d at 65; see also Holley, 864 S.W.2d at 706 .

22
Holley v. Holleygreen
texapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See In re C.R.T. , 61 S.W.3d at 65; see also Holley , 864 S.W.2d at 706 .

2009See In re C.R.T., 61 S.W.3d at 65; see also Holley, 864 S.W.2d at 706 .

22
Cantrell v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008In Cantrell v. State, the Texarkana Court of Appeals held that an “arbitrary” restitution award was permissible so long as it was applied in reference to a guiding rule or principle. 75 S.W.3d 503, 512 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d.).

2008In Cantrell v. State , the Texarkana Court of Appeals held that an "arbitrary" restitution award was permissible so long as it was applied in reference to a guiding rule or principle. 75 S.W.3d 503, 512 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1999, pet. ref'd.).

22
City of Philadelphia v. New Jerseygreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008First, as the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stated, chapter 149 "treats both intrastate and interstate trade of horsemeat equally by way of a blanket prohibition," does not evidence "economic protectionism," and "does not favor in-state actors over out-of-state actors." Empacadora de Carnes de Fresnillo , *Page 11 476 F.3d at 335 ; see also City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey , 437 U.S. 617 , 623-24 (1978) (stating that the guiding principle in determining whether a state regulation discriminates against interstate or foreign commerce is whether the purpose or the effect of the regulation is e

2008First, as the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stated, chapter 149 "treats both intrastate and interstate trade ofhorsemeat equally by way ofa blanket prohibition," does not evidence "economic protectionism," and "does not favor in-state actors over out-of-state actors." Empacadora de Carnes de Fresnillo, The Honorable Warren Chisum - Page 11 (GA-0623) 476 F.3d at 335 ; see also City ofPhiladelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617,623-24 (1978) (stating that the guiding principle in determining whether a state regulation discriminates against interstate or foreign commerce is whether the purpose or t

22
Gerst v. Nixongreen
tex · 1966 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
22
Reagan v. Vaughngreen
tex · 1991 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2001
22
Ivy v. Carrellgreen
tex · 1966 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1986–1990
22
Katz v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1967 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–2015
2 sentences

1980The considerations that led the Supreme Court to protect against interception of a telephone conversation in a booth were drawn from “the setting of a home, an office, or a hotel room,” the guiding principle being: “Wherever a man may be, he is entitled to know that he will remain free from unreasonable searches and seizures.” Katz, 389 U.S. at 359 , 88 S.Ct. at 515 .

1980The considerations that led the Supreme Court to protect against interception of a telephone conversation in a booth were drawn from “the setting of a home, an office, or a hotel room,” the guiding principle being: “Wherever a man may be, he is entitled to know that he will remain free from unreasonable searches and seizures.” Katz, 389 U.S. at 359 , 88 S.Ct. at 515 .

12
Kingsley Properties, LP v. San Jacinto Title Services of Corpus Christi, LLCgreen
texapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Hidalgo v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
R.K. v. Ramirezgreen
tex · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Kennedy v. Kennedygreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
McWhorter v. Shellergreen
texapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Houston Municipal Employees Pension System v. Ferrellgreen
tex · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
James v. Browngreen
tex · 1982 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Reagan v. Guardian Life Insurancegreen
tex · 1942 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Anthony Brinker and Kelley Brinker v. Jimmy Evans Company, Ltd.green
texapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellisgreen
tex · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Scott v. Yountsgreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Cecil Scott, Cross-Appellants v. Monsanto Company, Cross-Appelleesgreen
ca5 · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Quick v. Cranegreen
idaho · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Beaumont Bank, N.A. v. Bullergreen
tex · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Williamson v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Lilly v. Virginiagreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (39)

CaseCitedYears
Cliff v. Huggins green
tex · 1987
2 sentences

2019Cliff, 724 S.W.2d at 779 .

2002Cliff, 724 S.W.2d at 779 ; Craddock, 133 S.W.2d at 126 .

31990–2019
Williams v. Patton green
tex · 1992
2 sentences

2019See Iliff, 339 S.W.3d at 81 . • The more specific purpose of child support also must be kept in mind: “to help a custodial parent maintain an adequate standard of living for the child.” Williams, 821 S.W.2d at 145 . • The Chapter 154 guidelines and the other Chapter 154 factors may be consulted in a modification proceeding and may be relevant to the child’s best interest and thus to the propriety of the trial court’s child-support modification order.

2019See Iliff, 339 S.W.3d at 81 . • The more specific purpose of child support also must be kept in mind: “to help a custodial parent maintain an adequate standard of living for the child.” Williams, 821 S.W.2d at 145 . • The Chapter 154 guidelines and the other Chapter 154 factors may be consulted in a modification proceeding and may be relevant to the child’s best interest and thus to the propriety of the trial court’s child-support modification order.

22019–2019
Guaranty Federal Savings Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co. green
tex · 1990
2 sentences

2018"The controlling reasons for a severance are to do justice, avoid prejudice and further convenience." Id.

2018“The controlling reasons for a severance are to do justice, avoid prejudice and further convenience.” Id.

22018–2018
Davis v. State green
texcrimapp · 1997
2 sentences

2016Id. at 245 .

2006Id. at 245 .

22006–2016
Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co. green
ny · 1928
2 sentences

2015Co., 248 N.Y. 339 , 162 N.E. 99 (1928).

2015Co., 248 N.Y. 339 , 162 N.E. 99 (1928).

22015–2015
Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp. red
tex · 2001
2 sentences

2015Fourth, as the supreme court made clear in Lehmann , the guiding principle in determining whether a judgment is final is ensuring that a party’s "right to appeal is not lost by an overly technicál'application of the law.” Leh-mann, 39 S.W.3d at 205 .

2006Id. at 205 .

22006–2015
SHEFFIELD DEVEL. CO. INC. v. City of Glenn Heights green
tex · 2004
2 sentences

2010Id. at 672 .

2010Id. at 672 .

22010–2010
Empacadora De Carnes De Fresnillo, S.A. De C v. v. Curry green
ca5 · 2007
2 sentences

2008First, as the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stated, chapter 149 "treats both intrastate and interstate trade of horsemeat equally by way of a blanket prohibition," does not evidence "economic protectionism," and "does not favor in-state actors over out-of-state actors." Empacadora de Carnes de Fresnillo , *Page 11 476 F.3d at 335 ; see also City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey , 437 U.S. 617 , 623-24 (1978) (stating that the guiding principle in determining whether a state regulation discriminates against interstate or foreign commerce is whether the purpose or the effect of the regulation is e

2008First, as the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stated, chapter 149 "treats both intrastate and interstate trade ofhorsemeat equally by way ofa blanket prohibition," does not evidence "economic protectionism," and "does not favor in-state actors over out-of-state actors." Empacadora de Carnes de Fresnillo, The Honorable Warren Chisum - Page 11 (GA-0623) 476 F.3d at 335 ; see also City ofPhiladelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617,623-24 (1978) (stating that the guiding principle in determining whether a state regulation discriminates against interstate or foreign commerce is whether the purpose or t

22008–2008
Carothers v. Robison green
tex · 1912
2 sentences

2008Williams v. Castleman, 112 Tex. 193 , 247 S.W. 263, 265 (1922); Cox v. Robison, 105 Tex. 426 , 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (1912).

2008Williams v. Castleman, 112 *202 Tex. 193, 247 S.W. 263, 265 (1922); Cox v. Robison, 105 Tex. 426 , 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (1912).

21988–2008
Spohn Hospital v. Mayer green
tex · 2003
22007–2007
TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell green
tex · 1991
22007–2007
Lott v. Kaiser green
tex · 1884
22007–2007
Firemen's & Policemen's Civil Service Commission v. Brinkmeyer green
tex · 1984
22003–2003
State v. Shoppers World, Inc. green
tex · 1964
21984–1990
Jessen Associates, Inc. v. Bullock green
tex · 1975
21985–1985
Dolgencorp of Texas, Inc. v. Lerma green
tex · 2009
12025–2025
Fortis Benefits v. Cantu green
tex · 2007
12024–2024
In re Perez green
texapp · 2016
12024–2024
Ken Paxton, Attorney General of Texas v. City of Dallas green
tex · 2017
12023–2023
Walter v. State green
texcrimapp · 2008
12019–2019
Millican v. State green
texcrimapp · 1928
12019–2019
Harris County Hospital District v. Tomball Regional Hospital green
tex · 2009
12018–2018
Buck v. Davis green
scotus · 2017
12018–2018
Bally Total Fitness Corp. v. Jackson green
tex · 2001
12017–2017
Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation, Inc. v. Lewellen green
tex · 1997
12017–2017
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union red
scotus · 1989
12016–2016
Lynch v. Donnelly green
scotus · 1984
12016–2016
Ex Parte Shaffer green
tex · 1983
12015–2015
Desai v. Reliance MacHine Works, Inc. green
texapp · 1991
12015–2015
DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Inman green
tex · 2008
12015–2015
Holt Atherton Industries, Inc. v. Heine green
texapp · 1990
12015–2015
Kennedy v. Eden green
tex · 1992
12015–2015
Bocquet v. Herring green
tex · 1998
12015–2015
Birdo v. Holbrook green
texapp · 1989
12015–2015
Holt Atherton Industries, Inc. v. Heine green
tex · 1992
12015–2015
McIntosh Ex Rel. McIntosh v. Copeland green
texapp · 1995
12015–2015
Texas Health & Human Services Commission v. El Paso County Hospital District green
texapp · 2011
12013–2013
Fleetwood v. Med Center Bank green
texapp · 1990
12013–2013
Fischer v. State green
texcrimapp · 2008
12008–2008

Where else courts name it

NJ 216 (1953–2026) CA 171 (1941–2026) NY 162 (1887–2026) TX 137 (1947–2025) IL 124 (1960–2026) PA 98 (1919–2025) WA 83 (1937–2025) MA 79 (1930–2024) TN 68 (1984–2024) CT 52 (1946–2024) MI 50 (1957–2025) DC 43 (1971–2024) FL 43 (1915–2025) NM 42 (1937–2024) OH 37 (1965–2024) MO 36 (1913–2018) AR 35 (1948–2026) MN 35 (1940–2023) WV 35 (1895–2022) MD 33 (1926–2026) VA 32 (1932–2024) AL 30 (1929–2013) WI 29 (1959–2025) KS 28 (1937–2026) CO 28 (1969–2025) IN 27 (1924–2023) LA 26 (1908–2017) NC 25 (1969–2025) AZ 23 (1964–2025) OR 18 (1931–2018) IA 18 (1927–2024) UT 17 (1919–2023) KY 16 (1940–2025) MT 15 (1937–2025) DE 14 (1956–2023) ME 13 (1948–2021) RI 13 (1979–2024) NH 12 (1974–2024) AK 11 (1988–2024) HI 11 (1960–2024) SC 10 (1998–2025) MS 10 (1969–2023) OK 9 (1906–2024) VT 9 (1974–2020) GA 8 (1938–2023) WY 8 (1951–2025) NE 7 (1927–2013) ID 6 (1990–2023) NV 5 (1952–2011) ND 5 (1918–1992) SD 4 (1974–2015) VI 2 (2006–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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