overriding principle (Ohio) · Go Syfert
← Ohio issues

overriding principle in Ohio

45 Ohio opinions name it 2 courts 1983–2026 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (13)

CaseFollowedCited
Hockstok v. Hockstokgreen
ohio · 2002 · cited in 18 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2004–2026
2 sentences

2026Nonetheless, "the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children." In re Hockstok, 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶ 16 .

2023Thus, “the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that [biological] parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children.” In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208 , 781 N.E.2d 971 , ¶ 16, citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 , 102 S.Ct. 1388 , 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982).

218
Santosky v. Kramergreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 15 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2004–2026
2 sentences

2026Thus, “the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that [biological] parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children.” Hockstok v. Hockstok, 2002-Ohio- 7208, ¶ 16, quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982).

2023Thus, “the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that [biological] parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children.” In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208 , 781 N.E.2d 971 , ¶ 16, citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 , 102 S.Ct. 1388 , 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982).

215
In re Murraygreen
ohio · 1990 · cited in 10 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2004–2019
2 sentences

2019However, "the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children." Hockstok v. Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶ 16 , citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 , 102 S. Ct. 1388 -3- Madison CA2018-04-012 (1982); In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157 (1990).

2017Moreover, within this statutory framework, "the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children." Id. at ¶ 16, citing Santosky v. Kramer , 455 U.S. 745 , 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388 , 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982) ; In re Murray , 52 Ohio St.3d 155 , 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990).

210
In Re Shaeffer Childrengreen
ohioctapp · 1993 · cited in 5 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2019–2026
2 sentences

2026“This interest is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and by Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution.” Hockstok at id., citing Santosky at id., and In re Shaeffer Children, 85 Ohio App.3d 683, 689-690 (3d Dist.1993).

2023“This interest is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and by Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution.” In re Hockstok at id., citing Santosky at id., and In re Shaeffer Children, 85 Ohio App.3d 683, 689-690 , 621 N.E.2d 426 (3d Dist.1993).

25
Masitto v. Masittogreen
ohio · 1986 · cited in 3 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2005–2013
2 sentences

2013See Bragg v. Hatfield, 152 Ohio App.3d 174 , 2003-Ohio- 1441, 787 N.E.2d 44 . ‘In custody cases between a parent and a nonparent, the overriding principle “is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children,” which is protected by due process.’ In re Christian S., Erie App. No. E-06-066, 2007-Ohio-5750, ¶25 , quoting In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶16 , 781 N.E.2d 971 . ‘Where a person accepts the custody of a child by virtue of an agreement with the parents of the child, the contract may be such, and the care

2013See Bragg v. Hatfield, 152 Ohio App.3d 174 , 2003-Ohio- 1441, 787 N.E.2d 44 . ‘In custody cases between a parent and a nonparent, the overriding principle “is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children,” which is protected by due process.’ In re Christian S., Erie App. No. E-06-066, 2007-Ohio-5750, ¶25 , quoting In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶16 , 781 N.E.2d 971 . ‘Where a person accepts the custody of a child by virtue of an agreement with the parents of the child, the contract may be such, and the care

23
State v. Parksgreen
ohioctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019No. 11 CO 20 , 2012-Ohio-3010, ¶ 17 (finding that R.C. 2933.83 "does not provide for automatic exclusion of a line-up conducted in a manner different than that provided thereunder"). " 'The overriding analysis remains whether the procedure was "impermissibly suggestive." ' " Wells at ¶ 84, quoting State v. Henry, 6th Dist.

11
Troxel v. Granvillegreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017This Court, too, recognizes the significant rights at stake in this case: Constitutional substantive due process " 'provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.' " Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57 , 65 [ 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 ] (2000), quoting Washington v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702 , 720 [ 117 S.Ct. 2258 , 138 L.Ed.2d 772 ] (1997).

2017This Court, too, recognizes the significant rights at stake in this case: Constitutional substantive due process " 'provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.' " Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57 , 65 [ 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 ] (2000), quoting Washington v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702 , 720 [ 117 S.Ct. 2258 , 138 L.Ed.2d 772 ] (1997).

11
Washington v. Glucksberggreen
scotus · 1997 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017This Court, too, recognizes the significant rights at stake in this case: Constitutional substantive due process " 'provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.' " Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57 , 65 [ 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 ] (2000), quoting Washington v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702 , 720 [ 117 S.Ct. 2258 , 138 L.Ed.2d 772 ] (1997).

2017This Court, too, recognizes the significant rights at stake in this case: Constitutional substantive due process " 'provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.' " Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57 , 65 [ 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 ] (2000), quoting Washington v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702 , 720 [ 117 S.Ct. 2258 , 138 L.Ed.2d 772 ] (1997).

11
Bragg v. Hatfieldgreen
ohioctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Bragg v. Hatfield, 152 Ohio App.3d 174 , 2003-Ohio- 1441, 787 N.E.2d 44 . ‘In custody cases between a parent and a nonparent, the overriding principle “is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children,” which is protected by due process.’ In re Christian S., Erie App. No. E-06-066, 2007-Ohio-5750, ¶25 , quoting In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶16 , 781 N.E.2d 971 . ‘Where a person accepts the custody of a child by virtue of an agreement with the parents of the child, the contract may be such, and the care

2013See Bragg v. Hatfield, 152 Ohio App.3d 174 , 2003-Ohio- 1441, 787 N.E.2d 44 . ‘In custody cases between a parent and a nonparent, the overriding principle “is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children,” which is protected by due process.’ In re Christian S., Erie App. No. E-06-066, 2007-Ohio-5750, ¶25 , quoting In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶16 , 781 N.E.2d 971 . ‘Where a person accepts the custody of a child by virtue of an agreement with the parents of the child, the contract may be such, and the care

11
In Re Christian S., Unpublished Decision (10-26-2007)green
ohioctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013See Bragg v. Hatfield, 152 Ohio App.3d 174 , 2003-Ohio- 1441, 787 N.E.2d 44 . ‘In custody cases between a parent and a nonparent, the overriding principle “is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children,” which is protected by due process.’ In re Christian S., Erie App. No. E-06-066, 2007-Ohio-5750, ¶25 , quoting In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶16 , 781 N.E.2d 971 . ‘Where a person accepts the custody of a child by virtue of an agreement with the parents of the child, the contract may be such, and the care

11
In Re S.M.green
ohioctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008Accordingly, in a child custody proceeding between a parent and nonparent: {¶ 18} "A court may not award custody to the nonparent `without first determining that a preponderance of the evidence shows that the parent abandoned the child; contractually relinquished custody of the child; that the parent has become totally incapable of supporting or caring for the child; or that an award of custody to the parent would be detrimental to the child.'" Hockstock , supra at 242, quoting Perales , syllabus. {¶ 19} If a court concludes that any one of these circumstances describes the conduct of a parent

2008Accordingly, in a child custody proceeding between a parent and nonparent: {¶ 18} "A court may not award custody to the nonparent `without first determining that a preponderance of the evidence shows that the parent abandoned the child; contractually relinquished custody of the child; that the parent has become totally incapable of supporting or caring for the child; or that an award of custody to the parent would be detrimental to the child.'" Hockstock , supra at 242, quoting Perales , syllabus. {¶ 19} If a court concludes that any one of these circumstances describes the conduct of a parent

11
State v. Normangreen
ohioctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Simon v. Lake Geauga Printing Co.green
ohio · 1982 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (22)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Wells green
ohioctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2019Cuyahoga No. 98388, 2013-Ohio-3722, ¶ 84 , citing State v. Henry, 6th Dist.

2019Cuyahoga No. 98388, 2013-Ohio-3722, ¶ 84 , citing State v. Henry, 6th Dist.

32017–2019
In re M.D. green
ohio · 1988
2 sentences

2024Id. at 153 . {¶24} More recently, the Court discussed Juv.R. 9(A) in In re D.S., 2017-Ohio- 8289.

2005The overriding rule upon intake of a child is that formal court action should be a last resort to resolving juvenile problems." In re M.D. (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 149 , 153 . {¶ 10} "Whether a [juvenile] proceeding should be dismissed or reach the merits is within the sound discretion of the trial judge." In re Arnett, 3rd Dist.

22005–2024
Neil v. Biggers green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

2014The overriding analysis remains whether the identification procedure was “impermissibly suggestive.” Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972). {¶ 14} Appellant argues that the array was unduly suggestive because the photo of his face was substantially larger than the other photos, that Detective Applin acknowledged “purposely blurring” the filler photos, and because in the BMV photo used he is wearing glasses although none of the witnesses described him as wearing glasses. 5.

2014The overriding analysis remains whether the identification procedure was “impermissibly suggestive.” Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972). {¶ 14} Appellant argues that the array was unduly suggestive because the photo of his face was substantially larger than the other photos, that Detective Applin acknowledged “purposely blurring” the filler photos, and because in the BMV photo used he is wearing glasses although none of the witnesses described him as wearing glasses. 5.

22013–2014
Perales v. Nino green
ohio · 1977
2 sentences

2008We will address these assignments of error together because they involve the same application of facts and law. {¶ 17} R.C. 2151.23 (A)(2) grants jurisdiction to the juvenile court "to determine the custody of any child not a ward of another court of the state." Although the statute does not set forth a specific test or standard to decide custody cases, the Ohio Supreme Court has made clear that "the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children." In re Hock

2005Accordingly, in a child-custody proceeding between a parent and a nonparent: [A] court may not award custody to the nonparent “without first determining that a preponderance of the evidence shows that the parent abandoned the child; contractually relinquished custody of the child; that the parent has *799 become totally incapable of supporting or caring for the child; or that an award of custody to the parent would be detrimental to the child.” Hockstok, supra, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208 , 781 N.E.2d 971 , at ¶ 17, quoting Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 6 O.O.3d 293 , 369 N.E.2d 1047 , syl

22005–2008
In the Matter of Arnett, Unpublished Decision (11-1-2004) green
ohioctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2008The overriding rule upon intake of a child is that formal court action should be a last resort to resolving juvenile problems." The Court vacated the juvenile's adjudication, noting that "[n]othing in the record or in the arguments of the prosecutor persuades us that the `best interest of the child and the public' were served by filing the instant complaint." {¶ 48} R.H. also relies upon the following three cases: In re Smith , 80 Ohio App.3d 502 , 609 N.E.2d 1281 (affirming dismissal of rape charges against 10 year old boy without a referee-recommended evidentiary hearing regarding the boy's

2005No. 5-04-20, 2004-Ohio-5766 , at ¶ 9.

22005–2008
In re J.S. green
ohioctapp · 2020
1 sentence

2024Hancock Nos. 5-19-22, 5-19-23, 5-19-24, 2020-Ohio-3413 , a case D.E. cites in his brief, the juvenile court did not parrot the language in R.C. 2152.01(A) in its dispositional analysis.

12024–2024
Ford v. Wainwright green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2023Death is Different: {¶41} Finally, the overriding principle, applicable to any death penalty case, is that “death is different.” Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 411 , 106 S.Ct. 2595 , 91 L.Ed.2d 335 (1986) (plurality opinion).

2023Death is Different: {¶41} Finally, the overriding principle, applicable to any death penalty case, is that “death is different.” Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 411 , 106 S.Ct. 2595 , 91 L.Ed.2d 335 (1986) (plurality opinion).

12023–2023
State of Ohio v. Cooper green
ohctcomplhancoc · 1980
1 sentence

2019The court so ruled not because of any breach of confidence (in fact, the court specifically found there had been no improper communication), but because “of the overriding requirement that the public must be able to maintain the right to believe in the total integrity of the Bar as a whole.” Id. at 6 .

12019–2019
Johnson v. Zerbst green
scotus · 1938
2 sentences

2018Nonetheless, we proceed under that directive. -8- Warren CA2017-06-095, CA2017-07-107 thru CA2017-07- 109 S.Ct. 1770 , 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993), quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).

2018Nonetheless, we proceed under that directive. -8- Warren CA2017-06-095, CA2017-07-107 thru CA2017-07- 109 S.Ct. 1770 , 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993), quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).

12018–2018
United States v. Olano green
scotus · 1993
1 sentence

2018Nonetheless, we proceed under that directive. -8- Warren CA2017-06-095, CA2017-07-107 thru CA2017-07- 109 S.Ct. 1770 , 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993), quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).

12018–2018
Ricks v. United States green
scotus · 1989
1 sentence

2018Nonetheless, we proceed under that directive. -8- Warren CA2017-06-095, CA2017-07-107 thru CA2017-07- 109 S.Ct. 1770 , 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993), quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).

12018–2018
Graham v. Florida green
scotus · 2010
2 sentences

2015Graham, 560 U.S. at 61 , 130 S.Ct. 2011 , 176 L.Ed.2d 825 . {¶ 21} In analyzing Blankenship’s challenge to the registration requirements imposed on him, we must bear in mind the overriding principle that “[t]he concept of proportionality is central to the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 59 .

2015Graham, 560 U.S. at 61 , 130 S.Ct. 2011 , 176 L.Ed.2d 825 . {¶ 21} In analyzing Blankenship’s challenge to the registration requirements imposed on him, we must bear in mind the overriding principle that “[t]he concept of proportionality is central to the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 59 .

12015–2015
Columbus City School District Board of Education v. Testa neutral
ohio · 2011
2 sentences

2015Bd. of Edn. v. Testa, 130 Ohio St.3d 344 , 2011-Ohio-5534 , 958 N.E.2d 557 , in which we denied exemption to the Ohio State University for property leased to a commercial enterprise.

2015Bd. of Edn. v. Testa, 130 Ohio St.3d 344 , 2011-Ohio-5534 , 958 N.E.2d 557 , in which we denied exemption to the Ohio State University for property leased to a commercial enterprise.

12015–2015
State ex rel. Mosier v. Fornof green
ohio · 2010
2 sentences

2014Mosier v. Fornof, 126 Ohio St.3d 47 , 2010-Ohio-2516 , 930 N.E.2d 305 .

2014Mosier v. Fornof, 126 Ohio St.3d 47 , 2010-Ohio-2516 , 930 N.E.2d 305 .

12014–2014
In Re N.K., Unpublished Decision (12-24-2003) green
ohioctapp · 2003
1 sentence

2008The overriding rule upon intake of a child is that formal court action should be a last resort to resolving juvenile problems." The Court vacated the juvenile's adjudication, noting that "[n]othing in the record or in the arguments of the prosecutor persuades us that the `best interest of the child and the public' were served by filing the instant complaint." {¶ 48} R.H. also relies upon the following three cases: In re Smith , 80 Ohio App.3d 502 , 609 N.E.2d 1281 (affirming dismissal of rape charges against 10 year old boy without a referee-recommended evidentiary hearing regarding the boy's

12008–2008
In Re Smith green
ohioctapp · 1992
2 sentences

2008The overriding rule upon intake of a child is that formal court action should be a last resort to resolving juvenile problems." The Court vacated the juvenile's adjudication, noting that "[n]othing in the record or in the arguments of the prosecutor persuades us that the `best interest of the child and the public' were served by filing the instant complaint." {¶ 48} R.H. also relies upon the following three cases: In re Smith , 80 Ohio App.3d 502 , 609 N.E.2d 1281 (affirming dismissal of rape charges against 10 year old boy without a referee-recommended evidentiary hearing regarding the boy's

2008The overriding rule upon intake of a child is that formal court action should be a last resort to resolving juvenile problems." The Court vacated the juvenile's adjudication, noting that "[n]othing in the record or in the arguments of the prosecutor persuades us that the `best interest of the child and the public' were served by filing the instant complaint." {¶ 48} R.H. also relies upon the following three cases: In re Smith , 80 Ohio App.3d 502 , 609 N.E.2d 1281 (affirming dismissal of rape charges against 10 year old boy without a referee-recommended evidentiary hearing regarding the boy's

12008–2008
In re Jane Doe 1 green
ohio · 1991
1 sentence

2006"When applying the abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court is not free to merely substitute its judgment for that of the trial court." In re Jane Doe 1 (1990), 57 Ohio St.3d 135 , 137-138 . {¶ 19} R.C. 2151.23 (A)(2) gives juvenile courts exclusive jurisdiction to "determine the custody of any child not a ward of another court of this state[.]" {¶ 20} The Supreme Court of Ohio in Hockstok, supra, at ¶ 16-17 , stated: {¶ 21} "* * * the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, an

12006–2006
In Re C.R., Unpublished Decision (8-26-2004) green
ohioctapp · 2004
1 sentence

2005C.R., supra, 2004-Ohio-4465 , 2004 WL 1899219 , at ¶ 17, citing Hockstok, supra, 98 Ohio St.3d 238 , 2002-Ohio-7208 , 781 N.E.2d 971 , at ¶ 15. {¶ 10} Regardless of where the custody case originates, “within the framework of the statutes, the overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children.” Id. at ¶ 18; see, also, Perales, supra; Masitto v. Masitto (1986), 22 Ohio St.3d 63 , 22 OBR 81, 488 N.E.2d 857 .

12005–2005
State ex rel. Wireman v. Industrial Commission green
ohio · 1990
1 sentence

2003Wireman, supra. {¶ 54} In the present action, the commission found that claimant's unemployment in the year prior to injury was voluntary.

12003–2003
Leppaluoto v. Combs (In Re Combs) green
bap9 · 1989
11994–1994
Idaho, Department of Health & Welfare v. Hazen (In Re Hazen) green
idb · 1982
11994–1994
State v. Phillips green
ohioctapp · 1972
11993–1993

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.23 (17) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 3109.04 (9) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.011 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.414 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2933.83 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.42 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.01 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.353 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

LA 70 (1974–2024) CA 61 (1972–2026) OH 45 (1983–2026) FL 43 (1961–2025) TX 42 (1982–2023) MI 37 (1966–2026) NY 36 (1956–2024) SC 32 (1986–2023) PA 30 (1966–2026) IL 29 (1964–2020) NJ 28 (1953–2025) MT 23 (1959–2020) VA 23 (1985–2026) WA 22 (1977–2025) MO 16 (1959–2024) IA 14 (1982–2023) WI 13 (1955–2025) TN 12 (1980–2024) MN 11 (1984–2005) OR 10 (1980–2024) CO 9 (1974–2005) CT 9 (1980–2015) MD 9 (1984–2011) NC 8 (1980–2026) AR 7 (1992–2016) MA 7 (1980–2025) KS 7 (1969–2020) UT 7 (1987–2022) KY 6 (1961–2023) RI 6 (2004–2017) NM 5 (1991–2020) ND 4 (1998–2013) GA 4 (1983–2025) ME 4 (1975–2018) AZ 4 (1977–2015) ID 4 (1980–2025) NH 4 (1993–2018) OK 4 (1983–2018) WV 4 (1975–2019) IN 4 (1976–2014) HI 4 (2005–2014) SD 3 (1984–1992) AK 3 (1979–2018) AL 3 (1984–2015) MS 3 (2001–2024) DC 3 (1987–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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