consequences error (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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consequences error in Pennsylvania

41 Pennsylvania opinions name it 7 courts 1906–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
First Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Swiftgreen
pa · 1974 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1996
2 sentences

1996See, e.g., First Federal Savings & Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213, 215 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 , 900 *505 (1974) (wherein a majority of the participating justices agreed that courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of an error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised; bank’s mistaken reliance regarding the date of the tax sale thus did not entitle it to relief); Westmoreland Guarantee Building & Loan Association v. Nesbit, 21 Pa.S

1996See, e.g., First Federal Savings & Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213, 215 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 , 900 *505 (1974) (wherein a majority of the participating justices agreed that courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of an error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised; bank’s mistaken reliance regarding the date of the tax sale thus did not entitle it to relief); Westmoreland Guarantee Building & Loan Association v. Nesbit, 21 Pa.S

35
Home Owners' Loan Corp. v. Crousegreen
pasuperct · 1942 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1974–2015
2 sentences

2015According to Home Owners, the courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of an error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised." Id. at 332 (citing Felin v. Futcher, 51 Pa.Super. 233 , 1912 WL 4727 (Pa.Super.1912)). 4 Circulated 04/27/2015 02:43 PM In Home Owners, W.

2013We have determined that “courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised.” First Commonwealth Bank v. Heller, 863 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Pa.Super.2005) citing Home Owners’ Loan Corp. v. Crouse, 151 Pa.Super. 259 , 30 A.2d 330, 332 (1943).

34
First Commonwealth Bank v. Hellergreen
pasuperct · 2004 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2008–2015
2 sentences

2015See First Commonwealth Bank v. Heller, 863 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Pa. Super. 2005) (internal citation omitted) (“[C]ourts [asked to grant equitable remedies] will not relieve a party from the consequences of error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised.”).

2013We have determined that “courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised.” First Commonwealth Bank v. Heller, 863 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Pa.Super.2005) citing Home Owners’ Loan Corp. v. Crouse, 151 Pa.Super. 259 , 30 A.2d 330, 332 (1943).

23
United States v. Kubrickgreen
scotus · 1979 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1987–2009
2 sentences

2009United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 123-24 , 100 S.Ct. 352, 360 , 62 L.Ed.2d 259 (1979) (footnote omitted). .

2009United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 123-24 , 100 S.Ct. 352, 360 , 62 L.Ed.2d 259 (1979) (footnote omitted). .

12
Commonwealth v. Whitakergreen
pa · 1976 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1979–1997
2 sentences

1997However, the Whitaker court pointed out that to rule otherwise would mean that “[tjhrough the simple expedient of a nolle prosequi, the prosecution could indefinitely delay an accused’s trial, thereby frustrating the state[d] objective of Rule 1100, while at the same time, escaping the consequences of its violation.” Id. at 442 , 359 A.2d at 176 .

1997However, the Whitaker court pointed out that to rule otherwise would mean that “[tjhrough the simple expedient of a nolle prosequi, the prosecution could indefinitely delay an accused’s trial, thereby frustrating the state[d] objective of Rule 1100, while at the same time, escaping the consequences of its violation.” Id. at 442 , 359 A.2d at 176 .

12
Com. v. Steckley, S., Jr.green
pasuperct · 2015 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Steckley, 128 A.3d at 834 (counsel’s failure to advise defendant of mandatory minimum sentence found ineffective even though defendant maintained his innocence at trial).

11
Commonwealth v. Isabellgreen
pa · 1983 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Appellant’s Brief at 11 (quoting Commonwealth v. Isabell, 467 A.2d 1287, 1290-91 (Pa. 1983) (stating that “where the sentencing court imposes two sentences for a single act[,] we have held the issue may be raised for the first time on appeal”)).

11
Commonwealth v. Castillogreen
pa · 2005 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Id. at 780.

11
Commonwealth v. O'Donnellgreen
pa · 1999 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004The Majority stressed that "a colloquy envisions an effort to ascertain whether the defendant understands the nature of the right he seeks to forfeit as well as the consequences of such a waiver." Id. at 212-13.

2004The Majority stressed that “a colloquy envisions an effort to ascertain whether the defendant understands the nature of the right he seeks to forfeit as well as the consequences of such a waiver.” Id. at 212-13.

11
Westmoreland Guarantee Building & Loan Ass'n v. Nesbitgreen
pasuperct · 1902 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
1 sentence

1996See, e.g., First Federal Savings & Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213, 215 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 , 900 *505 (1974) (wherein a majority of the participating justices agreed that courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of an error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised; bank’s mistaken reliance regarding the date of the tax sale thus did not entitle it to relief); Westmoreland Guarantee Building & Loan Association v. Nesbit, 21 Pa.S

11
Smith v. Thomas Jefferson University Hospitalgreen
pasuperct · 1993 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See also Smith v. Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 424 Pa.Super. 41, 45-46 , 621 A.2d 1030, 1032 (1993), allocatur denied, 535 Pa. 638 , 631 A.2d 1009 (1993) (unilateral mistake affords no basis for relief where the mistake is not due to the fault of the party not mistaken, but to the negligence of the one who acted under the mistake; mistaken party was therefore not entitled to rescind contractual release).

1996See also Smith v. Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 424 Pa.Super. 41, 45-46 , 621 A.2d 1030, 1032 (1993), allocatur denied, 535 Pa. 638 , 631 A.2d 1009 (1993) (unilateral mistake affords no basis for relief where the mistake is not due to the fault of the party not mistaken, but to the negligence of the one who acted under the mistake; mistaken party was therefore not entitled to rescind contractual release).

11
Commonwealth v. Morrisongreen
pasuperct · 1980 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
2 sentences

1981Rather, we note our agreement with Judge Spaeth’s recent observations in Commonwealth v. Morrison, 275 Pa.Super. 454 , 418 A.2d 1378 (1980): “The problem of defining the limits to be set in the case of police deceptions is one of the most difficult problems in the criminal law . . . [T]he court should bend every effort to decide each case only on its own facts, never going further than it must, and never indulging in broad language that may be misunderstood and so encourage unwholesome practices”, 275 Pa.Super. 454, 471 , 418 A.2d at 1386, 1387 .

1981Rather, we note our agreement with Judge Spaeth’s recent observations in Commonwealth v. Morrison, 275 Pa.Super. 454 , 418 A.2d 1378 (1980): “The problem of defining the limits to be set in the case of police deceptions is one of the most difficult problems in the criminal law . . . [T]he court should bend every effort to decide each case only on its own facts, never going further than it must, and never indulging in broad language that may be misunderstood and so encourage unwholesome practices”, 275 Pa.Super. 454, 471 , 418 A.2d at 1386, 1387 .

11
Kai-Jay Pants Co. v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Reviewgreen
pacommwct · 1977 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11
Commonwealth v. Brooksgreen
pasuperct · 1977 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (32)

CaseCitedYears
Felin v. Futcher green
pasuperct · 1912
2 sentences

2015According to Home Owners, the courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of an error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised." Id. at 332 (citing Felin v. Futcher, 51 Pa.Super. 233 , 1912 WL 4727 (Pa.Super.1912)). 4 Circulated 04/27/2015 02:43 PM In Home Owners, W.

2014There, we explained that “the courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of an error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised.” Id. at 332 (citing Felin v. Futcher, 51 Pa. Super. 233 , 1912 WL 4727 (Pa. Super. 1912)).

41942–2015
Commonwealth v. Holstine green
pa · 1890
2 sentences

1914As said by Chief Justice Paxson, in Com. v. Holstine, 132 Pa. 357 , with reference to the Act of May 13, 1887, P. L. 108, “The devices to evade it are so numerous and so adroit, and the consequences of its violation are so serious to the welfare and good order of the community generally, that we think it the duty of the courts to enforce the law rigidly.

1913As said by Chief Justice Paxson in Com. v. Holstine, 132 Pa. 357 : With reference to the Act of May 13, 1887, P. L. 108, the devices to evade it are so numerous and so adroit, and the consequences of its violation are so serious to the welfare and good order of the community generally, that we think it the duty of the courts to enforce the law rigidly.

21913–1914
Commonwealth v. Eichinger, J., Aplt green
pa · 2014
1 sentence

2019In order to avoid the consequences of waiver, Cwienk contends that the Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 108 A.3d 821 (Pa. 2014) requires us to review these two issues.

12019–2019
Commonwealth v. Bomar green
pa · 2003
1 sentence

2016In referencing his first issue concerning recusal, Appellant maintains the waiver colloquy “was inadequate and failed to sufficiently -6- J-A11027-16 advise [A]ppellant that he could be prejudiced by evidence learned by [the trial judge] as a result of presiding at [a prior jury] trial.” Id.

12016–2016
Commonwealth v. Sam green
pa · 1993
2 sentences

2008Sam, 635 A.2d at 611-12 .

2008Sam, 635 A.2d at 611-12 .

12008–2008
Kaiser v. Old Republic Insurance green
pasuperct · 1999
1 sentence

2004Finally, we held, “courts of equity will not relieve a party from the consequences of error due to his own ignorance or carelessness when there were available means which would have enabled him to avoid the mistake if reasonable care had been exercised.” Id.

12004–2004
Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics green
scotus · 1971
2 sentences

2004But it is well settled that where legal rights have been invaded, and a federal statute provides for a general right to sue for such invasion, federal courts may use any available remedy to make good the wrong done.” Id. at 395-96 . (citation omitted) Bivens claims have generally been reserved for those cases where there is no other adequate federal legislative or administrative remedy to address the unconstitutional conduct and where there are no “special factors counseling hesitation.” 18 Id.

2004But it is well settled that where legal rights have been invaded, and a federal statute provides for a general right to sue for such invasion, federal courts may use any available remedy to make good the wrong done.” Id. at 395-96 . (citation omitted) Bivens claims have generally been reserved for those cases where there is no other adequate federal legislative or administrative remedy to address the unconstitutional conduct and where there are no “special factors counseling hesitation.” 18 Id.

12004–2004
Commonwealth v. McLaughlin green
pa · 1928
2 sentences

1997Whitaker defined a nolle prosequi as “the vol untary withdrawal by the prosecuting attorney of present proceedings on a particular bill of indictment.” Id. at 442 , 359 A.2d at 177, citing Commonwealth v. McLaughlin, 293 Pa. 218 , 142 A. 213 (1928).

1997Whitaker defined a nolle prosequi as “the vol untary withdrawal by the prosecuting attorney of present proceedings on a particular bill of indictment.” Id. at 442 , 359 A.2d at 177, citing Commonwealth v. McLaughlin, 293 Pa. 218 , 142 A. 213 (1928).

11997–1997
United States v. Batchelder green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1994United States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114, 123 , 99 S.Ct. 2198, 2204 , 60 L.Ed.2d 755 (1979).

1994United States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114, 123 , 99 S.Ct. 2198, 2204 , 60 L.Ed.2d 755 (1979).

11994–1994
Ackerman v. Upper Mt. Bethel Township green
pacommwct · 1989
1 sentence

1990“Should the court determine that the meeting did not meet the requirements of this Act, it may in its discretion find that any or all official action taken at the meeting shall be invalid.” (Emphasis in original.) 130 Pa.Commonwealth Ct. at 261, 567 A.2d at 1120 .

11990–1990
Ventresca v. Ventresca green
pasuperct · 1956
2 sentences

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

11983–1983
Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co. green
pa · 1954
2 sentences

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

11983–1983
Bright v. Allan green
pa · 1902
2 sentences

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

11983–1983
Spence v. Commonwealth neutral
pacommwct · 1979
2 sentences

1983As we have explained, “employee conduct falling short of an employer’s disciplinary standard contained in employer work rules ... is not willful misconduct because these standards are mere guidelines of behavior telling an employee the type of conduct expected of him and the consequences of a violation.” Spence, 48 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. at 206 , 409 A.2d at 502 .

1983As we have explained, “employee conduct falling short of an employer’s disciplinary standard contained in employer work rules ... is not willful misconduct because these standards are mere guidelines of behavior telling an employee the type of conduct expected of him and the consequences of a violation.” Spence, 48 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. at 206 , 409 A.2d at 502 .

11983–1983
Kern v. Greensweig green
pasuperct · 1936
2 sentences

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

1983This rule was well stated in Ventresca v. Ventresca, 182 Pa. Superior Ct. 248, 253 , 126 A.2d 515 , wherein it was said: “Where the defendant’s act is tortious or in bad faith, or where he intentionally takes a chance, injunctive relief should be granted:” See also Kanefsky v. Dratch Construction Co., 376 Pa. 188, 196 , 101 A.2d 923 ; Baugh v. Bergdoll, supra; Bright v. Allan, 203 Pa. 394 , 53 A. 251 .” Appellants contend that the law applicable to the present case is that contained in First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lancaster v. Swift, 457 Pa. 206, 213 , 321 A.2d 895, 898 (1974)

11983–1983
Commonwealth v. Mitchell green
pa · 1975
2 sentences

1982Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 464 Pa. at 120 , 346 A.2d at 50 .

1982Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 464 Pa. at 120 , 346 A.2d at 50 .

11982–1982
Commonwealth v. Manley green
pa · 1980
2 sentences

1981In Commonwealth v. Manley, 491 Pa. 461 , 421 A.2d 636 (1980) this Court held that there must be some proof that the defendant understands the consequences of a waiver of Rule 1100.

1981In Commonwealth v. Manley, 491 Pa. 461 , 421 A.2d 636 (1980) this Court held that there must be some proof that the defendant understands the consequences of a waiver of Rule 1100.

11981–1981
United States v. Albert Haden green
ca7 · 1968
1 sentence

1981A suspect is not “protected from the consequences of error if he places . .. physical evidence in plain view of government undercover agents.” Haden, supra. As a caveat, we stress that our decision does not condone police trickery and deception in all cases under all circumstances.

11981–1981
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review v. Schmid green
pacommwct · 1975
11979–1979
Commonwealth v. White green
pasuperct · 1971
11973–1973
Commonwealth v. Bomberger green
pasuperct · 1969
11973–1973
Evans v. Otis Elevator Co. green
pa · 1961
11972–1972
Commonwealth v. Watts green
pasuperct · 1970
11970–1970
Allen's Appeal green
pa · 1882
11957–1957
Wesley v. Wesley green
kyctapp · 1918
11957–1957
Lessa v. Staler neutral
pasuperct · 1921
11942–1942
Frazer v. Frazer green
pasuperct · 1919
11937–1937
May v. May green
pasuperct · 1928
11937–1937
Gearing v. Gearing green
pasuperct · 1924
11937–1937
Commonwealth v. Hecirrionic neutral
pasuperct · 1909
11913–1913
Ex Parte Flippin green
scotus · 1877
11906–1906
Seventh National Bank v. Cook neutral
pa · 1873
11906–1906

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9543 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 193 (1888–2026) TX 129 (1893–2025) CA 98 (1871–2025) IL 90 (1932–2026) TN 67 (1872–2026) OH 67 (1990–2026) CT 58 (1939–2026) FL 44 (1910–2026) PA 41 (1906–2024) NC 38 (1943–2021) MN 37 (1979–2026) NJ 35 (1903–2024) MA 30 (1906–2025) MI 26 (1932–2018) WA 25 (1940–2021) MD 24 (1903–2021) LA 23 (1905–2025) IN 20 (1890–2019) WV 17 (1885–2020) UT 17 (1897–2024) IA 16 (1883–2018) KY 16 (1912–2024) AL 16 (1983–2017) ID 16 (1929–2018) KS 15 (1907–2024) VT 15 (1848–2017) OK 13 (1948–2010) HI 13 (1981–2018) RI 12 (1976–2025) OR 12 (1914–2022) AZ 12 (1969–2024) NM 12 (1938–2023) SC 10 (1964–2023) MO 10 (1907–2011) GA 10 (1914–2020) CO 9 (1985–2012) ME 9 (1917–1995) WI 9 (1901–2024) DC 9 (1982–2015) DE 9 (1948–2025) MS 7 (1940–2022) NV 6 (1910–2017) NE 6 (1902–2017) ND 4 (1897–2015) AR 4 (1886–2017) MT 4 (1895–2024) WY 3 (1992–2002) SD 3 (1986–2004) AK 2 (1977–1984) PR 2 (1963–2004)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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